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A HISTORY OF THE^^ 
UNITED STATES 



BY 



ALLEN C. THOMAS, A.M. 

AUTHOR OF "an elementary HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES," AND 
PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN HAVERFORD COLLEGE, PENNSYLVANIA 



NEW EDITION 
REWRITTEN AND NEWLY ILLUSTRATED 



BOSTON, U.S.A. 
D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS 

1901 



By ALLEN C. THOMAS, A.M. 



AN ELEMENTARY HISTORY OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 

FOR MIDDLE GRADES. 

Cloth. 357 pages. Maps and Illustrations. 



A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 

FOR UPPER GRADES. 

Half-leather. 600 pages Maps and Illustrations. 



D. C. HEATH & CO., Publishers. 




Copyright, 1893 

By THJ».'tl»XV-33<LVJK*A!lStK;4%TieW>l OP 'PHftADELPHIA. 
• •*■■*• •••• • • ••• • 

** • »#*•••••••• • • •• • 

Copyright, 1901, 

By D C. heath & CO. 



THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two Copits Received 

MAY. 29 1%1 

Copyright sntbv 
CLASS<:V XXc. N». 

/ o36'(d 

COPY 3. 



-f^'^ 



PREFACE. 

This new edition has been thoroughly revised and largely 
rewritten ; it is printed from entirely new plates, has been 
newly and fully illustrated, and contains many new maps. 
Every effort has been made to profit by the suggestions 
contained in recent publications on the writing, study, and 
teaching of history. To the friendly criticism of many 
instructors who have used the book during the years it has 
been before the public, the author is deeply indebted, as well 
as to other critics, among whom Professor W. I. Marshall of 
Chicago should be named. 

Great pains have been taken to correct all errors in state- 
ments of fact, and dates and references have been verified. 
The appendices have been carefully gone over and the latest 
available data used for the statistical tables. 

The aim of this work is to give the main facts of the 
history of the United States clearly, accurately, and impar- 
tially. In the belief that the importance of the events which 
have occurred since the adoption of the Constitution is be- 
coming more and more recognized, much the greater part 
of the book is devoted to the era beginning with i 789. The 
period of discovery and colonization, however, is treated with 
sufficient fulness to show clearly the origins of the people 
and of their institutions. 



iv Preface. 

Throughout, special attention is given to the political, 
social, and economic development of the nation. While the 
details of battles are omitted, the importance of war periods 
is not underestimated, but the stress is laid upon causes and 
results. 

The illustrations are not imaginative, but realistic, and the 
numerous portraits are from authentic sources. The maps 
are intended to illustrate- the text, and more particularly to 
indicate territorial changes and growth. With two excep- 
tions they have been designed especially for this work. 

ALLEN C. THOMAS. 

Haverford, Pa., 
May, 1901. 



CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Introduction — Physical Features xiv 

CHAPTER 

I. Discovery i 

II. Colonization 19 

III. English, French, and Indians ...... 61 

IV. Struggle for Colonial Empire 89 

V. The English Colonies ........ 104 

VI. The Revolution 131 

VII. The Confederation — The Constitution .... 168 

VIII. Organization of the New Government . . . .181 

IX. Experiments in Foreign and Domestic Policy . . . 200 

X. War with Great Britain '215 

XI. The Thirty Years' Peace 229 

XII. The Thirty Years' Peace {continued) 250 

XIII. The Mexican War and Slavery 289 

XIV. Increase of Sectional Feeling 315 

XV. Civil War 33° 

XVI. Civil War {continued) 367 

XVII. Reconstruction 390 

XVIII. The New Nation 404 

XIX. Growth and Development 421 

XX. Economic, Social, and Literary Conditions .... 460 

XXI. Social Affairs; Politics; Diplomacy 472 

XXII. The War with Spain and Territorial Expansion . . 479 



vi Contents, 



APPENDICES. 

PAGE 

I. The Declaration of Independence ...... i 

II. The Constitution of the United States v 

III. Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural xxi 

IV. Date of the Admission of the States, Souare Miles in Each, 

and Population in 1890, etc xxiii 

V. Growth of United States — Population at Each Census, also 

THE Urban Population xxv 

VI. Representation in Congress from 1790 to 1903. . . . xxvi 
VII. Population of the Free and Slave States, 1790- 1860 . . xxvi 
VI 11. List of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents .... xxvii 

IX. Chief Dates in American Historv xxviii 

X. Topical Analysis xx^iv 

XI. List of Books for Teachers and Readers liii 

INDEX li-^ 



LIST OF MAPS. 



Map of the World, showing the United States and its Possessions (colored) 

cover page 2 



Physical Map of the United States (double page) 

Distribution of the Indian Races (colored) 

Ancient Trade Routes tu the East (in text) 

V\iyages of Columbus .... 

P'rench Explorations and Posts (colored) 

European Colonies, about 1650 . 

Central North America, 1755, at the Beginning of the French and I 

( 
War (colored) ......... 

Central North America, 1763. After the French and Indian War (co 

Reference Map for the Revolution. Northern and Middle States (co 

Boone's Trail (in te.\t) ....... 

Reference Map for the Revolution. Southern States (colored) 

Land Claims of the Thirteen Original States in 1783 (colored) 

Lewis and Clark's Route (in text) 

Pike's Route (in text) 

United States, 1810-1812 (colored) 

Reference Maps for the War of 1812 

Map of the Erie Canal (in text) . 

United States, 1820, showing the Missouri Compromise 

The United States, 1825 (double page, colored) . 

Route of the National Road (in text) .... 

Map of the Mexican War (in text) .... 

Territory acquired from Mexico as the Result of the Mexican War (co 



PAGE 

xvi 



68 
71 



100 

ored) 100 
ored) 142 

153 
160 
168 
205 
206 
208 
221 
234 
237 
244 
260 
291 
ored) 292 



viii List of Maps. 



PAGE 



Reference Map for the Civil War, 1861-1865 (double page, colored) . , 332 

United States, 1861 (colored) 340 

Map of Hampton Roads, Virginia (in text) 344 

Map of the Vicksburg Campaign (in text) ....... 354 

Campaigns in Virginia (in text) ......... 364 

Territorial Growth of the United States, 1 783-1867 (double page, colored) . 396 

Standard Time (in text) 430 

Centres of Population for Each Decade (in text) ..... 503 
Map of the United States and its Possessions (1900) . . . cover page 3 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Washington, after the Athenaeum portrait by Gilbert Stuart 



Frontispiece 



eenth Report, Bureau of 



Massachu 



Palisaded Algonkin Indian Village in 1585 . 
Pueblo Houses of Sun-dried Brick, from Four 

Ethnology ...... 

Leif Ericson, from the Statue by Whitney . 

Portrait of Christopher Columbus 

A Caravel of Columbus .... 

Sebastian Cabot, after the picture ascribed to Holbein 
Amerigo Vespucci, after the portrait in the possession of the 

setts Historical Society ....... 

Vasco Nunez de Balboa, after the engraving m Herrera, 1728 
Ferdinand Magellan, after the engraving by De L'Armessin 
Portrait of Hernando de Soto ...... 

Sir Walter Raleigh, after the portrait owned by the Duchess of Dorset 
Part of Inscription on a Tablet at Old Fort Raleigh .... 

Captain John Smith, from the map in his " Description of New England " 
Jamestown in 1622, after a cut in the " Scheeps-Togt van Anthony Chester 

na Virginia gedaan in het yaar 1622," Leyden, 1707 
Title-page of John Smith's " Description of New England " 
A House in Leyden .......... 

The Mayfloiver, from the model in the National Museum 
The Compact drawn up on Board the Mayfloiver, a facsimile 
Heading, Signature, and Seal of the Massachusetts Charter of 1628-1629 
Portrait of John Endicott ......... 

John Winthrop, after the original portrait in the Massachusetts Senate 

Chamber ...... .... 

Meeting-house at Hingham, Mass. Erected in 1681 . 

Portrait of Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore ...... 

A Southern Homestead ......... 

New .Amsterdam in 1656, from Van der Donck's map of New Netherland 

1656 .... 

The Stadthuys, New \ork, after Brevoort's drawing .... 
Peter Stuyvesant, after the portrait in the possession of the New York 

Historical .Society ........... 

ix 



5 
6 

9 
10 
II 

12 
13 

14 

15 

16 

17 
19 

21 

24 
25 
26 
27 
29 
30 

31 

32 
37 
41 

45 
46 

47 



List of Illustrations. 



Whiting 



Jacob Leisler's House ....... 

The Old Wall, New York, buill in 1623 

Portrait of William Penn, at the age of twenty-two 

Facsimile of Part of the Royal Deed given to Penn 

James Edward Oglethorpe, after the painting by Ravenet 

Early Savannah, from a London print dated 1741 

John Eliot, from a portrait in the family of the late William 

Title-page of Eliot's Indian Bible, reduced facsimile 

Samuel de Champlain, after the wood-cut by Roujat . 

James Marquette, after the statue by Trentenove . 

Robert Cavalier Sieur de la .Salle, after Margry's portrait 

Great Seal granted to the New England Colonies in 16S6 

Sir Edmund Andros, after the portrait in the State Library at Hartford 

The Charter Oak, Hartford, after an old print 

Heading and Signature of the Charter of William and Mary 

Pine-Tree Shilling ...... 

" A Prospect of the Colledges in Camiiridge in New England," after an 

picture in the possession of the Massachusetts Historical Society 
College of William and Mary, after a lithograph made from a drawin 

Thomas Millington, about 1740 ..... 

Facsimile of the title-page of the first book printed in America 
Facsimile of heading of an early issue of the first newspaper in PI 
Old-time Stage-coach and Inn .... 

The Seal of Annapolis ...... 

Fort Wayne in 1795 ...... 

Crown Point in 1851 . 

Portrait of William Pitt 

Ruins of Fort Ticonderoga ..... 

Portrait of General James Wolfe .... 

Quebec in the Eighteenth Century, from an old print 
Portrait of the Marquis de Montcalm . 
Costumes of the Dutch ..... 

Old London Tavern in Philadelphia 

Stamps used in 1765 ...... 

Patrick Henry addressing the Virginia Assembly, after Chappel 
Lantern hung on Liberty Tree in Boston, May 20, 1776 
Portrait of John Dickinson ..... 

John Hancock, after the portrait by Copley 
Tablet commemorating the Boston Massacre 
Samuel Adams, after the portrait by Copley 
Tablet commemorating the Boston Tea Party 
A New York Tea Party Broadside 
Portrait of Edmund Burke ..... 

Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, 1774 . 



early 
3. bv 



Iphia 



List of Illustrations. 



XI 



A New York Revolutionary Broadside . 

Statue of the Minute Man at Concord . 

A Boston Revolutionary Broadside 

A Continental Soldier (North), after Chappel 

Colonial Flag, 1776 

Liberty Bell 

Independence Hall, Phdadelpliia, 1776 

Portrait of Charles Thomson 

The Concluding Lines of the Declaration ol Independence 

Benjamin Franklin, after the portrait by Duplessis, 1783 

Admiral John Paul Jones, after the etching by A. Varen 

Daniel Boone, after the portrait by C. Harding 

Portrait of George Rogers Clark . 

Facsimile of Continental Currency 

The P'ranklin Penny 

Portrait of Robert Morris 

Portrait of Nathanael Greene 

Marquis de LaFayette, from a portrait aliout 1825 

Reduced Facsimile of a Philadelphia Broadside . 

Washington's Headquarters at Newburg 

Portrait of Alexander Hamilton .... 

Congress Hal!, Philadelphia .... 

Federal Hall, New York ..... 

Whitney's Cotton-gin, after the original model 
Portrait of John Jay ...... 

The Gold Medal presented to Washington by Congress 

Portrait of John Adams 

Facsimile from "The Ulster County Gazette," January 4, 1800 

Portrait of John Marshall 

Portrait of Thomas Jefferson 

Washington from the Potomac in 1801 

The Old Cabildo of New Orleans . 

Portrait of James Madison . 

Detroit in 181 1 . 

The Co7istitut2on .... 

Facsimile of the .Signatures upon the Definitive Treaty of Peace 

The Stephen Decatur Medal 

Portrait of James Monroe 

Portrait of John Quincy Adams . 

Portrait of Andrew Jackson 

First Home of Andrew Jackson . 

Portrait of John C. Calhoun 

" Conestoga " Wagon and Stage-coach 

An Early Railroad Ticket . 



PAGE 

[28 
[29 
130 
^IZ 
'35 
37 
38 
38 
'39 
148 

'51 

'52 
'54 
'55 
'56 

'57 
161 
.63 
[64 

'65 
[72 
[76 
[82 
188 
190 
192 

'93 
.96 
197 
200 
201 
203 

213 
217 
218 
224 
226 
227 
242 
250 
252 

255 
259 
261 



Xll 



List of Illustrations. 



I'orl Dearborn and Kinsie Mansion, Chicago, 1S3 

IVutrait of Uaniel Wel)stcr . 

i'ortrait of I lenry Clay 

I leading of ( Sarrison's " The Liberator " 

I'orlrait of Martin Van Huren 

i'urlrait of WilUam Henry Harrison 

I'drtrait of Jolin 'I'yler . 

i'orlrait of Samuel 1''. 15. Morse, from I'rime's " Life ot 

I'ort, Creat Salt Lake City, 1848 . 

I'ortrait of Samuel Houston 

I'drtrait of James K. I'olk 

I'ortrait of /achary Taylor . 

Medal presentetl by Congress to Henry Clay 

I'ortrait of James Buchanan 

Denver in 1S58 

Harper's Ferry in 1859 

A Charleston Broadside 

I'ortrait of Abraham Lincoln 

I'ortrait of W. H.Seward 

I'ort Sumter before tiie Bombardment . 

I't)rtrait of Jefferson Davis . 

The Confederate Flag .... 

Cieneral Crant's " Unconditional Surrender " Reply 

Metlal commemorating the Action between the Mouit 

I'ortrait of Robert E. Lee ..... 

I'ortrait of " Stonewall" Jackst)ii .... 

Extract from Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. 

the autograph copy ..... 
C.ettysburg National Military i'ark 
Extract from the New York " Herald " for July S, 186 
Reduced facsimile of a " War-time " Envelope 
I'ortrait of Ulysses Simpson Crant 
I'ortrait of William Tecumseh Slicrman 
I'ortrait of Admiral Farragut .... 

(leneral Lee's Letter concerning Surrender. Facsim 
Tlie New York " Herakl's " announcement of the Sur 
.\ Mayor's Proclamation of Death of Lincoln 
I'iie Lincoln Emancipation Statue in Boston 
Portrait of .Andrew Johnson 
Completion of the Pacific Railroad 
The Cruiser Alabama .... 
Tablet commemorating the Boston Fire 
I'ortrait of ILjrace Creeley . 
Portrait of Frances Willartl . 



Morse ' 



d the Ma, 



Rctluceil f 



acsimile of 



List of Illustrations. 



xm 



T'ortrait of Rutherford B. Hayes 

Bird's-eye View of the Mississippi Jetties at I'orl Kads in 1878 

i'ortrait of James A. Ciarfield 

i'ortrait of Chester A. Arthur 

Portrait of George J'ealjody . 

I'ortrait of Grover Cleveland 

Portrait of Benjamin Harrison 

View of an Irrigated District 

View in the Oil District in 1868 

The Newberry Library, Chicago 

Portrait of William McKinley 

U. S. Battleship Maine 

Morro Castle, opposite Havana 

Portrait of Admiral Dewey . 

Manila and the Pasig River 

A View in Eastern Cuba 

San Juan Harbor 

Portrait of General Miles 

Native Market in Manila 

Red Cross Armlet and P'lag . 

Senate and Legislative Buildings, Honolulu, Hawaii 



421 

424 
426 
427 
433 
435 
443 
462 

463 
468 

477 
483 
484 
487 
488 
490 
491 
493 
494 
496 

497 



INTRODUCTION. 



THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF NORTH AMERICA. 



REFERENCE. 

N. S. Shaler. Story of our Continent. 

Men who live in warm climates are unlike the dwell- 
ers in cold or in temperate ones. The occupations of 
men who live among the mountains differ from those 
on the plains ; those of seafaring folk from those who 
live inland. A Norwegian, whose country is pierced by 
many and deep fjords or bays, becomes a sailor. A Rus- 
sian or a North German, with his large extent of inland 
country, gets his living from the soil ; he must cultivate 
such crops as will grow where the winters are long and 
cold, and the summers are short. On the other hand, the 
Italian and the Spaniard, whose winters are short and 
mild, and whose summers are long and often hot, may 
cultivate the vine, the orange, the olive, and such crops as 
cannot be grown in cold climates. 

A warm climate encourages indolence. Where wants 
are few and nature supplies an abundance there is little 
stimulus to exertion. 

In the coldest regions the difficulty of supporting life is 
great ; the summers are too short for crops to mature. 
Extremes of heat and cold hinder man's development. 

In the temperate zone occur the most favorable conditions 
for the development of man, for they are such as to cause 



Introduction. xv 

exertion, yet are favorable enough to give satisfactory 
returns. 

With the exception of Alaska, the territory on the con- 
tinent of North America now occupied by the United 
States lies wholly within the temperate zone. It has nearly The 
the same average temperature as that of the greater part ''^'"P^'^'^'^ 
of Europe, though the winters are colder and the summers 
are warmer. 

The fertility of a country depends largely upon the Fertility and 
amount of rain which falls during the year. In the United ''^^"'^'■ 
States, east of the one hundredth meridian west of Green- 
wich the average annual rainfall is considerably greater 
than that of Europe. West of that meridian, as far as the 
Rocky Mountains, the annual rainfall is much less, and 
there exist large plains almost desert, which cannot be cul- 
tivated without irrigation. Even on the Pacific coast there 
are districts where the rainfall is too slight to make agri- 
culture profitable unless aided by irrigation. 

The Atlantic slope or plain of North America is well The Atlantic 
adapted for settlement. There are many good harbors, ^^^' 
and many navigable rivers which have their sources far 
inland. The slope is bounded on the west by mountain 
ranges of low elevation. These ranges are pierced by 
openings called gaps, through which settlers could pass to 
the great interior basin of the Mississippi River, when the Basin of the 
time for expansion came. In the northern part of what is ^^'s^'s^'PP'- 
now the state of New York only low hills separate the 
eastern slope from the Mississippi basin, so that access to 
the country immediately south of the Great Lakes is easy. 

North America contains some of the richest deposits Metals and 
of coal and iron ore in the world, and ores of other metals "i'"^'"''''*- 
are common. North America is, perhaps, richer in the 
important minerals than any other continent. The soil is 



XVI 



Introduction. 



Fertile 
soil and 
varied 
crops. 



Pacifu 
slope. 



Prehistoric 
settlement. 



Anglo- 
Saxon race. 



generally fertile, and nearly all crops belonging to a tem- 
perate climate can be raised. The variety of crops is 
greater than in Europe. When the first settlers came, 
there were vast forests; wild game and fish abounded, and. 
on the coast, were quantities of shellfish. A scanty popu- 
lation of natives, at first friendly, though afterward hostile, 
gave the newcomers ample room. It is easily seen why an 
active, enterprising race amid such surroundings, and with 
such opportunities, should quickly attain prosperity. 

The western coast of the continent was too distant to be 
considered as a place for settlers by Europeans three hun- 
dred years ago. Had Asia been peopled by a race like 
those of western Europe, it is likely the continent would 
have been settled from Asia ; for the Pacific Ocean, though 
broad, is comparatively peaceful, and could not be re- 
garded as an impassable barrier. It is altogether proba- 
ble that the American continents were peopled from Asia 
in prehistoric times, by men crossing the Pacific or coming 
by wa}' of Bering Strait or by using both routes. 

That Europeans should have taken possession of Amer- 
ica is, therefore, what might have been expected ; that 
the territory of the United States should have fallen to 
the Anglo-Saxon race is one of the happy incidents of 
history. 



History of the United States. 



CHAPTER I. 

DISCOVERY. 

REFERENCES. 

F. Starr, American Indians; H. C. Wright, Children's Stories in 
American History; E. E. Hale, Stories of Discovery; T. W. Higgin- 
son, Young Folks' History of American Explorers ; American History 
Leaflets, No. i, Letters of Columbus; M. L. Pratt, America's Story for 
America's Children, vol. ii. 

I. North America ; fts Inhabitants. (1492.) — Four hun- 
dred years ago the territory of the United States was a 
vast wilderness, occupied rather than settled by numerous 
tribes of a native race. This people had a red or copper- 
colored skin, long, coarse, straight black hair, black eyes, 
and high cheek bones. The men had scanty beards and 
were not heavily built, but they were strong, athletic, and 
enduring. They would bear hunger and every kind of 
want and suffering in silence. They were swift runners, Their 
skilful in the u.se of the canoe, and unequalled woodsmen. *^^'"' 
They knew the habits and haunts of every bird and wild 
animal, and could imitate their cries so as to deceive persons 
familiar with the forest and its inhabitants. 

With unerring skill they would follow the trail of man 
or animal ; and they could find their way in the pathless 
wilderness by signs invisible to civilized men. They would 



2 History of the United States. 

steal upon their game, or upon their foes, with a noiseless, 
catlike tread, giving no hint of their nearness until the 
swift arrow struck its victim, or the terrible war-whoop 
made their presence known. 

The men were hunters and warriors, but they did not 
carry on open warfare ; they preferred to surprise their 
enemies. They would shoot from behind trees or from 
the midst of thickets ; they would stealthily attack their 
sleeping foes by night, set fire to their wigwams, and as 
the occupants rushed forth from their blazing dwellings, 
strike them down with tomahawks. 

Faithful and kind to their friends, they were cruel and 
treacherous toward their enemies. To kill and scalp a 
foe was a duty and a joy, and he was held to be the 
bravest warrior who had the greatest number of human 
scalps dangling from his hunting belt. 

The Indian man did not hunt and fish for sport, but to 
provide food for himself and family. He built the house 
or hut, fortified the village, and was the defender of his 
family and his tribe. Much of the manual labor fell upon 
the women. They carried the heavy burdens, tilled the 
soil, dressed the skins and made them into garments, they 
prepared the food, and cared for the children. Woman, 
however, exerted no little influence. She sometimes de- 
cided whether there was to be peace or war. She had 
control of the children. If her husband was lazy or failed 
to provide for his family, she could cast him off. 

Depending chiefly upon game for food, the Indians were 
compelled to roam about in search of the various animals 
on which they were accustomed to subsist. They tilled 
a little land and raised Indian corn, — sometimes called 
maize, — beans, pumpkins, and a few other vegetables ; 
they also cultivated tobacco, of which they were very fond. 



Discovery. 



They pounded the grains of maize in rough wooden mor- Food, 
tars or between stones, making hominy or a coarse meal. 
They had earthen pots, and vessels made from birch bark, 
in which they cooked food and boiled water by dropping 
in red-hot stones. Those who lived by the seashore were 
fond of fish, clams, and oysters. 

Their implements were rude. Their arrows and spears implements 
were tipped with flint, and their hatchets or tomahawks ^"'' 

. , weapons. 

were stones shaped with great labor and fastened to the 
handles with thongs of hide. 

Men and women wore but little clothing in summer ; in Clothing. 
winter they clad themselves with dressed skins of the 
buffalo, deer, or other animals. 

The houses of the Indians varied greatly. Some were Houses, 
large, accommodating 
several families ; some 
were for single families. 
The materials out of 
which they were con- 
structed varied with the 
place. Some of the 
Indians built rude tim- 
ber houses of one story, 
but for the most part 
they lived in huts or 
wigwams made by set- 
ting poles in the ground 
and bending them over, 
or bringing them to- 
gether at the top, and Algonkln village of Pomeiock, on Albemarle Sound, 
"^ . . in 1585. .\fter John Wyth, copied in Morgan. 

covermg the whole with 

skins or mats. A wigwam had no windows ; a fire was Wigwams. 

built in the centre, and the smoke found its way out 




Palis.^ded Indian Vilt.agf,. 



4 History of the United States. 

through an opening at the top. The wigwams were gen- 
erally built near each other, forming a village, which was 
surrounded by a stockade made by driving posts in the 
ground very close together. 

The tribes in the south and southwest were in many 
ways further advanced in civilization than their neighbors 
to the north and east ; their dwellings were better and 
more substantial. 

In Ohio and in some of the other states there are 
many remains in the form of mounds and enclosures ; the 
implements and ornaments found in them have led some 
to believe that a race superior to the Indians inhabited 
this continent centuries before its discovery by Europeans ; 
but it is now generally believed that the Mound Builders, as 
they have been called, were the ancestors of the Indians. 

2. The Indians. (1492.) — The Indians east of the 
Mississippi River were divided into three great families, 
each speaking a language of its own ; these were : — 

(i) The Algonkins, the most numerous, who held the 
larger part of the country from South Carolina and Ten- 
nessee to the Great Lakes, and from the Atlantic Ocean 
to the Mississippi River. They were very rude and war- 
like. 

(2) The Iroquois, who were found chiefly in what is 
now central and western New York and in North Carolina. 
Those in New York were the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onon- 
dagas, Cayugas, and Senecas, and were known by the 
name of the " Five Nations." After the Tuscaroras, who 
had lived in North Carolina, joined them in 1714 and 171 5, 
the New York Indians were called the " Six Nations." The 
Hurons, who lived near the lake of the same name, though 
Iroquois, were hostile to the " Five Nations." 

(3) The Southern Indians, sometimes called the Mus- 



Discovery. 



5 



kogee family, or Mobilians, occupied the country south of Southern 
the Algonkins. The most important of this group were 1"^"^"^- 
the Creeks, Chickasavvs, Choctaws, and Seminoles. They 
were less savage than the other groups and more readily 
adopted some of the habits and customs of the whites. 

Along the Mississippi River, and between it and the 
Rocky Mountains, in the regions of the north and middle 
West, roamed the great family of the Sioux or Dakotas. Sioux and 
They were the wildest of all the tribes. 



Dakotas. 





^4 44lf 

'^ "^ r" ^_ a 




PutisLO Houses oy bUN drifd Bkick. 

From George Parker Winship's account of The Coronado Expedition in the Fourteenth 
Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. 

South and southwest of the land of the Sioux lived vari- 
ous tribes ; among them were the Pueblo Indians. They Pueblos, 
occupied houses built of sun-dried brick, or dwellings cut 
out of the cliffs. They lived in communities, and tilled 
the land skilfully, irrigating their fields with water brought 
down from the mountains. They wove cloth, and made 
pottery of attractive shapes and coloring. They were, 
in fact, half-civilized. 

Still other tribes lived on the Pacific coast. 



History of the United States. 



It is not easy to estimate how many Indians were living", 
four hundred years ago, within the present boundaries of 
the United States. Those who have carefully studied the 
question are inclined to believe that the number was less 
than five hundred thousand. The tribes had suffered 
greatly from wars with one another, and still more from 
disease, so that much of the land was really uninhabited 
in the early part of the seventeenth century. Accustomed 
to roam from place to place in search of game, the Indians 
considered the hunting-grounds their own, and naturally 
they resisted seizure of them by the whites.' 

3. The Northmen. (900 1000.") — There is little doubt 
that, about the year 1000, Norwegian seamen, often called 
Northmen, had sailed from Iceland to 
Greenland, and thence to Labrador. 
They may have sailed along the coast 
of North America as far as Rhode 
Island, which it is thought may be the 
\lnland of the old Sagas. Some even 
think that traces of Norse settlements 
can still be seen within the bounds of the 
present United States. The Northmen 
must have carried home news of their 
discovery ; but Norwav was a remote 
country and its inhabitants were dreaded 
by the rest of Europe as freebooters. 
Their stories would hardly have been 
From the st.itue by Miss bcUeved, cvcn if Carried to other Euro- 

A. W hitney, Boston. 

peans. If these stories ever had been 




Leif Erics^)n. 

One of the Northmen. 



1 When the great amount of land which is necessary to support man in the 
hunter stage is considered, the estimate above does not seem out of the wav. 
According to the Census of 1S90 there were, exclusive of Alaska. 249,273 Ind- 
ians in the United States. 



Discovery. 



7 



known they were forgotten, and even in Norway the 
knowledge of the existence of a western continent had 
been lost. It is probable, however, that before 1492 
French fishermen from Brittany had visited the Banks of 
Newfoundland and the island of the same name. 

4. Columbus; Discovery of America. (1485 1492.) — Trade wiih 
For centuries Europe had been sui^plied with silks, spices, ^^^ ^^^'• 
and other luxuries, from India and the I'^ast, by way of 



EX I'l.A NATION: 

■"•» Triiilo Home oontrviUcd by Vt- 
♦ ♦♦♦♦♦ Trailo Route coiUrollod by Go 

•— JlM.UcRu 

-*■-♦— Do Gama'a Route 




AiN"ciENT Trade Routes to the East. 

Constantinople; but, in 1453, that city fell into the power 
of the semi-barbarous Turks and a new route to India 
seemed a necessity. 

One of the great maritime nations of that day was For- rortuguese 
tugal. Her seamen were enterprising. Year after year, explorois. 
hoping to find a route to India, they had sailed farther and 
farther along the west coast of Africa. Bartolomeo Diaz, a 
Portuguese captain, discovered the cape, now known as the q'J^,^j jj^^^^ 
Cape of Good Flope, which he named the Cape of Storms 14S7. 



Oise 



^cover 



y- 



in 14S7, but India was not reached by that route until 
1407. 

Christopher Cohuiibus, the great tliscoverer, was born Columbus, 
in Genoa, Italy, about 1436. He spent most of his early 
life at sea, and became 
an experienced navi- 
gator. He was a man 
who read widel\ , and 
intelligentlv. \Vhet\ on 
shore his trade was the 
designing and making 
of maps. Tliis occujki- 
tion led him to think 
much about the shaj^e 
of the earth, and he 
came to agree with tliose 
men who held that the 
earth is round like a 
globe. This belief led 




^vw;'^-^^- ^%-^ 1)^ 



c UKisrornF.K CAinMnrs. 



CoLi'MBi's set out on bis second voy.ige to America 
in 141)3. He returned in 1406. His third voy.igc was 
licgim in 149S. His rule n> Hisv>.iniola, over which ^ ulUlllbUS 

hini t(') I'Ont^lude tint he had been made governor, w.is complained of, and and his 

the man appointed to investigate the charges sent belief. 

^Asia COUkl be reached CoUimbus back in irons to Spain. Columbus was 

released on his arrival, and in May, 1502, started on 
his fourth and last voyage. He was shipwrecked, 
his crews mutinied, and he suflered much from expo- 
sure. He returned to Spain in 1504, and was received 
with scant courtesy by King Ferdinand. He died 
May ;o, 1506, at Valladolid. His body rested in the 
cathedral at Seville until removed to Santo Domingo, 
Haiti, about 1541. In 1705, on the transfer of Haiti 
to France, a cofl'er containing, as was supposed, the 
remains of Columbus, was taken to Havana, t'uba. 
This, again, was taken to Spain in iSoS. There are 

lltj was VerV much out of reasons for believing that an error was made; if so, 
. the rcm.iins of the great e.vplorer still rest in Haiti. 

the wav m his calcula- 
tion of the distance between western Europe and Asia, 
for he supposed that it was but a few hundred miles. 

Without means to fit out an expedition himself, he tried 
to induce in turn the governments of Genoa, Portugal, Eng- 



by sailing westward, and 
that a new route to India 
could be opened. 

Though Columbus 
was right in his belief 
that the earth is round, 



lO 



History of the United States. 



Sailing o( 
Columbus. 
Aug. 3, 1492. 



land, and Spain to aid him. One after another refused. 
At last, Isabella, queen of Spain, moved perhaps by the 
thought of benefiting the heathen, took up his cause; but 
it was seven years before he was furnished with monev 
to fit out three small vessels for what seemed a foolhardy 
expedition. The little tleet sailed from Palos, Spain, Au- 
gust 3, 1492, and on the morning of October 12 Columbus 




A Caravel of Coli-.mbis. 

After the model shown .->t the Columbian Exposition. Chic.igo. 1S93. 

discovered land, an island of the Bahama group. This 
island he named San Salvador.^ 

The account of the trials, the eventful voyage, and the 
ultimate success of Christopher Columbus must ever re- 
main one of the most thrilling stories of history. 

The news Columbus brought back created' a great stir 
m Europe. At once preparations were made, not only in 
Spain, but elsewhere, to send expeditions to the new coun- 

T k' i' ^ "^""u".'^! ""*'"" "^ '^' ^'^''"^ ^^^^"'''"^' '^'>*"g »P^" "h^^e rrotection 
I had reached this, as well as the other, islands." Columbus. Letter to Sanchez 
1 his ,s and ,s probably that now known as Watling's Island. October 12 old 
style, October 21 according to present reckoning. 



Discovery. 



1 1 



try which he had discovered. CoUimbus and many others 
believed that he had reached India. This error caused 
the natives of the new world to be called Indians, and the 
islands the West Indies. 

Columbus visited Central America and South America, 
but never saw the continental part of North America. 

5. The Cabots ; the Name of America, (i 493-1 507.) 
— The maritime nations of Europe in the sixteenth centurv 
were Spain, Portugal, France, 
Holland, and England. Everv 
early discovery was made un- 
der the auspices of one of these 
countries. The Spanish dis- 
coveries were south of Vir- 
ginia : Portugal, by agreement 
with Spain, confined her at- 
tention to Africa, the East 
Indies, and Brazil : France 
devoted most of her efforts to 
lands lying along the St. Law- 
rence, and to Acadie, now Nova 
Scotia : Holland explored the 
middle and northeastern coast 
of North America : England, 
through John Cabot, proba- 
bly accompanied by his son 
Sebastian, had discovered the 
continent of North America in 
1497. In a later voyage the 
Cabots sailed along the whole 
coast from Cape Breton to 
Albemarle Sound. The Eng- 
lish gave little attention to these discoveries at the time, 




AfL< 



>bB\;ill \\ <^ \bUl 
ihc iJii.iu(c asttibeJ tu Hulbcil 

THE CABOTS. 



John Cabot, a citizen of Venice, came 
to England, and, with his wife and three 
sons, was living in Bristol in 1495. In 
1496 he obtained leave for himself and his 
sons to go on a voyage of discoverj'. He 
sailed in 1497, and discovered the continent 
of North America, probably seeing it tirst 
near the island of Cape Breton. He went 
on a second voyage in 1408, on which he 
sailed along the coast, perhaps as far as 
the Carolinas. Nothing whatever is known 
of John Cabot after this time. His son Se- 
bastian probably accompanied his father. 
Sebastian lived to be an old man. The 
accounts of the Cabots and their discovery 
are unsatisfactorj'. 



Maritime 
nations. 



The Cabots 
and their 
discoveries. 



12 



History of the United States. 



but, later, they based upon them their claim to American 
possessions. 

Amerigo Vespucci was a Florentine, who lived in Spain 
Between 1499 and 1503 he made four voyages to South 

America. An account of his 
voyages, published in 1504, 
was the first printed descrip- 
tion of the new continent. 
Europe, Asia, and Africa 
were known as the three 
parts of the world; what 
should this new land be 
called.? The question was 
soon answered. W'aldsee- 
muller, a German, and a 
teacher of geography in 
France, who had been much 
interested in the accounts 
of Vespucci, in 1 507 printed 
a small Latin book with the 




Amerigo VEsrixci. 

After the portrait in the possession of the 
Massachusetts Historical Society. 



Amerigo Vespucci, in Latin, Americu 

Vespncius, was born in Florence, Italy, iu - 

1451. He went to live in Spain about 1490. fjl-l^ <( A ,, t , . . j ^. 

He was a friend of Columbus. It has been '^' ^" lutroduCtlOn tO 

claimed that he made his first voyage in GeOgraphv." In this book 

1497. and that he discovered the continent of t= f J ■ -^^ 1-1115, DOOK 

North America eighteen days before John ^^aS the followiuid: SCUtCnCe " 

Cabot. The best judge.,, however, think that <'A„J .u^ r tu 

1499 >s the correct date. King Ferdinand ap- ^^^^ ^'^^ tOUlth part of 

P^^2:S::-r:;::.''r^ZZ:r^ ^^^ --^^ having been dis- 

un^'tXtory.''"'''"'"^''''^'''"'^' ""^ ^^'^^^'■^^ ^y AuierigO OF 

Americus, we mav call it 
Amerige or America." This name at first given to South 
America only, was soon applied to both continents. Thus 
the honor which belonged to Columbus was thrust upon 
another man. 

_ 6. Spanish Discoveries ; the Pacific ; Balboa ; Magellan ; 
De Soto. (15 13-1542.) -Juan Ponce de Leon sailed from 



Discovery. 



13 




Porto Rico on a voyage of discovery in 1513. On March 
27 (Easter Sunday) he discovered the shore of a country 
which he called Florida, from 
the Spanish name of the day, 
Pascna Florida (the feast of 
flowers). In 15 13 Vasco 
Nunez de Balboa, crossing the 
Isthmus of Darien, was the 
first European to see the Pacific, 
which he called " the South 
Sea." Descending from the 
height from which he first saw 
the ocean, he rushed into the 
water, with drawn sword, claim- 
ing it for his sovereign, the king 
of Spain. 

Under the auspices of 
Spain, Fernando de Magellan 
first made known the true 
geographical character of the 
new world. Sailing from Spain 
in 1 5 19, he coasted along the 
eastern shores of South Amer- 
ica, and, reaching on October 
20, 1520, the straits which 
now bear his name, he sailed 
through them and continued his voyage some distance 
up the western coast. He then boldly turned west 
across the ocean, which, from its peaceful waters, he had 
already called the Pacific. Five vessels and two hun- 
dred and fifty-four men started out on this voyage, but 
only one vessel and fifteen men reached Spain (1522); 
Magellan was killed by the natives at the Philippine 



Ponce de 
Leon 
discovers 
Florida. 



Vasco Nunez ue Bai.uoa. 

After the engraving m Hcrrera, 1728. 

Vasco Nunez de I^alhoa was born 
in Spain about 1475. He went to the Magellan. 
West Indies in 1501, and in 1510 joined 
a party of settlers who founded a 
town on the. Isthmus of Panama 
Troubles broke out among the adven- 
turers with the result that Balboa 
became the leader. On one of his 
exploring expeditions he discovered 'I'S voyage, 
the Pacific. He fell a victim to the 
jealousy of a governor who had been 
sent out from Spain; he was executed 
on the charge of treason, 1517. The 
gulf where he first saw the Pacific still 
bears the name he gave it, San Miguel. 



Names the 
Pacific. 



•4 



History ot the United States. 




Islands. His voyage was the first circumnavigation of 
the world. 

Hernando Cortez, in 15 19, landed in Mexico, and within 
two years conquered it for Spain. In 1539, Hernando de 

Soto, a Spaniard, sailed 
from Cuba, and, landing at 
Tampa Bay on the west 
coast of Florida, set out 
on an overland expedition 
mainly in search of gold. 
The explorer and his fol- 
lowers wandered about for 
two years, and after many 
privations, in the spring 
of 1 54 1 reached the Mis- 
sissippi River, then for 
the first time seen by 
white men. In 1542 De 
Soto died ; owing to fear 
of the Indians his body 
was buried at midnight 
in the waters of the great 
stream which he had dis- 
covered. His companions 
finallv reached the Span- 
ish settlements in Mexico. 
7. English Attempts at Colonization ; Sir Walter Raleigh. 
(1576-1602.) — The men of that day were so full of the 
idea of getting to India, or were so busy with affairs at 
home, that it was long before they thought of making 
definite plans of colonization. It was not until 1576 that 
Martin Frobisher, an Englishman, attempted to make a 
settlement on the coast of Labrador. His attempt was a 



Fkrdinanu M.vgeluvn. 

Aher the engraving by De L'Armessin. 

Keknando de ]\rAG.\LH.\ENS (mah-gal-yali'- 
eiib), known as Magellan, was born in Portugal 
about T470. At first in the service of his own 
country-, he afterward entered that of Spain. He 
was given command of a fleet of five vessels. 
With these he sailed, September, 1519, on his 
celebrated voyages. One of his ships secretly de- 
serted him. He had already lost one. With the 
three remaining ships he sailed on, and came out 
into the South Sea, which he named the Pacific. 
He discovered, in March, 1521, a group of islands 
which he named from the thieving propensites of 
the natives, the Ladrones (robbers). He visited 
the island Guam, which now belongs to the United 
States. 



Discovery. 



5 




HKKNANDO UK SOTU. 



failure, as was also a similar undertaking in 1578 under Sir 
Hiunphrey Gilbert, who was not disheartened, but made a 
second attempt, in which he 
lost his life, in 1583. The 
next year Sir Walter Raleigh, 
a half-brother of Gilbert, sent 
out an expedition which ex- 
plored a i)art of the coast of 
what is now North Carolina. 
Glowing accounts were 
brought back ; Raleigh called 
the country Virginia in honor 
of I'Llizabeth, his virgin queen, 
and sent out a colony in 1585. 
These colonists, who were all 
men, knew neither how to pre- 
pnre themselves for such a life, nor how to make use of the 
resources of the country. They settled on Roanoke Island, 
off tlie coast of North Carolina, and almost starved to death 
before a ship arrived to look after them. They all returned 
to England ; but Raleigh, not discouraged, sent out another 
colony in 1587 to the same j^lace. This time he sent 
women and children along with the men. John White 
was api:)ointed governor. Soon after the arrival of the 
colony a little girl was born, the first child born in Amer- 
ica of luiglish ])arents. Not long after, Jolm White went 
back to England for supplies. Owing to a war with Spain 
it was three years before he could return. When he 
reached the site of the colony, all the settlers had disap- 
]:)eared, and with them little Virginia Dare. It is not 
certainly known what became of them, though it is prob- 
able that the few survivors joined a neighboring tribe of 
Indians. 



Sir Ilum- 
])hn.'y (!il- 
l)crt. 



l\alfi_L;h 

naint's 

N'iruinia, 



'5^S5. 



Ualtigli's 
colonics. 



i6 



History o£ the United States. 



In 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold attempted to make a 
settlement on Cuttyhunk, an island in Buzzards Bay. in 

Massachusetts, but 
it was unsuccessful. 
More than a century 
had passed since 
the discovery of 
America, and there 
was not an English 
c o 1 o n }• o n the 
American coast. 

8. French and 
Spanish Attempts at 
Colonization. (1540 
1605.) — The luig- 
lish were not alone 
in their failures ; 
France also h a d 
made attempts at 
colonization at what 
was afterward Que- 
bec ( 1 540) ; at Port 
Royal, South Caro- 
lina (i 5 62); and 
near St. Augustine, 
Florida ( i 564). 
Spain h a d b e e n 
more successful at 
S t. A u g u s t i n e 
( 1565). at Santa Fe 
(1582), and in Mex- 
ico. The French 
were successful after 




Sir Walter Raleigh. 

After the portrait ownej by the ^uches•^ of Dorset, 

Rai.eigh was born in Devonshire, England, in 
1552. He studied at Oxford for a short time, and then 
fought in France on the side of the Huguenots for five 
years. He then fought in Ireland. In addition to his 
ctTorts to plant colonies in North .'Xmerica, he himself 
sailed in 1595, with five vessels, to seek for F.l Do- 
rado, or the " golden land," said to be somewhere in 
South America. This expedition accomplished little. 
Raleigh ne.\t served with great success as rear admiral 
in the navy. With the death of Queen Kliz.abeth he 
lost his place in royal favor. Raleigh was arrested in 
1602 on a charge of treason, and on slight evidence was 
convicted. He was sent to the Tower of London, where 
he was kept in confinement for thirteen years. He was 
then released, and went on an expedition to Guiana. 
This voyage was unsuccessful in finding gold. On liis 
return he was arrested on the old charge, and, to please 
Spain, who,se favor King James wished to gain, Raleigh 
was executed in 151S. He was a statesman, a soldier. 
a seaman, a poet, and an historian. 



Discovery. 1 7 

1605, but their colonies were confined to Canada and 

what is now Nova Scotia. 

At first sight it may seem strange that there should Reason of 

have been so many failures, but it must be remembered '^^"^^ '''^''"'■''* 

that the main purpose 

of the early colonists 

w;is to find gold. Few 

men went out fully 

intending to be per- 

m a n e n t settlers. 

Those who went were 

mostly persons who 

could not get on at 

home, and who thought 

the\' could escape hard 

work by going to a 

country where gold 

and silver were to be 

had without labor. 

Then, again, the com- 

^ . Part ok Insckh'TIOn on a T.-\blft ai' Oi.n 

panics were few m ^.„^.,, r^,.f„^.h. 

numbers, and unable 

to protect themselves against hostile Indians. They were 

cut off frt)m help or supplies from home, and knew little 

of the country itself and its reciuirements in regard to 

clothing, crops, and climate. 

SUMMARY. 

Four hundred years ago the continents of North and South America 
were unknown to Europeans. The territory of the United States was 
occupied by native races, either savage or only partially civilized. 

The Northmen probably visited North America about the year looo. 
Columbus, while in search of a trade route to India, discovered tlie 
West Indies, lie never knew that he had found a new world, 



On this site, in July-August, 1585, 
(O. S), colonists, sent out from Kngland 
by Sir Walter Raleigli. Iniilt a fmt, ealleil 
by them 

"The New Fort in Virginia.'' 

These colonists were the first set- 
tlers of the Fnglish race in America. 
They returned to England in July, 15S6, 
with Sir Francis Drake, 

Near this place was horn, on the iSlli 
of .Vugust, 15S7 

Virginia Dare, 
The first child of English parents luirn 
in America — daughter of Ananias Dare 
and Eleanor White, his wife. members of 
another band of colonists sent out liy 
.Sir Walter Raleigh in 15S7. 



1 8 History of the United States. 

John Cabot and his son Sebastian discovered the continent of North 
America, 1497, and claimed it for England. 

The name Atnerica was given in honor of Americus Vespucius. 

Ponce de Leon discovered Florida ; Balboa was the first European 
to see the Pacific. Magellan's vessel was the first to sail round the 
world and prove that it was a globe. 

Sir Walter Raleigli sent out exploring expeditions, named Virginia. 
and made unsuccessful attempts to plant colonies in the new world. 

The French in Canada, and the Spanish in Florida and New Mexico, 
were mOre successful in their efforts. 

The failures were largelv due to the fact lluit the colonists went to 
seek gold rather than to find homes. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page xxxiv. 



CHAPTER II. 



COLONIZATION. 



REFERENCES. 



S. A. Drake, Making of New En<;land ; Makinc; of llic Middle 
Colonies; Making of Virginia and the Middle States. N. M. TitTany, 
Pilgrims and Puritans. C. C. Coffin, Old Times in the Colonics. A. 
B. Hart, Source-Book of American History, Chaps, iii, iv. 



9. English Success; 
Captain John Smith. 
(1606-1609.) The 

first successful English 
colony was begun in 
1606. In this year 
James I. granted a 
charter to two com- 
|)anics : one the Ivon- 
don, the other the 
Plymouth Company. 
To the former was 
granted the coast be- 
tween 34° and 38° 
north latitude, and to 
the latter the coast be- 
tween 41° and 45° 
north latitude. The 
intervening country 
was to be common 
to both, but no set- 




I.ondoii 
and 

riymuuth 
(\)iTipanief 



C'Al'TMN joll.N . M. , i;. 

From the map in his " Description of New England." 

lAi'T.MN John Smith was born in England in isyy- 
When he was about twenty-one he enlisted in the Aus- 
trian army, and fought against the Tnrks. Taken 
prisoner, he was made a shive; he killed his master 
and escaped into Russia. After a number of surpris- 
ing adventures he reached England in time to join 
the emigrants to Virginia. In 1614 he explored the 
coast of New England, and to him that name is at- 
tributed. The latter part of his life was spent in 
England; he died in 1631, and like so many men of 
distinction, he died poor. 

19 



20 History of the United States. 

tlements of the respective companies were to be within 
one hundred miles of each other. The interior limit for 
both companies was to be one hundred miles from the 
coast. The colonists were to have the same rights and 
privileges as those of Englishmen at home ; the king was 
to appoint a council to govern each colony ; and he was 
to have one-fifth of all the gold and silver that should be 
found. 

A plan of government for the colonies was provided 
Jumpr,"'" ^'''^ ^^^ ^°"^°" Company sent out a party of settlers 
to Virgmia. The emigrants embarked in three small 
ships. Of the one hundred and five men, for there were 
no women in the party, fifty-two were called "gentlemen." 
The rest were described as "mechanics and tradesmen," 
but it does not appear that there was a farmer on the list' 
Jamestown, The emigrants landed at Jamestown on the James River 
in 1607. This was the first permanent English settlement 
m America. The site was not far from the Jamestown of 
to day. 

They had not come to work ; indeed, few knew how to 
work. It was May ( 1607) when they landed; the winter 
seemed very far off, and they did not begin to plant crops 
-jard^sh.ps until it was too late. Their stock of pmvisions gave out, 
:olonists. ^"^ famme and fever caused many to die. In less than five 
months half their number had perished. The Indians were 
hostile, and had it not been for the energy of one man 
under thirty years of age, the colony would have gone to 

oTn'Liih. '""'• ^^'' "'"^^ '^^-^ ^^Pt^^'" J'^hn Smith. 

He had already seen many adventures on the continent 
of Europe ; and in spite of his love for marvellous stories, 
he appears to have been a very able and clear-headed man.i 

Mie relates that at one time he was taken prisoner by the Indians, and his 
head was already on the block upon which his brains were to be beaten 



out. 



Colonization, 21 

Smith was chosen president of the council, and thus Smith's 
became the real governor of the settlement. He ob- ^^'^^ '^"^^• 
tained food from the Indians ; he had huts built for 
shelter; and he had grain planted. His rule was just, 
being based on the principle that those who did not work 
should not eat ; but this style of government did not 
suit the colonists, and in 1609 Captain Smith returned to Returns to 
England, his departure being made necessary, as he said, K"gland. 
by a severe accident which had befallen him. It is by no 



ifli 










i^A^^f'4±^XVi^i 




Jamestown in 1622. 

After a cut in the " Scheeps-Togt van Anthony Chester na Virginia gedaan in het yaar 1622," 

Leyden, 1707. 

means certain that the accident was as severe as Smith 
reported. It may have been used by him as a pretext to 
escape from a trying and unprofitable position. While 
in Virginia Captain Smith explored Chesapeake Bay, and 

when Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, the chief, rushed up to her 
father and begged the Hfe of the prisoner. As the Indian princess was only 
twelve years old when the incident is said to have occurred, and the account 
did not appear in the first edition of Smith's book, but was added while the 
heroine was in England, many modern students disbelieve the whole story. 
Pocahontas, however, was a real character ; she married John Rolfe, an 
Englishman, visited England, and died there. Many Virginians are proud to 
trace their descent from this Indian woman. 



2 2 History of the United States. 

after his return to England published a careful map 
of it.i 

10. Virginia Colony ; Slaves. (1609-1619.) — The col- 
ony suffered much, and very nearly came to a melancholy 
end. In 1609 the company received a new charter extend- 
ing the limits north and south, and from sea to sea, west 
and northwest. In these charters was the provision that 
the colonists and their children "shall have and enjoy all 
the liberties, franchises, and immunities of free denizens and 
natural subjects within any of our other dominions, to all 
intents and purposes as if they had been abiding and born 
within this our realm of England, or in any other of our 
dominions." It was largely upon this clause, and simi- 
lar ones repeated in later charters, that the American 
colonists rightly based their complaints of unjust treatment 
by the mother country. 

The Virginia colonists, who had been granted a govern- 
ment partly representative, elected (1619) a House of Bur- 
gesses, the first representative body that met in America, 
with power to make laws. The same year in which this 
step toward free government was taken, a Dutch ship 
brought to the colony the first cargo of negro slaves. 

11. Dutch Colonies ; New Netherland. (1609-1626.) — 
Swedish Colonies. (1638.) — Holland was at this time a 
strong naval power; in 1609 Henry Hudson, an English- 
man in her service, discovered and sailed up the river which 
bears his name. He also explored the New Jersey coast 
to Delaware Bay. A small trading post was established 
in 161 3 on Manhattan Island, and another post in 1614, at 
Fort Nassau or Orange, near the present city of Albany. 
In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was organized; 

^ Tliis map is almost too accurate a one to have been made with the rude 
instruments and inethcient means at Smith's command. 



Colonization. 23 

under its auspices Fort Amsterdam, afterward the city of Fort Am- 
Nevv York, was established in 1626. The island of Man- sterdam, 
hattan, upon which it stood, was purchased of the Indians 
the same year for about twenty-four dollars. The Dutch 
called their colony New Netherland. They bought the New 
land from the natives, whom they generally treated well. Netherland. 
Owing, however, to the obstinacy and want of tact of 
Governor Kieft, there was a terrible war with the Algon- 
kin Indians (1643-1645). Fortunately for the Dutch, the 
Iroquois remained peaceful. 

Sweden, which had become a great power under Gusta- Swedish 
vus Adolphus, determined to send out colonists, though volumes, 
she had no possible claim to any land in- the new world. 
In 1638 she established a settlement at Christina, near the 
site of Wilmington, Delaware. Other settlements were 
made later along the Delaware River as far as the site of 
Philadelphia, where the " Old Swedes' Church " still tells 
of their former presence. Thrust in as they were between 
the Dutch and the English settlements, the Swedish colo- 
nies had but little success. Before long they came in con- 
tact with the Dutch, who conquered them, and the Swedish 
rule came to an end. 

12. Plymouth Company. (1607.) — The Plymouth Com- riymouih 
pany had attempted to place a colony near the mouth of ^"^"ip^")'- 
the Kennebec River in 1607, but the attempt, like so many 
others, was a failure. In 1620 a new company, under 
the name of " The Council of Plymouth for the governing 
of New England," was organized, and to this company was 
granted the land between the parallels of 40° and 48° north 
latitude, and westward " to the south seas " ; the company, 
however, sent out no expedition on its own account. 

Captain John Smith (sect. 9), who had remained quietly 
in England since his return from Virginia, left England 



24 



History of the United States. 



Captain 
John Smith 
names New 
England. 



again in the year 1614, and sailed along the Atlantic coast 

from the mouth of the Penobscot River to Cape Cod in 

. search of fish and furs. 



DESCRIPTION 

ofJ\(ewEng/an(/: 
OR 

THE OBSERVATIONS, AND 

diTcoueries, of Captain rohnSmfh(Adm'traU 

of that Country) in the North o[ America, m the year 

ofourLord 1614; with ihefucce/fe of fixe Shifs, 

thM went the next year e \6\y,indthe 

accidents befell him among the 

French fnen ofwarre'. 

With (he proofe of the prefent benefit (his 

Coundeydfroords: whitherdiis prefent/eare, 

J 6 16, ci^hi voluntary Ships are gone 

to makffunherlryall. 



He published an ac- 
count of his voyage on 
his return, giving the 
name of New England 
to the country. Previ- 
ously it had been called 
Norumbcga. 

13- The Pilgrims. 
(1620.) — It is an inter- 
esting and instructive 
fact that many of the 
early settlements within 
the limits of the present 
United States were 
made by men who 
sought in a new world 
that liberty to worship 
God in their own way 
which was denied them 
at home. Outward obe- 
dience to the rules of a 
state church was very 
generally exacted in the 
seventeenth century, 
and England was no exception to the rule. Some men 
and women who did not agree with the practices of the 
Church of England, had emigrated in 1608 to Holland to 
gam liberty of worship. These refugees found safety first 
at Amsterdam, and then at Leyden. 
After a few years they found themselves becoming 




At LONDON 

Printed by Humfrey lowfies, for Rokrt clerlte; and 

'^le to be fould at his houfe called the Lodge, 

'n Chancery lane, ouer againftLin- 

colnesfnne. 16/6. 

Reduced Facsimile ok the Title-pa(;e 
OF THE Book which John Smith 

WROTE. 

In the Boston Public Library. 



Colonization. 



25 




A HUUSK IN Lkvdkn. 



more and more cut off from their friends in England. The Pii- 
Though they kept up their English habits of life as much ^'^""'^ ^'^'^ 

., , , lo continue 

as possible, they con- ^^.^ Enj^iishmen. 

tinued to feel like for- 
eigners in a strange 
land. They retained a 
warm love for their old 
home, its customs and 
its language. They 
could not bear to think 
that their children would 
grow up to intermarry 
with the Dutch and 
cease to be English ; 
they wished for a land of their own. Those who felt 
these things most deeply, looked for some place where 
they could keep their religion, their customs, and their 
language, and where their children could grow up to be 
English men and English women. 

No other country offered so many attractions to the refu- Decide u.g.. 
gees as did the English possessions in America. There ^" -^m''"'''t;a. 
they could find the freedom for which they longed, and in 
addition, the opportunity to carry the Gospel to the heathen 
Indians. 

After many delays their friends in England gained for 
them permission from the London Company (sect, g) to 
make a settlement on what is now the coast of New 
Jersey. Some merchants were found who agreed, on very 
hard terms, to supply the money necessary to fit out the 
expedition. The king would not give them a charter, but 
he did not hinder their going. All arrangements having Leave 
been completed, they prepared to leave Holland. Holland, 

The Speedwell^ the vessel bought and fitted out to carry 



26 



History of the United States. 



them to England could not accommodate all who wished 
to go. Many of them, however, left Delft-haven, Holland, 
July 22, 1620. At Southampton, England, they were 
joined by the Mayflou'cr. Twice the little vessels started 
out, and twice were compelled to put back. The second 
time it was decided that the S/'i r dice/ / \\a.s too unseaworthy 
to attempt the long voyage across the Atlantic. ^ 

Some of the Pilgrims now gave up the enterprise, but 
the others, one hundred and two in number, crowded into 

the Mayjioii'cr, a vessel of 
one hundred and eighty 
tons. These Pilgrims, as 
they are rightly called, 
finally, on September 6, 
1620, set sail from Ply- 
mouth, the port to which 
they had put back. 

The voyage was a stormy 
one of sixty-three days ; they 
THE •■ Mayflower." were driven from their 

From the model in the National Museum at COUrSC and reached CapC 
Washington. ^, , . 

Cod mstead of the coast 
for which they had steered. Weary of buffeting with the 
sea, they decided to go no farther. 

As the land they had come to was not under the control 
of the London Company, it seemed wise to make some 
rules for preserving order in the colony. While, therefore, 
the little ship was lying in Provincetown harbor, there 
was drawn up in its cabin the celebrated " Mayflower 
Compact," which was signed by all the men, forty-one in 

1 It was not known till afterward that the Speedwell was not really unsea- 
worthy; the Pilgrims were deceived by the master and crew, who took this 
method to escape from what they considered a bad bargain. 




Colonization, 27 

number. In it they agreed to unite themselves into a 

"body politic," and to submit to such "just and equal 

laws " as might be framed for the general good of the 

colony. Then they chose John Carver to be their first John Carver. 

governor. 

^« ^oy^ S^eic^ oj-o^r^ Jr-e<^c( fo^fr^jr,> ford H^^Um^^ 

^liTJ^.^'^^^i^T'. ^^^^I*-'^ i 1"^, «-^ «c/^««c^>^c,rA. The 

cfjr cAnsTf^tt-^^ai^tfAoTiotA.ir of o-k*' A.'*^ (^coxA.-n^i^-^in'hojfcc^Ao Mayflower 

O-nz of af.r\e4/uLrr-^ C t>\<enamf ^ ^Co-mf\>xt ov>.rJeri\cs /orrcn^cr- -»»<"«r 
Ciu.i/S /oJfy fpfxf'c'^ , fo^'^^<y^»y ovJery*%^,C^^f(JtruaAor>^ t J^t-^ 
Me.vamc&- of-^c*tift o^-<^<^(f: ) ^^^ ^J \/trfu.t. /Ce^rof Je t^ac^c, 
Co-n^-fuf<L, au^ef^ J^x^ne- fjfviTA i-kSt^ (^ea^aOf ftmies ^ ofcft f^"^^^^ 

^f*^es? -yrtJttt*. (^Co-n\A.en\fn-t fox- -^ ^■ntfocl^ ^TJoi- of y CoLo'^^'^t.- ^rtfv 
■mH-icA ivcyt~o-nt\ftr^ a.(P J^nz. 5 iZtf»«-i /T o rt arttj ofa*<e^nc>- (^/-ri tvifnei 
yu/ieftff tve fia.i*.^ AerarntfT-r- £t4.(^viSe.(f o^f rta.mtS acf Caf — 
CoJ^rj It of ttoMi^rHfti^ i^jytcxyr of J V(X\^e ofo-iA.tr Sov<erax'f»^ 

A-nJ (^ Jco/Zatjc/ C^yij^"^^ foU.Hkj(^: x)o-r^ ■ 1^2.0- 

The Compact dr.wvn ur on Board tiik " Mayfi.owkr." 

A facsimile from the '' History of Plimoth Plantation," by Governor Bradford. 
In the State House, I'.oston, Mass. 

14. Landing of the Pilgrims; Trials of the Colonists. Landing of 
(1620-1627.) — The Pilgrims remained about a month at tl>e I'lignms, 
Cape Cod, in Provincetown harbor, during which time some 
of their number explored the neighboring shores, seeking 
a place for their future home. They chose the spot called 
Plymouth by Captain John Smith (sect. 12). They landed 
on a large rock, since called Plymouth Rock, December 



28 



History of the United States. 



21, 1620, and this date is regarded as the beginning of the 
settlement.^ 

The colonists had a desperate struggle during the win- 
ter. They suffered from ill health, and afterward were at 
great disadvantage from the poverty of the soil, and from 
the payment of an exorbitant rate of interest to the P^ng- 
lish merchants who had furnished the means for establish- 
ing the colony. In spite of all these hardships the little 
band of settlers persevered. Unlike the colonists in 
Virginia, these Pilgrims had come to make their home 
in the new world, and their privations were borne with 
heroic courage. Among the company was Captain Myles 
Standish. He was not a member of their religious com- 
munion, and his presence shows the freedom which the 
Pilgrims allowed in religious matters. Myles Standish 
was of the greatest assistance to the little band, particu- 
larly during the first trying winter, when half the company 
died from disease and exposure. John Carver, the gov- 
ernor, was one of those who thus perished. William 
Bradford was chosen to succeed him, and he filled the 
office so acceptably that he was reelected annually for 
thirty years, except when by "importunity he got off." 
In 1627 the colonists bought out the interest of the Eng- 
lish merchants, and the colony was freed from a heavy 
burden. 

15. Massachusetts Bay Colony. (1629.) — In 1629 a 
charter was given to " the Governor and Company of the 
Massachusetts Bay in New England," granting them land 



1 Owing to a miscalculation, the 22d has been usually celebrated as the 
anniversary of the landing, but it is clear that the day was December the i ith, 
old style ; and as in the seventeenth century there was a difference of ten days 
between the old and new mode of reckoning, the 21st is the correct date 
according to the new stvle. 



Colonization. 



29 



nifm 




























from three miles south of the Charles River to three nules 
north of the Merrimac River and extendinoj east and west 
from the Atlantic to the South Sea (the Pacific Ocean). 



History of the United States. 



Massachusetts, like the other colonies, had many disputes 
in regard to territory and boundaries. Some of these dif- 
ferences were of long standing ; one with New York was 
not settled until 1855. 

A small settlement of Puritans was begun in 1623 on 
Cape Ann, Massachusetts. It was not successful, and, in 
1626, fourteen or fifteen of the colonists moved to Naum- 
keag, the site of the present town of Salem. To this place 
John Endicott, with about one hundred emigrants, came 

in 1628. Thename was now 
changed to Salem, ^ in expec- 
tation of the peace which he 
trusted would be the lot of 
the colonists. 

John Endicott was a typi- 
cal Puritan, " a fit instrument 
tobegin this wilderness-work, 
of courage bold, undaunted, 
yet sociable and of a cheer- 
ful spirit, loving and austere, 
applying himself to either as 
occasion served." 
16. Peculiarities of the Massachusetts Colony. (1629- 
1640.) — In 1629 five vessels, among which was the May- 
Jlinvcr, brought a large number of colonists. In the same 
year the charter itself was carried to the colony.^ This 
action gave the colonists self-rule. Heretofore, they had 
been, in name, if not in reality, ruled by men in England.^ 

1 Salem is a Bible name, and means peace. 

2 The legal right of the Massachusetts Bay Company to transfer the charter 
has often been questioned. It is evident that the grantors had not thought 
of such transference. 

3 The Plymouth colony with its Mayflower Compact was an exception, but 
the colony was so small as to attract little attention. 




John Endicott. 



Colonization. 



31 



The number of colonists rapidly increased, and by 1640 Peculiarities 
twenty thousand had sought homes in the new colony of of the Mas- 
Massachusetts Bay. There were important differences ^^^ colony 
between this colony and others, (i) It was undertaken 
by men of position and means, on their own account, and 
in their own person. (2) Though in name a commercial 
enterprise, it was really an attempt to found a common- 
wealth by those who wished " to work out their own ideas 
of Church and State." (3) Those who took part were not, 
at first, separatists from the Church of England, like the 
Pilgrims, but were Puritans who desired a reformation 
within the church. (4) The Puritans of Massachusetts 
Bay persecuted others, while the Pilgrims, at least during 
the earliest years of the Plymouth colony, did not. 

17. Growth of Political Freedom in Massachusetts. John win- 
(1629-1670.) — John VVinthrop was chosen governor be- ^^^^P- 
fore the charter was taken to 
the colony, and he held the 
office for four years and was 
several times reelected. 

He was a man of property, 
well educated, possessed great 
natural ability and above all 
had a noble character. He 
was the real founder of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay Colony, and 
until his death was its most 
prominent and influential citi- 
zen. The colonists had almost 
entire control of their own 
affairs. For some time the 

governor, the deputy governor, and the council (called 
the " Assistants ") met with the freemen to make the 




John Winthrop. 

After the original in the Massachusetts 
Senate Chamber. 



32 



History of the United States. 



laws, and decide upon all public matters. As the num- 
ber of freemen increased, such an arrangement became 
inconvenient, and to meet this difficulty nearly all the 
power was given to the governor and council. It was 
not long, however, before the people of one of the town- 
ships rebelled against a tax levied upon them, and the 
result of their protest was that a House of Represen- 
tatives was established to meet with the governor and 
council. To this body each to^\^lship sent two represen- 
tatives. The colonists thus early objected to "taxation 
without representation." 

Gradually it came about that the representatives sat 
apart from the governor and the ct)uncil, and a legislature 
with two houses grew up. 

The colony was carried on in many respects more after 
the Hebrew laws of the Old Testament than after English 

laws. Church and State 
were closely united ; in- 
deed in the early colonial 
days they were con- 
sidered as one. When- 
ever they had occasion 
to come together, the 
freemen met in the 
churcli building or 
" meeting-house." The 
ministers were magis- 
trates, and only church 
members were allowed 
to have a voice in the 
government ; for forty 
years perhaps three-fourths of the men had no vote. 

i8. Puritans; Roger Williams. {1635.) — It has often 




Mil' riN^MlolSK Al UlNC.llAM, MASS. 

Kkkctki) in 1681. 

From Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History. 



Colonization. ^3 

been said that the Puritans came to the wilderness of Uniformity. 
America to estabhsh civil and religious liberty ; but such 
was not the case. They had no idea of founding a colony 
where different forms of worship could exist side by side ; 
they believed that all men in religious matters should 
think and act in the same way ; this was called " uni- 
formity." Like most men of the age in which they lived, 
they did not believe in religious toleration ; in this they 
differed from the Pilgrims. 

Very soon after the beginning of the .settlement the 
question of toleration had to be determined. In 1631 a 
young man about twenty-four years of age, a minister 
whose name was Roger Williams, came to the colony. Roger 
At once he caused much trouble, for he did not hesitate to ^^''"'^'"s. 
express his views, which were far too liberal for the author- 
ities He believed that the civil jiower should have no 
control over a man's conscience, and that no one should be 
forced to supjiort public worship. P\)r these and other 
liberal opinions in 1635 he was sentenced to be banished. Banished, 
Intending to settle on the shores of Narragansett Bay, he '^•55- 
was getting ready to go thither with some friends, when 
he heard of a plot to seize him and send him to I^ngland. 
At once, though it was the depth of winter, he fled into 
the wilderness to Massasoit, an Indian chief, at Sowams 
(Warren, Rhode Island), near which place he remained 
for a number of weeks, " not knowing what bread or bed 
did mean." 

19. Founding of Providence and Rhode Island. (1636- Roger wiu- 
1644.)— In June, 1636, he chose a place which he called '^^^^f^^^^'^ 

^^ ^ J > J > r Providence. 

Providence, at the head of Narragansett Bay, for a new 
settlement. He secured from the Indians by gift or pur- 
chase, a large tract of land, which in course of time he 
sold or gave away to settlers. It must be said that how- 



34 History of the United States. 

ever excellent were the views of Roger Williams in regard 
to religious toleration, on political matters they were such 
as to strike at the very root of government as then 
understood, and it was not unnatural that he should be 
looked upon as a dangerous person.^ 

Roger Williams made his refuge " a shelter for persons 
distressed for conscience," and it was not long before 
many such came to him, among them Anne Hutchinson. 
She was a very able woman ; she upheld the right of 
women to preach and to take part in the church govern- 
ment ; she also taught other opinions much in opj^osition to 
Puritan doctrines. After a trial in which she ably defended 
herself, she was in 1638 banished from Massachusetts. 

In 1638 Portsmouth, and in 1639 Newport, both on the 
island of Rhode Island, were settled by Anne Hutchinson 
and other refugees from Massachusetts.^ At first these 
colonies were independent and governed themselves ; but 
Roger Williams went to PLngland and succeeded in get- 
ting a patent from Parliament in 1644, under which all 
the colonies in what is now the state of Rhode Island 
were united under the name of "The Incorporation of 
Providence Plantations in the Narragansett Bay in New- 
England." On the restoration of Charles II. to the Eng- 
lish throne, it was found necessary to procure a new 
charter, which was granted by the king, in 1663.'^ This 
charter was so liberal that it was continued in force until 
1843^ (sect. 251). 

1 Roger Williams, in his views regarding religious and political liberty, was 
so far in advance of most of his contemporaries, that few could understand him. 

- Anne Hutchinson removed later to Manhattan Island, and was murdered 
in an Indian attack during the war of 1643-1645 ; see sect. 11. 

^ In this charter the title Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is used. 

* The new constitution was ratified by popular vote in 1842, and went into 
operation May i, 1843. 



Colonization. 35 

In this colony alone was perfect religious liberty allowed ; 
" Papists, Protestants, Jews, or Turks " were alike pro- 
tected in their religion. This great liberty attracted many 
who wished to be free from restraint, and there was often 
trouble in the colony from such persons. 

20. Settlement of Boston ; Connecticut. (1630-1638.) 
— Salem did not please all the colonists, and therefore 
parties of men were sent out to choose sites for new towns. 
In this way, during the year 1630, Medford, Roxbury, Seulement 
Watertown, and Dorchester were settled. In the same of Boston, 
year John Winthrop and others chose a peninsula opposite "^ 
Charlestown, named by the Indians Shawm ut, but by the 
English Tri-mountain or Tremont, from its three hills. 
Soon after the name of this place was changed to Boston 
from the town in Lincolnshire, England, which had been 
the home of some of the settlers. 

In 1635 and 1636 parties left the old settlements and 
going out into the wilderness founded Wethersfield, Hart- 
ford, and Windsor, on the Connecticut River. These Cunnecticut 
settlers in 1637 took the rule into their own hands, and towns, 
in 1638 (old style) formed a written constitution for them- ' ^^~^ ''^' 
selves. This was the first written constitution in America, 
and one of the first in history. No higher power than the 
people themselves was acknowledged, and all men were to 
be freemen who should take the oath of allegiance. No 
one except the governor was required to be a church mem- 
ber. This agreement is known as "The Fundamental "The Fun- 
Orders of Connecticut." A charter was obtained from 'lamental 
Charles II. in 1662 ; it was so liberal that though Connec- 
ticut became a state, no state constitution was adopted till 
1818. 

Ouinnipiack, afterward New Haven, was founded in 
1638, by Londoners, who distrusted the colonists in Mas- 



?6 History oi the United States. 

sachusetts. Other colonies were elsewhere founded from 
time to time, until in 1664 all these settlements were united 
under the name of Connecticut. 

21. Maine ; New Hampshire ; Vermont. (1627-1677.) — 
Maine, including what is now New Hampshire, was part 
of the territory of the Plymouth Company (sects. 9, 12), 
which had made several attempts to colonize it. But the 
Pemaquid colony, established in 1627 at the mouth of the 
Kennebec River, was the only one that proved successful. 

Before resigning their charter to the British crown in 
1635, the members of the company divided the unsettled 
country among themselves. Sir Ferdinando Gorges ob- 
tained most of what is now Maine ; Captain John Mason 
received as his part the land west of the Piscataqua River. 
This tract he called, after his own county in England, New 
Hampshire. Neither Gorges nor Mason had much to do 
with these lands, and the settlers to a great extent ruled 
themselves. 

New Hampshire, though several times attached to Massa- 
chusetts, became finally separated from it in 1741. In 
1652, and again in 1658, the settlers in Maine submitted 
themselves to Massachusetts; in 1677 Massachusetts bought 
all Gorges' rights in the province. Vermont was claimed 
by both New York and New Hampshire, and the question 
of ownership remained a matter of dispute until X'ermont 
became a state in 1701. 

22. Lord Baltimore ; Maryland. (1632.) — The Plymouth 
Company surrendered its charter in 1635. The London 
Company had already given up its charter in 1624, so 
according to the practice of that day all the territory of 
the two companies came into the hands of the king, who 
could do with it as he wished. In 1632 Charles I. granted 
to Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, lands east of the 



Colonization. 



37 



Maryland. 



Potomac River, including both sides of Chesapeake Bay.^ Lord 

This tract, to which the name Maryland was given, in i'^'^'^^'^''^' 

. . 1632. 

honor of the English queen, Henrietta Maria, was within 

the bounds of the original 
London Company's grant, 
and Virginia had already 
taken steps to colonize 
parts of it. Before the 
written agreement was 
perfected Lord Baltimore 
tlied, but the patent was 
given to his son Cecilius 
Calvert, who succeeded to 
the title of Lord Baltimore. 
The Calverts were Roman 
Catholics. 

The grant was a liberal 
one, nothing but allegiance 
to the crown, the yearly tribute of two Indian arrows, and 
one-fifth part of all the gold and silver mined, being re- 
quired. Baltimore was given the powers of a Palatine, Lord Haiti 
which were almost those of a king.'^ His title was Proprie- "i'^*'^^- 
tary, and he was really a monarch, though subordinate to 
the king. The freemen were to possess the rights of native- 




Cecii.ius Calvert, Lord Baltimore. 

After a portrait in the British Public 

Reccird office. 



1 The boundaries of the grant were described very carefully for that time, 
being, the Potomac from its source to its mouth, thence across Chesapeake Bay 
to Watkins Point, thence to the ocean, which with Delaware l>ay was the 
eastern boundary. The northern boundary was the fortieth parallel of north 
latitude to the meridian of the south fountain of the Potomac. It will be seen 
that these boundaries" inclmle the state of Delaware and a considerable part 
of Pennsylvania. 

- The charter was modelleil on the Palatinate system as then existing in 
the county of Durham, England, whicii had been established by William the 
Conqueror. 



38 History of the United States. 

born Englishmen ; they were to have a share in making 
the laws ; and there was to be freedom of trade. Lord 
Baltimore proclaimed religious toleration for Protestants 
and Catholics. In this respect Maryland and Rhode Island 
stand alone in the early annals of the country ; Maryland, 
however, required a belief in Jesus Christ, while Rhode 
Island made no stipulation. 

Nothing definite is said about toleration in the charter, 
but it "must have been understood that the adherents of 
both religions were to be welcome." Unless this was so there 
is no probabiUty that the charter would have been granted, 
or that any great number of emigrants would have gone 
out. Contrary to a very common impression, it seems that 
Roman Catholics were always in a minority in the colony, 
even from the very first. In 1676 the proprietary himself 
said that more than three-fourths of the inhabitants were 
Protestants. 

23. Maryland continued ; Toleration Act ; Troubles. 
(1633-1692.) — In 1633 Leonard Calvert, a younger 
brother of the proprietary, sailed for Maryland, taking with 
him about two hundred emigrants in two small vessels 
named the Ark and the Dove. He bought from the Ind- 
ians a small village near the mouth of the Potomac, and 
there founded, March, 1634, the town of St. Mary's. Be- 
fore issuing the patent to Baltimore, the king had given a 
license for trading, and also the ownership of the land on 
the Chesapeake Bay, to a settler, William Clayborne, who 
refused to acknowledge the proprietary and gave the colo- 
nists much annovance. It was an instance of conflicting 
claims which were very common in the early history of 
America. 

The Maryland Assembly passed in 1649 the "Toleration 
Act," which was confirmed in the following year by the 



Colonization. 



39 



proprietary. It is among the first legislative acts in favor Toleration 
of anything like toleration. It was notable for its day Act of 1649. 
and worthy of great praise. It did not, however, grant 
perfect toleration, for severe penalties were prescribed 
against all persons denying the divinity of Christ, or 
using reproachful words against the Virgin Mary or the 
Apostles.^ Toleration had been practised in the colony, 
but this act changed what seems to have been a custom 
into a law. 

The colony had little trouble from the Indians except 
when they were stirred up by the white men, and Mary- 
land prospered greatly and increased rapidly in population. 
The liberal policy of the proprietary attracted settlers, and 
he himself invited men from all quarters, even Puritans 
from England. 

The newcomers had not the same spirit of toleration ; as Intolerance 
soon as they and their sympathizers were in the majority, '" ^'^•'Y- 
they made Maryland an Episcopal colony, disfranchised 
the Roman Catholics, and the Quakers, and taxed every 
one to support the Church of England, which was made 
the established church in 1692. 

Lord Baltimore took the side of King James in the Eng- 
lish revolution of 1688, and lost his province in conse- 
quence. Maryland became a royal colony, and the king Maryland a 
appointed her governors until 171 5. At this time the nomi- royal colony 
nal proprietary having become Protestant, -the colony was 
restored to the Baltimore family, and remained a proprie- 
tary colony until the Revolution. 

24. Virginia becomes a Royal Colony. (1624.) — The Virginia, 
adoption of a House of Burgesses in Virginia (sect. 10) 
was approved by the company in England, and in 1621 a 
written constitution was sent out confirming the privileges 

^ It does not appear that punishment was ever inflicted for such offences. 



40 History of the United States. 

granted in 1619. In 1624 the charter of the company 
was annulled by the crown, and Virginia became a royal 
province. The king now appointed the governor and 
Council, but the Assembly still made the laws, subject to 
the veto of the governor. 

The staple crop of the province was tobacco, of which 
large quantities were raised and exported. The number 
of navigable streams rendered export easy, for the vessels 
could come up to the plantations and load directly for 
f^ngland. Tobacco was also the principal article of trade, 
so much so, indeed, that it was used in place of money 
both in keeping accounts and in purchasing. 

Virginia was always a Church of England, or Episcopal, 
colony ; this was the established church, and all persons 
were taxed for its support. It was also a very loyal col- 
ony, and sided with the king in the civil war, but made no 
resistance when Parliament was in control. 

25. Virginia; Bacon's Rebellion. (1676.) — When Charles 
II. came to the throne, he ungratefully allowed the gov- 
ernors to rule the Virginians harshly. The English naviga- 
tion laws (sect. 55) were greatly to the disadvantage of the 
colonists. Troubles arose with the Indians ; the colonists 
blamed the gov^ernment for not protecting them, and in 
1676 some of them, under the lead of Nathaniel Bacon 
rebelled, and raised forces to go against the Indians. 

Bacon was a member of the celebrated English family 
of that name, and was a rich, brave, patriotic, and popular 
man. Berkeley, the governor, at first yielded so far as to 
give Bacon a commission to lead a force against the 
Indians, but when Bacon had gone, proclaimed him and 
his companions rebels. On Bacon's return, there was civil 
war between the parties, in the course of which Berkeley 
was driven out of Jamestown, the capital, and the place 



Colonization. 41 

burnt. Worn out by the fatigues of his campaigns, Bacon 
died after a short ilhiess, and the rebellion was at an end. 

The governor hanged twenty-three of the principal 
rebels. On hearing this, Charles II. is said to have re- 
marked, " The old fool has taken away more lives in 
that naked country than I did for the murder of my 
father." Though the rebellion had been a failure, it 
showed the character of the people and what might be 
expected if harsh measures were followed. Jamestown 
was not rebuilt ; Williamsburg became the capital. Williams- 

26. Virginia ; Growth and Prosperity of the Colony. ''"'»• 
(1676-1715.) — Soon after Bacon's Rebellion, peace was 
made with the Indians, and there was no more trouble 
with them. Virginia remained a royal colony until the 
Revolution. 

The manner of life was very different in Virginia from 
that in the more northern and eastern colonies. The land 
was fertile and was divided into large plantations ; and 
while there was not so ,>- 
much wealth as in New 
England, there were more 
rich men, and into their 
hands most of the polit- 
ical power had fallen. 
There were fewer towns, 
as there was not much danger of Indian attacks. The Southern 
planters imported goods from England in return for their ^'^'^• 
tobacco, and there was little attempt at manufacturing. 
The planter supplied his poorer neighbors, who were thus 
almost continually in his debt and in his power. 

Notwithstanding harsh legislation, Virginia prospered 
greatly and the population increased. In 1670 Berkeley 
estimated the population at forty thousand, including two 




A SOUIHERN HOMfSfEAD. 



42 



History of the United States. 



thousand negro slaves and six thousand indentured white 
servants. 

Indentured servants in the American colonies were of 
at least four classes : (i) Those who, for the sake of emi- 
grating to the new country, had bound themselves for a 
certain number of years to those who paid their passage 
money. (2) Those who when boys and girls had been 
bound to service until they became of age. (3) Persons 
of all ages who had been kidnapped and brought over 
and sold to the planters. (4) Convicts who had been sent 
to the colonies to rid England of their presence. More 
convicts were sent to Virginia than to any other colony ; 
not a few of them, removed from evil associations, be- 
came excellent citizens. In 171 5 the total population was 
thought to be about 95,000. 

27. The Carolinas. (1663-1665.) — In 1663, and again 
in 1665, Charles II. granted the territory now occupied by 
the Carolinas and Georgia to eight proprietors, most of 
whom had helped him to regain the crown of England. 
As usual, little regard was paid to the boundaries, or to 
previous claims ; the gift included settlements which had 
been made by the Virginians, and which by right belonged 
to that province. This grant extended west to the Pacific 
Ocean and south into Florida, thus conflicting with both 
French and Spanish claims. 

When the French had attempted to plant a colony at 
Port Royal (sect. 8), they had named one of their forts 
Carolina in honor of Charles IX. of France ; the pro- 
prietors used this name for their colony, but in honor of 
Charles of England. 

28. The Carolinas ; John Locke ; John Archdale. (1669- 
1696.) — It was resolved to provide a model government 
for the Carolinas, and an elaborate scheme for the new 



Colonization. 43 

enterprise was drawn up. The philosopher John Locke John Locke, 
was consulted, but his share in the document is not 
known ; his published views on government make it un- 
likely that he was responsible for many of the political 
features. 

The scheme provided for a nobility having different The 
ranks, — proprietors, landgraves, caciques, and lords of "'""'^•el" 

... government, 

manors. While the nobility were to own lands accord- 
ing to their rank, other persons were not to own any ; 
they were to be in a position somewhat like the old Rus- 
sian serfs ; they were not to move from the land upon 
which they lived without the consent of the owner, and 
they were to have no voice in the government. The plan 
was complex and could not be carried out. The imme- 
diate effect was almost to destroy what little government 
there was in the colony, particularly in the northern part, 
and make it the most turbulent and lawless of all the 
American settlements. The attempt to carry out this 
"model" government was given up in 1693. 

The proprietors in 1695 sent out John Archdale, a Friend, John Arch- 
or Quaker, as governor. Under his wise administration '^^''^■ 
order was restored. He lowered the quit-rents, paid the 
proprietors, and pursued a peaceful policy toward the Ind- 
ians and the Spaniards. He appointed a council satis- 
factory to the colonists, and allowed them to choose 
representatives to the Assembly. The result was " pros- 
perity, and, for a time, peace to the colony." In 1696 the 
representatives in South Carolina declared that Archdale, 
by " his wisdom, patience, and labor, had laid a firm foun- 
dation for a most glorious superstruction." After a short 
time Archdale went back to England, and before long the 
old state of disorder had returned. 

29. North Carolina. (1663.) — The first settlers of the 



44 Ilistorv oi the United States. 

colony of North Carolina were from \'irg"inia : others came 
from New Kni;land. and later, from the other northern colo- 
nies, from Scotlaml, from the north of Ireland, and from 
Switzerland. " The population was much more scattered 
than elsewhere, schools were few, and the advance of the 
North C'ari^linians was on lines of independence and sturd\' 
courai;e rather than ot retinement ami elegance." 

30. South Carolina ; the Carolinas become Royal Colo 
nies. (1670 1729.) — In 1(170 the jiroprictors sent out a 
colony to settle within the bovuids of South Carolina. ,\t 
tirst a position at a tlistance from the sea was chosen. 
After ten years' trial the whole settlement was moved to 
the junction of the Ashle\' and Coojier rivers, where the 
citv of Charleston now is. Idiese rivers were named after 
one of the proprietors, the l^arl of Shaftesbury, whose name 
was Anthonx Ashley Coojkm". 

The number of settlers was increased by emigrants from 
North Carolina, and from New Wnk. There came from 
Fr.mce a large number ot b'rench Protestants or Hugue- 
nots whi> had left their lunnes on account of the perse- 
cution following the revocation of the Indict of Nantes. 
These lluguenots formed a \aluable part of the popula- 
tion, though for a time thcN' were not allowed all the 
rights of the other colonists. 

The chief products of South Carolina were rice and 
indigo: the fvMiner was introduced trom the blast Indies 
before Uxij;, and the latter about 1741. These two crops 
were the chief staple products until the invention of the 
cotton gin gave cotton the fust place. In North Carolina, 
tar, pitch, turpentine, and lumber were the staple products. 

The proprietors had gained little profit from their grant. 
In 1710 there was a rebellion against them in South Caro- 
lina, ami the colonists, on appealing to the king, were 



Colonization, 



45 



given a royal governor. ("arolina was tound to be too 
large to be governed as one colony, so two Assemblies 
were chosen, and there were sometimes two governors and 
sometimes one. In 1729 the proprietors sold all their 
rights to the crown ; the Carolinas became royal colonics 
and were permanently dividoil into North and Sonth 
Carolina.^ 

31. The Dutch and New Netherland ; Disputes with 
English Colonies. (1626-1664.) — The Dutch West India 
Comjiany governed New Netherland (sect. ii)lrom 1626 









S' Xiiji^*^ ~^^- ■■-";^-V'<r^?5?*f?j*i-_; 



The Caro- 
litias di- 
vided. 



Nf.w Amstfruam in 1636. 

From V.ui ilei Ooiick's map of New Ncthcilaiul, 1056. 

to 1664, but the settlements were regarded as trading 
posts rather than colonies. The Dutch do not appear to vw Dutch 
have seen the great value for commerce of the Hudson 
River and New York Ray. Their settlements were few 
and grew slowly. Meanwhile the b>nglish colonies to the 
north and south, increasing rai)idly in wealth and popula- 
tion, were divided by the Dutch possessions as by a wedge. 
This was both unpleasant and tlangerous to the l'",nglish. 

There was much trouble between the colonists of Con- 
necticut and the Dutch regarding territory, not only on the 
mainland, but also on Long Island, which had been settled 
from Connecticut. The English held that the whole 

^ The exact ch^te of pciniaiicnt separation is disputed. Some put it at 171 2. 



46 



History oi' the United States. 




*i*? Jttf%M. 



Till-: Staotiuys, New York. 

After I?revoort's drawini;. 



coast from Maine to Florida belonged to them by virtue 
of the Cabots' discovery (sect. 5). By virtue of this 
claim, in 1664 Charles II. granted the territory held by 

the Dutch, as well as 
Pemaquid (nearly what 
is now the state of 
Maine), Nantucket, 
Martha's \'ineyard, and 
all Long Island, to the 
Duke of York, his 
b r o t h c r, afterward 
James II. To the 
Duke of York absolute 
dominion over this great territory was given, the only con- 
dition being that there should be no laws made for that 
region which would conflict with thi^se of England. The 
importance of this grant lay in the fact that the Duke 
of York was the heir to the throne and at the death of 
Charles II. these lands would become crown property. 

32. Capture of New Amsterdam by English ; New York. 
(1664.) — The duke sent out the same year a strong force, 
which, appearing before New .Amsterdam, found that town 
wholly unprepared for defence ; the governor, Peter Stuy- 
vesant, at first refused to surrender, but he soon saw that 
resistance was hopeless, and submitted. Richard Nicolls, 
who commanded the fleet, immediately proclaimed the 
Duke of York ruler, and ordered that the city should 
henceforth be called New York. P'lMtunately most of 
the Dutch quietly accepted the change of rulers. The 
transfer of authority was made without bloodshed. The 
conquest of the rest of New Netherland soon followed, 
and so the whole province was lost to the Dutch. Nicolls. 
whom the duke had appointed governor, was a skilful, 



Colonization. 



47 




shrewd man, and managed affairs well. Though the gov- 
ernment was a despotism, it was a mild one ; old laws and 
customs were not rudely overturned, and the Dutch colonists 
had little cause for complaint. 

33. Recapture of New York 
by Dutch ; Restored to English. 
Leisler. (1673-1691.) — Hol- 
land did not find an opportunity 
for revenge until 1673. In that 
year a fleet appeared off New 
York and found the city as un- 
prepared as Nicolls had found it 
nine years before. It was re- 
conquered without a blow, and 
the province came again under 
Dutch rule. Peace was made in 
1 674, and William of Orange, the 
stadtholder of Holland, seeing 
the difficulty of retaining New 
York, consented to return it to 
England. It remained under 
Knglish rule until the Revo- 
lution. 

The later English governors 
too often treated the people 
harshly. In fact, New York 
had much less freedom than 
other colonies, not having an 
Assembly until 1683, and even 
this privilege was taken away 
for a short time. There were 
continual troubles with Con- 
necticut about boundaries, with 



i'l'.lKK Sl'UVVKSAN 1'. 

After the portrait in the possession ol 
tlie New ^'ork Historical Society 

Pe lER SruYVESANT was born in Hol- 
land about 1602. He served in the wars 
in the West Indies and lost a leg in battle. 
He was governor of Cura(;ao when about 
thirty-two. In 1646 he was appointed 
governor of New Netherland. His rule, 
which began in 1647, was the most suc- 
cessful of all the Dutch governors. He 
was skilful in his treatment of the natives, 
and in his negotiations with the English 
colonists. He was abrupt in his manner, 
hot-headed, and easily made angry. He 
was full of courage, honest, and faithful- 
After the people knew him he was Je- 
spected and liked. He had a wooden 
leg ornamented with silver bands, and 
wore handsome clothes. After surren- 
dering to the English, he went to Hol- 
land to e.vplain his action, and then 
returned to New Netherland, where he 
lived peacefully, cultivating his " bow- 
ery," or farm, for nearly twenty years. 
He died in 1682, and the well-known 
New York street, the Bowery, preserves 
the memory of his farm. 



Dutch 
recapture 
New York. 



New York 

English 

again. 



4« 



History of tlie United States. 



Jacob 
1 cislor. 




luist jcrsev about duties on produce, iind with the Indians. 
In 1689 the people rose against the governor. 

Their leader. Jacob Leisler. a captain of the guards, 
assunieil the governt>r's place ; but a new governor, ap- 

pointeil bv the crown, 
came out in looo. Leis- 
ler was arrested, tried, 
and convicted of treason, 
lie was hangeil. the go\- 
ernor. it is said, having 
signeil the ilcath warrant 
while under the intlucncc 
of lit-puM'. Leisler's true 
character has been the 
subject of nuicli dispute, 
some regarding" him as a patriot, others as an ad\ cnturer, 
whose chief object was to get pt>wer for himself, and whose 
rule was at least as bad as that of the English goxernors. 

34. The Patroons in New York. (162Q.) — Fhe Dutch 
had encouraged emigiation bv making large grants oi land 
to patroons. a kind of nobilitv. who let out their lands at 
low rents to settlers. The luiglish did not alter this 
system, ami it was not until about 1844 that the last rem- 
nant o( it disappeared (sect. 251). 

In the Dutch charter providing for the ]iatrotms ( 1629), 
it was stated that "the Patroons and colonists were to 
support a minister and schoolmaster, that thus the service 
of Ciod and /eal for religion ma\' not grow coUl and neg- 
lected among them." Thus the Dutch were among the 
very first in .America to recognize that religion and edu- 
cation arc the foundaticui of good government. 

NtUwithstanding its unrixalled ]iosition. \cw N'ork grew 
slowlv. When Stuvvosant surrendered to the l-aiglish in 



Colonization. 



49 



1664, the population of that city was only about 1500, 
while its northern limit was a wall running from river to 
river, where Wall Street now is. 



' i A \ i^4^iV^\)jjliiiiM^ 





■■■"■"■ "■ . ■-■^'i:\>i"- 

I 111'. 01. 1) Wall, i\l\v York. Buili' in 1023. 
I' 10111 '• Wall Street in History," by Mrs. Martlui J. Lamb. 

35. New Jersey Charter. (1664.) — The Swedes, who had Now Jersey, 
begun a settlement on the Delaware River (sect, i 1 ), were '^*^4- 
concjuered by the Dutch in 1655. The whole of what is 
now New jersey, and also the west bank of the Delaware 
kiver and Hay came under Dutch rule. When Charles 
11., in 1664, made his grant to the Duke of York, all the 
Dutch and Swedish settlements were included. The same 
year the duke granted what is now New Jersey to Lord 
John l^eikeley and Sir (icorge Carteret, as proprietors. 
In the i)alent the name was h.xed as New Ca^saria or New 
Jersey. I'his name was gix'cn in honor of .Sir (iCorge 
Caiieret, who held the island of Jersey in the I<'.nglish 
Channel dm ing the c'ivil war in luigiand. 

The proprietors jirovided a very liberal system of gov- 
ernment, and sent out a nephew of Carteret, Philij) Carteret, 
as govei-nor. The landing was made at a settlement which 
the governor named Klizabethtown, after the wife of Sir 
Cicorge Carteret. Much trouble was i-auscd by settlers 
alread)' in the region, and politicall)' the lot of the pro- 



;;o History of the United States. 

prietors was not an easy one. The Indians, however, re- 
ceived pay for such of their lands as were taken, and, being 
fairly treated in other respects, did not harass the colonv. 

36. Growth of New Jersey ; Division of the Colony. 
(1674. ) West Jersey. (^1674-1681.) — The new owners of 
the province wished to increase the number of settlers. 
They sent agents into New England to make known the 
liberal inducements or " concessions " held out to emi- 
grants. Religious liberty was promised, and land was 
offered on easy terms. 

These agents were successful in their mission. Emi- 
grants, hoping to better their condition, or dissatisfied with 
the severe rule of the Puritans, came from New Hamp- 
shire, from Massachusetts, from Connecticut, and from 
Long Island. Newark was founded in 1666 by Puritans 
from Connecticut. 

In 1674 Berkeley sold his share, the western half of 
this province, to Edward Bvllinge and John Fenwick, both 
members of the Societ\- of Friends, or Quakers. The 
province was thus divided into two parts known as West 
and East Jersey. The boundary line was the subject of 
much dispute and was changed more than once. In 1676 
a line drawn from Little Egg Harbor on the Atlantic coast, 
to a point not far from IMinisink Island in the Delaware 
River, was agreed upon. 

John Fenwick went out with an expedition in 1675 and 
landed at a place which he called Salem. In 1677 William 
Penn and i>thers of the same religious body bought 
Byllinge's share, and founded Burlington, which became 
the capital. A separate government was set up, and 
Edward Byllinge was chosen governor. He did not come 
out to the colonv, but governed bv a deputv. The plan 
of government was verv liberal. The Assembly of the 



Colonization. 



51 



colony met at Burlington in 168 1 and drew ui) a document 
defining the rights of the people. Among these was lib- 
erty of conscience for all ; and an assembly to be chosen 
by the people, which should make laws and lay all taxes, 
and which could not be adjourned or dissolved without its 
own consent. 

37. Penn and Others buy East Jersey. (1681.) — In East Jersey 
168 1 William Penn and eleven others bought East Jersey, bought, 
which, after Sir George 
Carteret's death, was of- 
fered at auction to the 
highest bidder. These 
twelve owners soon sold 
one-half of their interest 
to twelve others. There 
was a strange mixture of 
religious and political be- 
liefs represented in these 
twenty-four owners, — 
"Papists, Dissenters, and 
Quakers," Royalists, and 
Puritans. Notwithstand- 
ing this great diversity 
of opinion there seems to 
have been no discord. 
It is estimated that there 
were at this time about 
five thousand inhabitants 
in East Jersey, and the 

condition of the Orovince ""ostly relating to the doctrines of tlie Quakers. 
^ In 1694 he published a plan for international arbi- 

WaS prosperous. Eliza- tration. He was bom 1644 and died m 1718. 

bethtown was at first the capital of East Jersey, but 
afterward Perth Amboy was chosen. 




WiLi.iA.M Penn. 

.At the age of 22 After the portrait attributed to 
Sir Peter Leiy. 
William Penn was educated at Oxford, and also 
spent two years in study in France, where he be- 
came a good classical and French scholar. As his 
mother was a Dutch lady, it is likely that he could 
speak Dutch. He was a good sportsman and skil- 
ful in the manly sports of his d.iy. We can imagine 
the rage of his father when Penn became a Quaker. 
He was a personal friend of the Duke of York, 
afterward King James H , and in consequence fell 
under suspicion in the revolution of 1688, when 
James lost his throne. Penn wrote many books. 



52 



History of the United States. 



38. East Jersey ; Presbyterian Influence ; Becomes a 
Royal Colony. (1685-1702.) — The Presbyterians in Scot- 
land during the reign of Charles II. suffered much from 
persecution. Their attention was called to East Jersey as 
a place of refuge ; and in 1685 a large number of them 
emigrated to the new province. This laid the foundation 
of Presbyterian influence in New Jersey. The influence of 
the Puritans in East Jersey is shown by the severity of the 
laws for the punishment of crimes, as there were thirteen 
classes of offences punishable by death in that province, 
while in West Jersey capital punishment was not allowed. 

Sir Edmund Andros, who was appointed by James II. 
governor of all the English settlements north of " forty 
degrees of northern latitude" except Pennsylvania and Dela- 
ware, though claiming authority over the Jerseys, was con- 
tent with having his authority acknowledged (see sect. 56). 
In 1702 the proprietors resigned all rights to the crown, 
and the provinces were united. The united province had 
its own legislature, but the same governors as New York, 
until 1738, when it was given a governor of its own. 

39. William Penn ; Pennsylvania ; Dispute with Lord 
Baltimore. (^1681.) — William Penn, one of the owners 
of the Jerseys, born in 1644, was the son of Admiral Sir 
William Penn of the luiglish navy. He had joined the 
Quakers much to the grief of his father, who for some 
time refused to be reconciled. When the admiral died, 
there was due him a large sum of money which he had 
loaned to the crown. In 1680 Penn proposed to Charles II. 
that in settlement of this debt of ^16,000 a tract of land 
should be given him in America. The king was glad to pay 
the debt so easily. In 1681 a charter was given to Penn 
conveying to him as proprietor the land bounded by the 
fortieth and forty-third degrees of north latitude, and the 



Colonization. 



53 



lands west of the Delaware River through five degrees of 
longitude, except a small portion which belonged to the 
colonies on the Delaware. 

The boundaries were carefully named, but unfortunately Boundary 
the position of the fortieth degree of latitude was wrongly 'iisput« 







liHtli'i Hu ^"^ iiiiuli -Itii lliiumiiu 



I)ixon's 

line. 



KKiiut 1.1' lACsiMii.K. UK Part ok 'iuk Kovai, Dkkd civen to PKiNiN. 

calculated, and there arose in consequence between Lord 

Baltimore and Penn, and between their successors, disputes 

as to the boundary. These differences were not settled until 

1763, when two surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Mason and 

Dixon from England, established the present line which 

separates Maryland from Delaware and Pennsylvania. In 

later times this line was the dividing line between the 

free and the slave states, and was regarded as separating 

the North and the South. ^ 

40. Pennsylvania. (1681.) — The name of Pennsylvania Pennsyl- 

was given by Charles II. in honor of Admiral Penn. Penn ^'^"'^• 

acquired from the Duke of York the lands on the Delaware Penn 

Bay and River which had been granted to the duke in 1644 ^^*1""^'^^ 
•^ _ '^ ^^ Delaware. 

(sect. 31). This colony was known afterward as the " three 
lower counties t)n the Delaware." 

' A careful review of the disputes between Penn and Lord Baltimore seems 
to show that Penn was in the right if the spirit of the grant be taken, while 
according to the letter of the grant Baltimore had grounds for protesting. At 
the same time Baltimore seems to have neglected to take the steps required 
ill order to have an indisputable claim to the lantls in ([uestion. 



54 Mistc^ry ot" the United States. 

Ponn's chief purpose was to establish a colony where 
justice slioukl rule and where there mit;"ht be liberty of 
conscience, anil, so tar as practicable, jiolitical freedom 
and ecpialitw lie also wishcil it to be a rcfui;c for the 
persecutetl Ouakers. 
( haiUi. The charter which I'cnn obtained was a liberal i»nc. lie 

had the riy;ht to j;i)vern, appoint officers, and with the con- 
sent of the peojile make nccessar\' laws; these laws, how- 
ever, within li\e \'cars of their enactment, wcic to be 
submitteil to the crown for appro\al. A pamphlet was 
pulilished givini;' a short acctumt of the ci»unti"\. oi tlie 
terms of the charter, antl oi the conditions upon which land 
shouUl be sold to settlers. 

I'enn's \iews of government were broad ; in speaking 
of his jilans he said, " I propose to leave myself and suc- 
cessois no powci' oi iloiiig mischief, — that the will oi one 
man may not hinder the y^ood oi an whole country." 
" Hecause 1 have been exercised at times about the nature 
and entl of goxcinmcnt among men, it is reasonable to 
expect that I should cmleax'or to establish a just and 
righteous one in this [u-o\ince . . . for the nations want a 
precedent." "There ma\' be \oou\ there, though iu>t here, 
for such an hoi)' exj^erimeut." 
Peiin's 41- Penn's Frame of Government. (1682.) — Penn's 

" Kiaim- of experience in the atfairs oi the Ivist and West Jerseys had 

'^'^^',"" maile him acquainted w ith man\ oi the ditficulties in coU>nial 

meiU. ' ■ . . , . 

govcniment. In the introduction to his " I'^'ame of (lov- 

ernment "' are the folUnving words: " 1 know what is said 

by the several ailmirers oi monarchv, aristocracy, and 

iMan of tlemocrac\ . which are the rule of one, of a few, and of 

iiovernmcnt. niauv. . . . Hut anv government is free to the people 

under it (whatever be the frame) where the laws rule and 

the jiC(>ple are a part\' to thi^se laws; and miuc than this 



Colonization. iJ5 

is tyranny, olip^archy, or confusion. . . . Liberty witJiout 
obedience is confusion, and obedience without liberty is 
slavery." 

In bis ])lan the j^overnor was appointed by tlie proprie- 
tor, but Ibe Assembly was c-lected by the peo|)le. All 
men who believed in Jesus Christ and had paid taxes or 
were freeholders had the ri<;ht to vote. Liberty of con- 
science was granted to all, but " looseness, irreli^ion, and 
atheism " were to be discouraged. Penn's laws in regard 
to criminals were in advance of his time, for he held that to 
reform a criminal was more important than to i)unish him. 

42. Penn sails for America; Treaty. {1682.) — Penn renngnesto 
had sent his relative, William Markham, to represent him ^'""'^a- 
ill the province, and did not go himself until 1682. I'eiiii 
sailed with about one hundred emigrants, and landed 
October 29, 1682 (old style), at Uplandt, now Chester. 
He had sent by his deputy, the ])revious year, a letter to 
the i lulians, assuring them of his good will and purpose 
to treat them justly. On one occasion he met some of ilistr.'ni- 
Ihe i)rinciiial Indian chiefs at Shackama.xon, now in Phila- ""'"' "' ' 

liuluiiis. 

delphia, and there held a friendly confcreiue and made a 
treaty of peace and good will with them, — a treaty "not 
sworn to and never broken." 

Penn allowed no land to be occupied until the title had 
been ac(|iiired justly from the Indians, and he i)rovided that 
all differences should be settled by tribunals in which both 
races were represented. The result of this just policy was 
'that the colonists gained the good will of the natives, and 
so long as the P'riends were in control of the colony, peace 
and security reigned in the province.' 

' .'\ Ik'II of wainj)uin said lo have licen }^ivcii to I'din l)y tlic Indians at 
SliaLl<aniaxoi) is in tlic possession of tlie Pennsylvania Hist(irical Society of 
I'hiladclpliia. 'I'lic exact date and terms (jf tiiis famous treaty arc disputed. 



56 History of the Ignited States. 

43. Founding of Philadelphia ; Penn returns to England ; 
Delaware. (1683-1718.) — In 1683 Penn laid out the city 
Rapid of Philatlelphia.^ The low price of land, the free govern- 

growth of ment, the fertility of the soil, and the absence of persecu- 
vania* ^^"^^ attracted many settlers, so that Pennsylvania became 

one of the most important colonies, growing" more in five 
years than New York had grown in fiftv. Colonists, at- 
tracted by the liberal terms, came in large numbers from 
England, Wales, Holland, and Germany.'- Perhaps in no 
other colony was there a greater variet\' of nationalities 
and languages. 

Penn returned to Kngiand in 1684, leaving his colony in 
a prosperous condition. In 1692 he was deprived of his 
Penn returns province ou account of suspected svmjiathv with the 
to Knglaiul. exiled Jamcs II., but it was soon restored to him. He 
visited it again in 1699. There was much trouble in 
regard to the rents of land and various other matters, and 
Penn had already made arrangements to sell his province 
to the crown, when he was stricken with paralysis and be- 
came incapable of transacting business. His sons inherited 
his province at his death in 171 8. While the war of the 
Revolution was in progress the state of Pennsylvania pur- 
chased the interest of the proprietors for Xi 39.000, and 
all quit-rents were abolished. 

There was much jealousv of PciinsN'lvaiiia among the 
colonists of " the lower counties on the Delaware," or 
Delaware. " Territories " (sect. 40) ; after many efforts to remove this, 
Penn gave the " counties " a lieutenant-governor of their 
own. Under the brief royal rule they were reunited to 
Pennsylvania. Some years later, however, owing to fresh 

1 Philadelphia means Brolherly-love. 

- The descriptive pamphlet (sect. 40) was translated into German and 
circulated in Germany, along the Rhine and the Neckar. 



Colonization. 



S7 




Oglethorpe. 



difficulties, Penn provided for separate legislatures ; and 
this arrangement went into effect in 1703. From that 
time, though having the same governor, the colonies were 
separate. Delaware State was declared to be the official 
name when a constitution was 
adopted in 1776. 

44. Settlement of Georgia; 
Oglethorpe. (i733-) — Georgia 
was the latest settled of all the 
colonies, and differed from all the 
others in the manner of its settle- 
ment. General James Edward 
Oglethorpe was an Englishman 
whose heart had been touched 
by the suffering of the poor in 
England, particularly of those 
who had been inn)ri.soned for 
debt. He wished to better their 
condition, and resolved to offer 

them a refuge in the new world, James Oglethorpe is disputed. Tlie latest 

authorities say Dec. 22, 1696; others 

where they could make a fresh 
start in life. For this purpose 
he obtained, in 1732, a grant of 
the land lying between the 
Savannah and the Altamaha 
rivers and extending westward 
to the South Seas. The char- 

States. He died in 1785. He was the 
ter of the colony was to last for last of the founders of the thirteen colo- 
T^i nies and one of the best. 

twenty-one years. 1 he power 

given to a board of trustees was almost absolute, the settlers Georgia and 

themselves having little voice; there was to be religious 'ts scule- 

'^ ment. 

freedom to all but Roman Catholics ; slavery and the sale 
of rum were forbidden. In the fall of 1732, Oglethorpe 



JAMKS linWAKI) QCLETHORl'K. 
After the painting by Ravenet. 
The exact date of the birth of General 



1688, or even 1689. Nothing is known 
of his early life. He served in the army 
under the great English general, Marl- 
borough, and was aide-de-camp to Prince 
Eugene at the siege of Belgrade. He 
was a friend of Dr. Johnson, Boswell, 
Burke, Goldsmith, and the Wesleys. He 
was a member of Parliament for thirty- 
two years. He resided in Georgia for 
ten years, leaving in 1743- He lived to 
see the independence of the United 



5^ 



Historv ot the United States. 



himself sailed with a company of emigrants and made a 
settlement (1733) on the site of the city of Savannah. 

Notwithstanding the efforts of the founder, and of John 
and Charles Wesley and George Whitefield, the great 
preachers, it was long before Georgia, as the colony was 
named, proved a success. The enterprise was a charitable 
one, and the trustees had no monev interest in it, and the 




7P^ 



jsw LjriirfiX\,>airta 






A«*f-- 



Karly S.\vanx.\h, Georgia. 

F'rom .-> LonJon prim dated 1741. Pedic.'«ted to General Oglethorpe, 

very restrictions which thev had provided for the good of 
the colony were not only distasteful to the colonists, as in 
the case of slavery, but in some cases proved to be really 
injurious to their prosperity.^ At the end of twenty years 
( 1 75 j) the trustees resigned their charter to the crown, and 
Georgia, like the Carolinas, became a roval colony with its 
governor appointed by the crown. 

SUMMARY. 

The first permanent English settlement in America \v.\s tliat at 

Jamestown. Virginia. 1607. The settlers underwent manv hardships. 

Captain John Smith was the ablest man amoug them. The first cargo 

of negro slaves was brought by the Dutch to \*irginia in 1619. and in 

' This was the case in regaiii to the restrictions upon the sale of land. 



Ct^loiiizatioti. ^9 

the same year the first representative legislative assembly met at James- 
town. 

Henry Hudson, in the service of the Dutch, discovered the Hudson 
Ki\er in 1609. New Amsterdam, afterward New York, was founded 
on Manhattan Island. 1626. 

Swedish emigrants settled on the Delaware, 1638: hut after some 
vears they came under the control of the Dutch. 

i'he Pilgrims, who were separatists from the Church of iMigiand, 
came over in iha J/tn'//<>-ci'fr ixnd settled Plvmouth. 1620. Thev suffered 
many privations. 

The colony of Massachusetts Bay was settled by Puritans in 1628- 
1630. They came to find homes in the new world where they miglt 
worship as they wished. They did not grant this freedom to others. 
These colonists governed tliemselves and established representative 
government. 

Roger Williams, expellotl tVom Massachusetts, t'ounded Providence, 
and granted ab.'^olute religious freedom, 1636. 

Boston was settled from Salem in 1630. and Connecticut from .Mas- 
sachusetts in 1635-1636. It was the first colony to have a written 
constitution. 

Maine and Newiiampshire, originally united, were divided in 1635. 
Massachusetts secured Maine, and New Hampshire, though some time 
attached to Massachusetts, was finally separated in 1741. 

Marvland was settled by Lord Baltimore, an English Catholic. He 
granted religious toleration. Maryland had much trouble during the 
English civil war; the Puritans g^ained control, and put an end to toler- 
ation. Lord Baltimore lost his province in the revolution of 1688. In 
1715 it was restored to the Baltimore family, who had become Protes- 
tants. 

The rule of the royal governors in \'irginia was often severe. A 
number of the colonists, under Bacon, rebelled. .After some successes 
Bacon died, and the rebellion was put down. 

Charles 11. granted the Carolinas to eight proprietors, who attempted 
to establish an elaborate government. E.xcept for a brief period, the 
Carolinas were in a very unsettled state, until they became roval colonies 
in 1729. 

There were many disputes between the Dutch and English. The 
English captured New Amsterdam in 1664. and it became New York. 
The Dutch were among the first to encoura>ie education. 



bo Historv ot the United States. 

New Jersev w-as settled 1604. and named after the island of Jersey. 
A verv lilx'^ral policy xr.is followed by the prx^prietors. Settlers came 
trom other parts of America as well as from Eua^pe. The province 
was divided into East and West Jersey. The western p.irt w-as bought 
bv Quakers in 1674. William Penn and others l>ought East Jersey in 
1 68 1. The owners of the Jerse\"^ resigned their rights to the crown in 
170::. and the provinces were uniteil. 

William IVnn obt;iineil Pennsylv-ania. i68i. from Charles II. in set- 
tlement of a debt. Penn aimed to establish a colony where justice 
should nile and where there might be liberty of a">nscience. He was 
remarkably successful, Penn also acv^uired frx>m the Duke of York the 
a^mties on the Delaware, which afterward became Delaware. 

The last ct^lony to be established w-.is t^eorgia. It w.is founded. 
•733' by Oglethorpe, as a place of r^^fuge for the pvx^r and oppressed. 

For Topical Analvsis, see .\p^iendix X.. jwge xxxv. 



CHAPIF.R 111. 
ENGLISH. FRF.NCH. AND INDIANS. 

REFERENCES. 

S. .•\. Drake. M.iking of New Engl.md. etc.. as in Chap. ii. : A. M. 
Earle. Child Lite in Colonial Days; /A. Home Life in Colonial Days; 
.A. B. Hart. Source-Book. Chap. v. 

45. The Condition of the Colonists. (^1700.) — A wide Colonies left 
ocean made coninumication between England aiid her colo- '"""•'^ ^'^ 

, , , T-x • 1 . 1 themselves. 

nies slow and dangerous. During the eighty years or more 
which were between the accession of James I. and that of 
William and Mary (1603-16S8), England had been the 
scene of more than one religions and political revolution. 
The various questions at home were so absorbing that little 
time was given to consider the interests of the far-away 
colonics. The colonists were left luuch to themselves. 
The result was self-development and the growth of self- 
dependence. The colonies made their own laws, subject, 
it is true, to the veto of the governor or of the crown, but 
this veto was not often imposed. The colonists spoke of 
themselves as Englishmen, and were loyal to the king ; 
they also claiiucd the rights of Englishiuen, and resei\ted 
any trespass upon their rights. At first the settlements 
were widelv separated, but as population increased the colo- 
nists began to see that in some things thev had a common 
interest, and though local jealousv was strong, a bond of Common 
union existed. The first cause of united action sprang from >"terests. 
a common dread of the Indians. 



62 History of the United States. 

46. Relations between the Colonists and the Indians. — 

The Indian had all the instincts of savage life ; he was 
suspicious and crafty, and he had gradually changed 
in his treatment of the colonists. He had learned the 
use of firearms and of various tools ; he had learned to 

drink spirits, and ho had been 
taught by e.\[)erience that the 
white man often tried to cheat 
him, especially in regard to his 
lands. An Indian, if injured 
by one settler, considered it just 
to revenge himself on another, 
even though this settler might 
be innocent and even ignorant 
of what his fellow settler had 
done. Where the natives were 
treated well and with common 
justice, there was little or no 

|(>IIN I'.I.IOT. •' ' 

From a portrait in the family of the late trOUblc, SCttlcr aiul UativC llvillg 

William Whiting. j,^ harmouy. The example of 

loHN Eliot, known as the "Apostle , ,,., . , ,^ iitmi- 

to the Indians," was born in England in the rdgrimS. of RogCr WllluimS, 

,604. He was educated at one of the ^^( j]^^. | )uich,()f Lord Baltimore, 

iniiversities, probably at Camlindge, anil 

emigrated to Mass.ichiisetts in 1631. He aiul of William Pcun, sllOWS 

was minister of the congregation at Rox- 111 i 

bury. He early became interested in the what COUlcl haVC beCn (ioiie 

welfare of the Indians, visited among ■ ,^^, ^ j- ^j 

them, and was the means of convertnig J i 

many of them to Christianity. He was COUUtrV ' 

one of the authors or editors of the " Hay 

r.salm Hook," 1640, the first book printed 47. John EHot. ( 166I. ) A 

in the English colonics. He died in 1690, - r .1 ..i .1 

universally respected. f<^w of the settlcrs eamcstly 

• "The Hudson Bay Clompany for exactly two centuiics, from 1670 to 
1870, held a charter for the monopoly of trade with the Indians here over an 
immense extent of territory. . . . Durinjj that whole period, allowing for 
rare casualties, not a single act of hostility occurred between the traders and 
the natives." — Narralive and Critical History of America, i. 297. 




English, French, and Indians. 



63 



nmmmnmmmimmmfmm 



UPBIBLUM GOD 

NUKKONE TESTAMENT 
WUSKU TESTAMENT- 



JOHN ELIOT 



c X C e p - Tnmmmimnmm>immm»w 

Title Page of 
Eliot's Bible. 

Reduced facsimile. 



vished to convert the Indian to Christianity and to better 

lis condition. Among these was John Eliot, known as the Eliot's Bible. 

\postle to the Indians, who translated 

he Bible for their benefit. This book, 

)ne of the earliest literary works in 

\merica, was published at Cambridge, 

vlassachusetts, in 1663, the New Testa- 

nent having been published in 1661. 

\t Harvard College, too, there was pro- 

'ision made for instruction of the Indian 

'outh, but these efforts were 

ional. 

48. Situation and Growth of the 
English Colonies. (1700.) — The Eng- 
ish had gained possession of the choicest parts of the 
lew world ; advantages of situation, climate, fertility of 
oil, abundance of navigable streams and safe harbors 
v^ere theirs ; in short, everything which might help the 
levelopment of a hardy, industrious, and energetic race. 
' There is no area in either of the Americas, or for that 
natter in the world outside of Europe, where it would have 
leen possible to plant English colonies, that would have 
>een found so suitable for the purpose." 

More than any other of the colonizing nations, the Eng- The English 
ish came to seek homes. The fact that they and their '^^"^^ ^^ 

, ., , , , 1 1 ■ T -1 11 make homes. 

hildren had come to spend their lives in the new land, 
^ave them a respect for law and order. It made them 
)uild comfortable houses, till their land with care, and 
ecure education for their children. They sought to make 
he country of their choice safe, prosperous, and free. 

Notwithstanding all their advantages, it was long before 
hey occupied more than a narrow strip of land along the 
\tlantic coast ; for the settlers were few, many of them 



64 



History of the United States. 



were poor, and not a few ignorant ; the settlem.ents were 
widely separated, so that there was not much intercourse, 
and even in 1750 comparatively little was known of the 
country west of the Alleghanies. 

The competitors of the English for the soil of the new 
country were the French, who held Nova Scotia, Canada, 
the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi Valley to the sea ; 
and the Spaniards, who held Florida, Texas, and the val- 
ley of the Rio Grande. 

49. Pequot War. (1636.) — As the settlements increased, 
the whites encroached upon the lands of the Indians, who 
naturally resented such action. The first serious war was 
with the Pequots, in 1636: this was waged almost wholly 
within the bounds of Connecticut. Massachusetts aided 
the settlers in Connecticut ; the Narragansetts also gave 
help ; the Pequots were almost destroyed. Roger Williams 
had kept the Narragansetts from fighting on the side of 
the Indians, and had tried to prevent the- Pequots from go- 
ing to war. The Pequot War made the colonists see the 
advantage to be gained from a union for the common de- 
fence. Accordingly, Rhode Island proposed that a union 
of the colonists should be formed for protection against the 
Indians, and that the Indians should be treated with jus- 
tice. The colonies of New Haven and Connecticut, being 
in danger of attacks from both the Indians and the Dutch, 
were very willing to make such a league, but Massachu- 
setts would not yet join hands either with those who had 
fled from her borders, or with those whom for various rea- 
sons she had expelled from her limits. 

50. The United Colonies of New England. { 1643.) — In 
1643, however, a league was formed under the title of 
"The United Colonies of New England." By the terms 
of the agreement, each colonv, while retaining its indepen- 



English, French, and Indians. 65 

lence, was to appoint two commissioners to meet regularly United Colo- 
it different towns with commissioners from the other colo- "'esofNew 

. , . ,, „ . ^ England, 

lies, to "hear, examme, weigh, and determine all affairs of 1643-1684. 

iLir war or peace " and things of common interest. The 

.ssociation was stated to be for " offence and defence, 

nutual advice and succor upon all just occasions" ; its ex- 

stence was necessary because of the "outrages" of the 

ndians, as well as " distractions in England," which kept 

he colonies from seeking the advice and getting the pro- 

ection which at other times they might well expect. 

/lassachusctts, Plymouth, New Haven, and Connecticut 

oined in the league, which lasted until 1684. This union 

lid not confer the practical benefit that might have been 

Doked for, but it was of great value in teaching the colo- 

lists that a union was possible. It did not accomplish 

lore because the colonists, already used to self-govern- 

:ient, did not like to give up any of their privileges ; the 

ettlements, moreover, were far apart, and Massachusetts 

/as dictatorial and overbearing. 

51. King Philip's War. (1675-1676.) — The most se- King 

ere conflict with the Indians was called King Philip's War. ^'"''P'^ 

War, 

t was begun by Philip, an Indian chief, who lived at Mt. 1675-1676, 

lope, near where Bristol, Rhode Island, now stands. His 

ather, Massasoit, had been a firm friend of the Pilgrims 

or forty years. But Philip was jealous and suspicious of 

tie English, and became their bitter enemy. He nursed 

is revengeful feelings twelve years, and then attacked 

iwanzey, burning the houses and murdering the inhabit- 

nts. Other tribes joined him ; in 1675, within a few 

Aeeks, attacks were made upon the settlements along a 

ne of about two hundred miles. The war lasted over two 

ears, during which time twelve or thirteen settlements 

rere destroyed, more than forty others were attacked, 



66 History of the United States. 

and partly burnt ; dreadful scenes of slaughter had taken 
place, and several hundred settlers lost their lives. Many 
families were separated, different members being carried 
into captivity. Some of these, for whom a ransom might 
be expected, were, according to Indian ideas, treated well. 
Some, with other prisoners, were kept until an opportunity 
offered for putting them to death. Men, women, and chil- 
dren, even infants, were tomahawked ; they were clubbed 
to death, and their dead bodies burnt ; others were roasted 
to death over a slow fire ; some were subjected to tortures 
too terrible to describe. 

It is hardly to be wondered at that the English settlers, 
on their part, treated the Indian captives with severity. It 
was an age of harsh dealings. The settlers were brought 
up to believe in the law of retaliation ; their lives were 
ordered according to Old Testament teaching rather than 
that of the Sermon on the Mount. 

Leading Indian chiefs who had been taken captive, were 
hanged or shot, and hundreds of prisoners were shipped to 
the Bermudas and West Indies to be sold into slavery. 
King Philip, in revenge for an injury, was killed by one 
of his own tribe. Philip's head was cut off, taken to Ply- 
mouth, and mounted on a pole, where it remained exposed 
to view for about twenty years. 

With Philip's death the war practically ended. After 
this time in central and southern New I-Cngland the Indian 
power was completely broken, and the Indian was no longer 
feared, nor was it needful even to take him into account in 
reckoning dangers to be met. The war had been carried on 
by the colonists without aid of any kind from England. 

52. The Dutch; the French. ( 1605-1682.) — The Ind- 
ians were not the only enemies of the English settlers. 
The Dutch in New Netherland were a continual menace 



English, French, and Indians. 



67 




to the Connecticut and New Haven colonies, while in the 
French all the settlements had a common enemy. The 
French held possession of the territory west of the English 
settlements, though the Eng- 
lish claimed ownership of all 
lands even to the Pacific 
Ocean. 

In 1605 (sect. 8) the French 
succeeded in making a per- 
manent colony in Acadie 
( Nova Scotia) at Port Royal 
(Annapolis); in 1608 Cham- 
plain founded Quebec, and 
later explored the beautiful 
lake which bears his name. 
While the PZnglish were mak- 
ing new homes for them- 
selves, and working out the 
problems of local self-gov- 
ernment along the Atlantic 
coast, the French were push- 
ing their way through the 
St. Lawrence valley, and 
along the Great Lakes and 
the Mississippi River. The 
great motives which im- 
pelled the French were 
both commercial and mis- 
sionary. With the fur trader 
and the soldier went also 
hoping to convert the native to Christianity. No diffi- 
culties, no dangers, were too great to deter him from his 
pious mission. 



The French 
as traders 
and mis- 
sionaries. 



Samuel de Champi.ain. 

After the wood-cut by Roujat. 

.Samuel deChamplain was born in France 
about 1368. He had been in commercial 
life and in the army, and had visited the 
West Indies and Mexico before he started on 
his first trip to Canada in 1603. He made 
extensive explorations, returned to F'rance 
in about three years, and published a journal 
of his adventures. He went again to Amer- 
ica in 1608, ascended the St. Lawrence to 
the site of Quebec, where he established a 
colony. He spent much time in explora- 
tions. In 1609 he discovered the lake 
which still bears his name. He was ap- 
pointed governor of Canada in 1620. Quebec 
was captured by the British in 1629, and 
Champlain and his little band were sent as 
prisoners to England. Quebec was restored 
to the French by treaty. 

the Roman Catholic priest, 



68 



History of the United States. 



The Jesuit Marquette and the fur trader JoHet reached 
the Mississippi in 1673. Another explorer, La Salle, after 
discovering the Ohio, pushed on 
through the wilderness to the Mis- 
sissippi River ; floated down the 
broad stream to its mouth (1682), 
and claimed for the French monarch 
the vast territory which he had trav- 
ersed. The land that stretched 
westward and northward from the 
mouth of the great river, he called 
Louisiana, in honor of his king, Louis 
XIV. Hennepin, a Jesuit, one of 
La Salle's party, explored the Mis- 
sissippi River as far north as the 
Falls of St. Anthony. 

53. French and Indians ; Strength 
and Weakness of the French. — The 
policy of the French toward the Ind- 
ians was quite different from that 
of the English. The English, for 
the most part, regarded the Indians 
as enemies to be distrusted, and 
looked upon them as inferiors. The 
French, on the contrary, treated them 
as equals, intermarried with them, 
tried to convert them to Christianity, and in every way 
endeavored to gain and to retain their friendship. The 
result was that the French had no trouble with the 
natives, except with those who took the side of the Eng- 
lish. As a result the French did not have to provide 
for a danger always present to the English, and they 
were able to accomplish far more than would otherwise 




James Marquette. 

' Who with Louis Joliet dis- 
covered the Mississippi River 
at Prairie du Chien, July 17, 
1673." From the statue by G. 
Trentenove, in the Rotunda of 
the Capitol, Washington. 



English, French, and Indians. 



69 




The 

fur trade. 



New France. 



have been possible with the number of men at their 
command. 

One of the principal objects 
of the French was to control 
the fur trade. To further this 
object, the French established 
between Canada and the mouth 
of the Mississippi River a line 
of forts and trading posts. In 
this way the vast region west 
of the Alleghanies and east of 
the Mississippi came into their 
possession. They called this 
immense territory New France. 
It bounded the English posses- 
sions on the land side, and was 
a constant menace to their 
safety, especially as the two 
great waterways, the St. Law- 
rence and the Mississippi, 
were in the hands of the 
French. 

The weakness of the French 
colonists was due in part to 
their small numbers, but chiefly 
to the fact " that the settlers 
represented a colonizing 
scheme based on trading posts ; 
while their neighbors estab- 
lished and fought for homes 
in the English sense." The 
strength of the French lay in their policy toward the Strength of 
Indians, in their excellent generals and soldiers, and in ^'""^ I'rench. 



Robert Cavalier Sieur de la 
Salle. 

After Margry's portrait. 

Robert Cavalier de la Salle was 
born at Rouen, France, about 1635. He 
emigrated to America in 1667, and engaged 
in the fur trade, which took him into the 
wilderness and among the Indians. He 
started on his first exploration, 1679, but 
did not get farther than the site of Peoria. 
He returned to Canada and started a 
second time in 1682. This time he reached 
the Mississippi, and floated down its broad 
stream to the mouth — the first white man 
who had seen that part of the great river. 
He went to France, and having received 
autliority to plant a colony in Louisiana, 
sailed on the return voyage in 1684. The 
captain of the ship, failing to find the 
mouth of the Mississippi, landed La Salle 
and his company in Te.xas, and left them 
to their fate. The little band suffered 
great privations; some of his followers 
mutinied, and La Salle was treacherously 
shot in 1687. 



Weaknes.s 
of the 
French. 



JO History ot the United States. 

the fact that they were united ; while the English were 
under different governments, and were full of local 
jealousies. 

54. English Civil War ; Effect upon the Colonies. (1643- 
1660.) — The difficulties in Kngiand alread)' retened to 
(sect. 50) culminated in civil war. The New England 
colonies were pleased with the success of the Parliamentary 
party, for, being Puritans, they naturally sympathized with 
their brethren in their old home. 

Most of the colonies were careful not to commit 
themselves to either side ; in Maryland alone was there 
anything like a struggle. It was soon found that Parlia- 
ment intended to assume all the powers which had been 
claimed by the king. But the colonists had no idea of 
yielding anv fuller obedience to the new government than 
thev had vielded to the old. In fact, through the neglect 
with which they had been treated, thev had learned that 
thev could manage very well without a king or Parlia- 
ment, so far as making their own laws was concerned. 
Oliver Cromwell, the Protector, seems to have fully appre- 
ciated the position of the colonists and the value and 
importance of the colonies, for under his rule no attempt 
was made to interfere with them. 

55. The Restoration ; Policy of the Government. (1660- 
1684. ) — With the restoration of Charles II. in 1660 a new 
order of things came in. The Navigation Acts regulating 
the trade of the colonies, passed by Parliament in 1646 and 
165 1 (sect. 84). but not hitherto enforced, were now put 
into operation, so far as possible. The English fleet which 
seized the Dutch colony of New Netherland (sect. 33) 
brought over four commissioners who had been sent to 
examine into the state of the New England colonies. 
Rhode Island, which had succeeded in getting verv liberal 



'S; ' IxiBU'l'tuac' "S2>^r Wofit f 




























,\. '^ J -X ISLAND 

— • I '^.N ' 1102, 



EUROPEAN COLONIES--ABOUT 1650. 



72 



History of the United States. 



charters from the king (sect. 19), acknowledged the au- 
thority of the commissioners. Massachusetts held to her 
charter, and would have little to do with them; in 1684, 
her charter was annulled by the English courts, and she was 
made a royal colony. Just as this became known to the 
people, Charles II. died and was succeeded by James II., 
who was a strong believer in the royal prerogative. The 
so-called "forfeiture of the charter" gave the king, it was 




Great Seal granted to the New England Colonies in September, 
1686, WHILE governed hy Andkos. 

claimed, supreme power, in virtue of which he determined 
to unite all the northern English colonies under one 
governor. 

56. Rule of Andros. (1686-1689.) — In 1686 the chart- 
ers of Connecticut and of Rhode Island were revoked.^ 
In 1686, Sir Edmund Andros, already known to the 
colonists as an arbitrary man, was sent out as the gov- 
ernor of Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Hampshire, and 
Maine. In 1687, Andros went to Hartford and demanded 



^ It so happened that this revocation was never formally recorded. The 
action was therefore held as incomplete, and the charters were, in 1689, 
allowed to remain in force. 



English, French, and Indians. 



73 




Sir Edmund Andros. 

After the portrait in the State Library 
at Hartford. 



the charter of Connecticut. Tradition says that in the 

discussion which followed, the candles were suddenl}^ blown 

out, and when relighted, the 

document was not to be found. 

In the confusion it had been 

seized and hidden in a hollow 

oak, which henceforth bore the 

name of the Charter Oak. In 

1689, after the revolution in 

England, the charter went into 

force again. The oak tree 

stood until 1856, when it was 

blown down. In 1688 Andros 

was made governor of New 

York and New Jersey as well, 

and thus all the colonies north 

of the Delaware were united 

under one rule in accordance with the king's plan. 

Two weeks after the news of the succession of William 

and Mary had 
reached New 
England, a town 
meeting was held 
in Boston. The 
"tyrant " Andros 
was called upon 
to surrender. He 
begged the min- 
isters to intercede 
for him, but in 
vain. He tried 

^ ^, " ,. *' to gain safety by 

The Charter Oak, Hartford, . ■' •' 

After an old print. flight, but WaS 



Andros in 
Connecticut. 




Colonies 
north of the 
Delaware 
united. 



Andros de- 
posed by 
ctjlonists. 



74 



History of the United States. 




:7 < 



H O 



caught as he was endeavoring to escape in woman's 
clothes. He was imprisoned and afterward, at com- 
mand of King William, sent to England to be tried, 



English, French, and Indians. j ^ 

but he was set at liberty without having been brought 
to trial. ^ 

57. Restoration of Charters; Massachusetts. (1691.) — charters 
Connecticut and Rhode Island had their charters restored, ''^st<^''ed, 
but Massachusetts did not regain hers. A new charter 

was, however, given in 1691, which united the colonies 
of Massachusetts l^ay, Plymouth, Maine, and Nova Scotia. 
By this charter the governor, lieutenant-governcjr, and sec- 
retary were appointed by the crown ; the people elected 
the representatives ; all laws were subject to an immediate 
veto by the governor, and to a veto within three years by 
the crown. The governor could also " convene, adjourn, 
or dissolve " the legislature at his pleasure. These re- 
strictions made Massachusetts, though having a charter, 
really a royal colony. 

58. Intolerance in the Colonies. — One of the main intolerance 
objects which the colonists set before them.selves in the '" ^""^ 

colunies. 

si.xteenth century was to spread the Gospel, and yet with 
the single exception of Rhode Island, there was not a 
colony which did not prescribe punishment of some kind, 
or loss of cix'il rights, for })ersons who differed in religious 
opinion from those in power. In fact, in the seventeenth 
century such a thing as toleration was hardly thought of. 

The Puritans came in order to find a place where they I'mitans. 
could worship God as they themselves pleased ; they had 
no intention of allowing to others a like freedom. We 
have already seen that Roger Williams and Anne Hutchin- 
son were compelled to leave Massachusetts ; and it was 
not until 1680 that Baptists could worship with freedom in 
the colony. 

' Andros was afterward governor of Virginia, 1692-1698. Andros did 
little more than carry out the orders of tlie crown ; he seems, however, to 
have been a willing instrument. 



76 



Plistoi'v of the United States. 



59. The Quakers. (1656-1661.) — The Friends, or Quak- 
ers were a special object of fear and dislike to the Puritans. 
This was not unnatural. The Puritan believed in the union 
of Church and State; the Quaker believed in their separa- 
tion. The Puritan believed that all persons in his colony 
should worship alike, and, on religious matters, should even 
think, alike ; the Quaker believed that each individual must 
follow the dictates of his own conscience. The Puri- 
tans looked upon these doctrines as destructive of law 
and order. 

The Quakers, on the other hand, were confident that 
it was their duty to go to Massachusetts and proclaim the 
truth as it appeared to them. In July, 1656, two Quaker 
women came to B(.)ston. They were put in jail, their books 
burnt, and "after having been about five weeks prisoners 
. . . [the] master of a vessel was bound in one hundred 
pound bond to carry them back." In the same year a 
law was passed forbidding any ship-master to bring any 
Quakers into the colony, under a penalty of ^100, and 
if any such were brought, the captain was compelled to 
take them away again. The Quakers themselves were 
meanwhile to be sent to the house of correction " to be 
severely vvhipi:)ed," " kept constantly to work, and none 
suffered to converse or speak with them." 

But this did not stoj) their coming, and so in 1658 a new 
law provided tor the banishment of visiting and resident 
Quakers and imposed death as a penalty for returning 
after being banished. Under this law Mary Dyer and 
three others were hanged on Boston Common. During 
the persecution the punishments inflicted were fines, im- 
prisonment, whipping, keeping in irons, branding with the 
letter H (heretic), boring through the tongue with a hot 
iron, whipping at " the cart's tail " from village to village. 



English, French, and Indians. 'j'j 

and death. At last orders came from the crown to stop 
such proceedings.^ 

60. Witchcraft Delusion. (1648 1693.) The witchcraft wiuhcraft. 
delusion is hard to understand. lielief in witchcraft came 
down from very early times; nearly all the nations of 
Europe had laws against it. As late as 1665 the I^^nglish 
Parliament passed a law punishing witchcraft with death, 
under which not a few suffered. It was not strange that 
the delusion had its day in America. 

As early as 1648 a supposed witch was executed in 
Boston. The great excitement relative to the matter 
was at Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692. Persons were Plxcitement 
accused of being in league with the devil ; of pinching '" ^^'*^"i- 
and biting others, and of pricking them with pins ; of 
causing them to bark like dogs, mew like cats, and fly 
through the air like geese. Other equally absurd charges 
were made. Many persons were accused, and twenty of 
them, including a clergyman, w.ere put to death. As it 
was impossible for the accused to defend himself, a 
charge was almost equivalent to conviction. 

While the excitement lasted, the delusion took hold of 
all ranks and classes, even the most highly educated. 
P^ortunately the period was short. The good sense of the 
community revolted against the folly and injustice of the 
charges and the wholesale accusations. In about six 
months (February, 1693), there was a general opening of 
the prison doors, and charges ceased to be made. One 
of the judges, who had condemned a number to death, 
kept annually a day of fasting as a token of his repent- 
ance. Much has been written about witchcraft in Amer- 
ica ; it is often overlooked that there were in England 

1 This severity was the work of the rulers ; the people, as a whole, were 
opposed to it. 



78 History of the United States. 

many more executions for witchcraft. There the deUision 
lasted much longer, five persons having been put to death 
on that account as late as 1722. 

61. Colonial Beliefs and Customs. — The colonists brought 
with them from their old homes their customs and many 
of their laws. Ideas which now seem strange were held in 
regard to the duty of the state toward its citizens. Almost 
every one believed that it was proper for the state to regu- 
late the dress, the habits, the wages, and in short, nearly 
everything which related to its citizens and their interests. 
The laws regarding Sunday observance were very severe ; 
work, except that which was absolutely necessary, and all 
amusement were positively forbidden ; infraction of the 
law was punishable by fine or otherwise. Lying, scolding, 
swearing, getting drunk, were all criminal, and for each 
there was a special punishment. Among the penalties was 
the ducking-stool. This was designed to punish a common 
scold ; it consisted of a chair or stool fastened to a long 
plank, the middle of the plank resting on a cross-piece of 
wood. The ducking-stool was taken to the water's edge, 
and the woman was tied in the chair ; she was then dipped 
in the water as often as seemed necessary to inflict sufficient 
punishment. There were also the stocks and the pillory. 
Other methods were making the culprit wear a letter on the 
breast indicative of the crime, such as D, for drunkard ; 
branding on the hand ; cropping the ears ; boring the 
tongue ; flogging on the bare back in public. Though the 
Puritans of New England were the most rigid in these 
matters, they were not alone ; the other colonies must 
bear their share of any blame that may be given to the 
beliefs and practices of those days.^ 

1 It is hardly necessary to say that many of the so-called Blue Laws of 
Connecticut are an invention. 



English, French, and Indians. 



79 




PiNE-TREF. Shilling. 



62. Money; Commerce; Piracy. — The weights and Money. 
measures and the money used in the EngHsh colonies 
were naturally those with which the colonists had been 
familiar in their old homes. Almost all the colonies after 
a time coined additional money of their own ; the Massa- 
chusetts pine-tree shilling, as it was called from the pine- 
tree represented 
on one side of the 
coin, may be 
taken as an ex- 
ample. Co m- 
merce was of 
somewhat slow 
growth in the col- 
onies, but grad- 
ually a profitable trade sprung up with the West Indies, Commerce, 
with the mother country, and among the colonists them- 
selves. Commercial enterprises fell, in great measure, 

to New England on account of the sterility of her soil, 
which compelled her citizens to turn to other employments 
than agriculture. The New Englanders became great ship- 
builders ; they were among the most skilful fishermen and 
whalers that the world has ever known, and their vessels 
were on every sea. 

Piracy on the high seas was then so common that com- Piracy, 
merce suffered greatly. One of the most notorious and 
daring of the pirates was Captain William (or Robert) 
Kidd. He was supposed to have buried treasure at vari- 
ous places on the Atlantic coast, and some, even to the 
present time, have sought to find his hidden wealth. But 
before the middle of the eighteenth century piracy had 
largely passed away. 

63. Social Life in the Colonies; Slavery. — The people 



8o 



History of the United States. 



of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries had few of 
the comforts and conveniences that make Hfe easy for 
us. Except in the case of the earhest settlers there was 
not so much difference in this respect between Europe 
and America. Roads were bad, but so they were in Eng- 
land ; tea and coffee were scarce in the early days, but so 
they were in Europe. The colonists had no matches, no 
coal, no stoves, no coal-oil lamps, a tallow candle being 
their chief dependence for light, while a flint, steel, and 
tinder-box took the place of matches. A hundred articles, 
now considered necessary, were unknown. 

There were few manufactures. England did all she 
could to keep her colonists from making anything. It was 
thought that the colonists should get all their supplies from 
the country from which they had emigrated, -^- in short, that 
colonies existed chiefly for the benefit of the mother country. 

Laws were passed in England forbidding the export 
from the colonies of any wool or woollen manufactures ; 
iron ore might be mined, but it must not be made into 
iron in America ; it was to be sent to England for that 
purpose. Fur hats were common in the eighteenth cen- 
tury ; there was abundance of fur in America from which 
such hats were made, but their manufacture would injure 
the English makers of hats ; so " for preventing the said 
ill practices for the future, and for promoting . . . the 
trade of making hats in Great Britain," it was enacted that 
no more hats should be made in America. In fact there 
was scarcely a manufactured article of which the sale or 
manufacture was not restricted in some way in the interest 
of England. Fortunately the blacksmith and wheelwright 
could not well be forbidden. Each village therefore could 
boast of its blacksmith and wheelwright whose shop was a 
favorite lounging place for men and boys. 



English, French, and Indians. 8 i 

One result of this policy was to make the colonists self- Social life in 
dependent. They were forced to rely upon themselves, and, ^^^ ^"S- 
particularly in New England, the men became handy at 
almost all kinds of work, inventive and fertile in resources. 
The women were industrious and capable. In every fam- 
ily there was a spinning-wheel, and the homespun linen 
was long the pride of the housewives. Woollen cloth also 
was woven for the fathers and sons. 

Corn-huskings and apple-bees were times of amusement 
as well as of work in New England, where amusements 
were few and holida.ys rare. In the southern colonies 
life was taken less severely. There was much diversion. 
In Virginia fox-hunting, horse-races, and cock-fights were in Viii^rinia, 
common. In Virginia and Maryland the planters formed ^"'' 

1 1 • 1 1 1 1 1 r r 1 111 Marvlanil ; 

an upper class which held aloot irom those who had to 
labor with their hands. In New York the old Dutch in Xew 
patroons also were exclusive in their ideas. ^l>l■k. 

Slavery existed in all the colonies, though in New Eng- slavery, 
land and the middle colonies there were few slaves and 
the number was decreasing. Already in Pennsylvania in 
1 688 Pastorius and the Friends in Germantown had made 
a public written protest^ against slavery, and in nearly all 
the colonies the system was looked upon as an evil to be 
done away with as soon as practicable. 

64. Colleges founded; Newspapers. (1636-1704.) — In Education, 
the earliest days, the clergymen were almost the only 
educated men, but the colonists had shown their estima- 
tion of the value of education by founding, in 1636, at 
Cambridge (then Newtown), a high school or college. To 
it, John Harvard, a graduate of I^mmanuel College, Cam- Harvard 
bridge, England, left his library and about four thousand ^"^'^2^- 

^ " It is noteworthy as the first protest made by a religious body against 
negro slavery." 



82 



History of the United States. 



Colleges. dollars, a large sum in those days. The college was 
named in honor of him who made this generous bequest. 




" A Prospect of the Coltedges in Cambridge in New Kngland." 

After an early picture in the possession of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 

William and In Virginia, the College of William and Mary, named after 
* ^^■' the reigning king and queen of England, was established 




College of William and Mary. 

After a lithograph made from a drawing by Thomas Millington, about 1740. 



in 1692. In 1700 ten Congregational ministers met and 
each gave ten books toward the library of a new college 



English, French, and Indians. 



83 



i3(i ^"* ^^ 

m WHOLE I'f 

lejC, BOOKE OFPSALMES O 



TRANSLATED mf. ENCUSH 

<JHetrr, 






,, »». ,.iiu,.LOi5prcfixedidin:ourfcdc- ''jl. . 
,ir!iclaring noeoiilyihe Uwlullncj, butilfoelO 



to be established in Connecticut ; such was the beginning Yale 
of Yale College. Books were few, and so were news- ^^ollege. 
papers, the first newspaper being 
the Bos/on N'ews Letter, established 
in 1704. 

65. Means of Communication 
between the Colonies ; Mails. — 
Among the influences which tended 
to bind the settlements together 
were certain dangers to which they 
were exposed ; these were : from 
the Indians ; from the French on 
the north and west ; and from the 
Spaniards on the south and south- 
west. But even this bond was 
weak, so distrustful and jealous 
were the colonists of one another. ^j3^^0^T^f^T'-C*'%^' 

For many years after the settle- 
ment of the several colonies, com- 
munication was very difficult. It 

was much easier to go to England from Boston, than to go 
by land from Boston to Virginia. The stage coaches were 

Num. loS^. 



fifS tlirrcnffityoftKclKavciilyOcdiiUJict <^j^| 
,*'["J offiDging Scripture Plalmcs in \Y, '. 

^]^ thcChurchcjof £): 

%.\ Cod 



c,u. .... llW 

' 4llvifd9me^ttMhn^»ndi>hiirt- , '.[_ | 

- - - - rii 



rir ■ If"! i-'UI-""!-!" '•—P^'J. 

op; 






Reduced Facsimile ok the 
Title-page of the First 
Book printed in Amer- 
ica. 



Means of 
comnnini- 
catiuii. 




The AMERICAN 
WE E KLY MERCURY. 

From Thurfday OSober 2, to Thurfday Oaoberq, 174a, 

Reduced Facsimile o^- the Heaiunc; of an F,arlv Issue of the First 
Newspaper in Philadelphia. 



84 



Histor\- of the Ignited States. 



clumsy and were improved upon but slowly. To go from 
Boston to New York by coach in six days, and from New 
York to Philadelphia in two davs, was thoui;ht to be 
making good time. The roads were bad ; they were laid 
out over the hills with little regard to easv grades. It was 
not unconunon ior the coach to be upset, or break down, 
or to get stuck in the mud ; in the last case, it was expected 
that the passengers would put their shoulders to the wheel. 
There were few bridges. On broad streams there were flat- 
boat ferries, while smaller streams had to be forded. On 




Oi.D-ii.ME Stage-coach and Inn. 



some routes there was danger of highway robbers. There 
was no regular public coach in New England until about 
the middle of the eighteenth ccntur\-. 

The mail was generally carried on horseback. In Vir- 
ginia the mail was rarely more frequent than twice a month, 
while, further south, a man might be considered fortimate 
if he had the opportunity of sending a letter once a month. 
As the colonies increased in jiopulation, intercourse became 
easier and more frequent. It took manv years, however, 
to show the English colonists that they had common 
interests. 



English, French, and Indians. 85 

66. Intercolonial Wars ; King William's War ; First Con- 
gress of the Colonies. (1689-1697.) — The seventeenth 
and eighteenth centuries were in luirope a time of almost 
constant war, and it was natural that the quarrels should 
be fought over in the new world as well as in the old. 
So when England and 1^'rance went to war in 1689, their 
American colonies engaged in the fust intercolonial war, 

known as King William's War from the ruling king of King Will- 
h:ngland, William III. The French with their Indian ia'ii's War, 

r , 1 I689-I697. 

allies attacked the settlements on the edge of the northern 
colonies; at Schenectady, New York, and at Salmon Falls, 
New Hampshire, terrible massacres took i)lace. All along 
the frontier, midnight attacks, hairbreadth escaj)es, women 
and children taken into captivity, and whole families toma- 
hawked, were the fearful incidents of this cruel and bar- 
barous conflict. 

The common danger aroused the colonists. By invitation First con- 
of Massachusetts, a congress of commissioners met, April, ^''^^^ '" 
1690, at New York, to discuss affairs, and to agree upon \f 
some plan of attack and defence. Although only Massa- 
chusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New York responded, 
this meeting is interesting as the first attempt at a congress 
of all the English colonies in America. It was determined 
to attack the French by land and by sea. The land e.\i)edi- 
tion was a total failure, never even reaching Canada ; but the 
naval forces took Port Royal, and conquered the proxince Acadie 
of Acadie, in which Port Royal was situated. Attempts (Nova ^co- 

■' tia) taken. 

against Quebec and Montreal were unsuccessful. The 
peace of Ryswick, in 1697, put an end to hostilities. By 
the terms of the peace there was a mutual restoration of 
territory. To those who had won Acadie from the French 
this provision caused disappointment and chagrin. 

67. Second Intercolonial War ; Queen Anne's War. 



86 



History of the United States. 



;)ueen (1702-1713.) — The second intercolonial war was known 

"Lime's War, jj^ Europe as the war of the Spanish Succession, but in the 
702-171,,. (>Q]Qj^jgg ^g Queen Anne's War. This conflict was waged 
by England, Holland, and Germany on the one side, against 
Spain and France on the other. The Five Nations (sect. 2) 
who lived between the French and the English settle- 
ments, having made peace with the French, did not take 
part in this struggle. New England was the principal 
scene of the warfare ; the most southern colonies also suf- 
fered, but from the Spaniards. Port Royal was again taken 
from the French by the united efforts of British and colo- 
nial troops, and its name was changed, in honor of the 
English queen, to Annapolis. An expe- 
dition against Quebec failed disastrously. 
The war lasted eleven years. By the 
terms of the treaty of peace, England 
retained most of Acadie, which became 
Nova Scotia. The possession of this 
country gave England control of the fish- 
TiiE Seal of annap- gries. In this war Massachusetts suffered 
greatly from the Indians. Deerfield, Mas- 
sachusetts, which had suffered in King Philip's War (sect. 
51), was the scene of one of the most terrible Indian at- 
tacks in colonial history. Many persons were massacred, 
and over a hundred carried into captivity. Notwithstand- 
ing the peace, the P^nglish frontier was for a long time 
subject to attacks from the Indians. 

In the progress of the war, the Tuscaroras, an Iroquois 
tribe in North Carolina, attempted to destroy the English 
settlers in that colony. They were so badly defeated that 
they were glad to migrate to northern and western New 
York (1713-1715). There they joined the Five Nations; 
the united tribes were known thereafter as the Six Nations. 




English, French, and Indians. 



87 



68. Third Intercolonial War ; King George's War. King 
(1744 1748.) — The third war, King George's War, was Jf""^^*^^ 
another conflict between England and France. It lasted 1 744-1 748. 
about four years ; the only important incident in this 
country was the capture by the combined force of colo 

nial and British troops, of the strongly fortified town of 
Louisburg, on the island of Cape Breton. This place Loui&burg. 
was considered the Gibraltar of America ; the daring, the 
bravery, and the perseverance of the colonial troops gave 
the colonists a reliance upon their own resources which ■ 
they never forgot or lost. To the disgust of the colonies, 
Louisburg was returned to the French in 1748, when peace 
was made. 

69. Lessons of the Intercolonial Wars. — Several of the 
colonies had taken part in the expedition against Louis- 
burg. The New England colonies, however, bore the 
brunt of the conflict and suffered the most in each of the 
three wars which have been described. The colonies had 
met with heavy losses in property and life ; the conquest 
of Nova Scotia and the control of the Newfoundland fish- 
eries by the English were the chief gains. They had, 
however, learned two things : ( i ) That they must protect 
themselves, as England was ready at any time to sacrifice 
their interests for her advantage; and (2) that, in a cam- 
paign in America, the colonial, or provincial troops, were 
quite equal in efficiency to the British regulars, while the 
provincial officers were often superior to those of the Brit- 
ish army. 

70. Slave Trade. (1713-1776.) — One of the pro- 
visions of the treaty of Utrecht (1713) at the close of 
Queen Anne's War, furnishes a notable example of the self- 
ish policy which, at this time, England practised toward 
her colonies. This provision is that known as the " Assi- 



88 History of the United States. 

ento." By it England secured the right to supply the 
Spanish-American colonies annually with not less than 
forty-eight hundred negro slaves from Africa. The right 
to engage in the slave trade was given to the South Sea 
Company, in which the queen was a stockholder. Slaves 
were also carried to the English colonies. It is estimated 
that about three hundred thousand negro slaves had been 
brought to the British settlements before 1776. Again 
and again had colonial legislatures passed acts forbidding 
the slave trade, only to have them vetoed by the royal 
governors or by the home government. 



SUMMARY. 

The colonists, left to themselves, became self-dependent. There was 
much local jealousy. Dread of the Indians formed the first bond of 
union. The English held the choicest parts of the new world. The 
French were their great competitors. In 1643 the New England colo- 
nies formed a league. King Philip's War was one of the most severe 
conflicts with the Indians. 

The Dutch threatened some of the English colonies, but the French 
were enemies of all. The French were traders and missionaries, and 
explorers. The English came to make homes. The English generally 
distrusted the Indians, but the French treated them as equals. 

The colonies were treated harshly under the rule of Andros. There 
was much intolerance. Belief in witchcraft was common in the seven- 
teenth century : in Salem, Massachusetts, the delusion was particularly 
strong. 

The colonists brought most of tlieir customs from England. There 
were few manufactures in America. Slavery existed in all the colonies. 
Harvard College was founded 1636, William and Mary, 1692. and Yale, 
1701. 

King William's War (16S9-1697) ; Queen Anne's War (1702-1713) ; 
King George's War (i 744-1 748) were fought between the French and 
English colonists. By them the English colonists learned their strength. 
The slave trade was forced upon the colonists. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page xxxvi. 



CHAPTER IV. 

STRUGGLE FOR COLONIAL EMPIRE. 

REFERENCES. 

J. Fiske, War of Independence ; A. B. Hart, Source-Book, Chap. vi. ; 
Old South Leaflets, No. 7^, Account of the Battle of Quebec; T. W. 
Higginson, Larger History of the United States. 

71. The French and the English Colonies. (1750.) — By The French 
the middle of the eighteenth century it had become evident ^"'^ -ng'si. 
that, within a few years, a struggle must take place between 
the French and English for the control of North America. 
Up to this time the English settlers had hugged the Atlan- 
tic coast, only a few penetrating beyond the Alleghanies. 
The vast region beyond those mountains, from the Great 
Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, was held by the French. 

During the thirty years of peace (i 713-1744) which fol- 
lowed Queen Anne's War (sect. 6y) the French colonists 
had been getting ready for the final struggle. They were 
determined to make New P'rance a great empire. Ex- Ncwliance. 
plorers were sent out and settlements attempted. Mobile 
was founded by Iberville in 1706, and New Orleans by 
Bienville in 171 8. To secure the great country which 
France claimed, it was needful to keep out the English, and 
to establish lines of communication along the St. Lawrence, 
the Great Lakes, and thence to the Mississippi and the 
Gulf of Mexico. Among the defences on the eastern fron- 
tier was a fort, built in 1730, at Crown Point on Lake 
Champlain. This guarded the entrance into Canada from 

89 



90 



History of the United States, 



the valley of the Hudson. To protect the lines of com- 
munication about sixty forts were built between the St. 
Lawrence and New Orleans. The skill with which the 
locations of these posts were selected is shown by the 
fact that many of them have since become cities or 




Fi)K 1 \Va\ m ., .,.,,. 
After .1 litliogr.iph in W.ill.ico A. Rrucc's " History of Fort Wayne." i>S68. 

towns ; among these are Fort Wayne, Detroit, Toledo, 
and Natchez. 

The government in France had neither encouraged emi- 
gration, nor given much aid to the colonics ; indeed, little 
help could have been expected from the corrupt govern- 
ment of Louis XIV. After one hundred and fifty years 
of occupation, the population of the French colonies did 
not exceed 125.000. while their Fnglish rivals jirobably 
nunibered i. 250,000. The greater part of the country 
held by the French was almost as wild as the continent 
was when discovered by the Cabots. With the exception 
of New Orleans and one or two other places, there was 
hardly a French settlement outside of Canada ; for the 
forts were simply military posts. 

72. Ohio Company ; Activity of the French ; Washing- 
ton. (1753.) — The Fnglish claimed a large part of the 



Struggle for Colonial Empire. 91 

continent westward to the South Seas, as the Pacific was French and 
then called ; the French claimed all the territory west ^"f^'l'^^'^ 

connicting 

of the Alleghanies, by right of discovery and exploration ; claims, 
while the Indians claimed the whole, by right of occupation. 
Neither the French nor the English respected any claim 
that clashed with their j^ersonal interests. The conflicting 
claims to this vast western region had not caused trouble 
until 1748, when a land company, known as the Ohio Com- ohio 
pany, was organized by ICnglish and Virginia speculators. ^^>inpa"y- 
The purpose of this association was to induce emigrants to 
move to western lands which really belonged to Pennsyl- 
vania, but which Virginia claimed under her charter. 
PLxplorers brought back such glowing accounts of the 
country that surveyors were sent out to survey it and open 
roads. 

As soon as the French heard of this enterprise they 
began to increase the number of their forts and to 
build a line of forts nearer the English border. One of 
these forts was placed at Presque Isle (Erie), another at 
Venango, and another at Franklin, Pennsylvania. The 
P'rench seized the surveyors of the Ohio Company, and 
destroyed an English post on the Miami. Governor Din- 
widdie of Virginia sent George Washington, then a land Washington 
surveyor, to carry an official letter to the P'rench, i:)rotest- ^ '"es^engfr 

■' . . . to the 

ing against the occupation of lands belonging to Virginia. French. 
Washington was also directed to find out whether the 
Indians were friendly to the English, and if possible, to 
gain their friendship and support. 

73. Washington's Expedition ; Surrenders to French ; 
French and Indian War. (1754.) — Washington was only 
twenty-one years of age ; the undertaking involved a winter 
journey of about a thousand miles, through the wilderness. 
Washington accomplished his mission, having encountered 



92 History of the United States. 

many perils and meeting more than one hairbreadth escape. 
His account of the expedition led the Virginians to pre- 
pare for war, as the French flatly refused to give up their 
Virginians posts. Early in the next year (1754) the Virginia legis- 
send a force laturc votcd men and money to guard the posts which the 
English colonists had already established in the disputed 
territory. A small force was sent to protect a fort begun 
by the Ohio Company at the junction of the Allegheny 
and Monongahela rivers, which was considered to be the 
key to the Ohio country, and was called the " Gateway of 
the West." The commanding officer having died, Wash- 
ington, who was second officer, took command of the little 
army. 

The French, learning that the English had occupied 
the position, sent a force which drove them off, and 
built a fort there, naming it after their governor. Fort 
J)u Quesne. This was the site of the city of Pittsburg. 
The French advanced to meet the Virginia forces. The 
French outnumbered the English, and, after a skirmish, 
Washington fell back. He built a small stockade fort, 
which he named Fort Necessity. Attacked here by supe- 
rior numbers he was compelled to surrender July 4, 1754, 
though on the honorable terms that he and his men should 
be allowed to return home. In the previous skirmish 
Washington had with his own hand fired the first shot in 
a war which was to become almost world-wide — a war, 
the results of which have rarely been surpassed in their 
far-reaching influence. 

This war, known in America as the French and Indian 
War, and in Europe as the Seven Years' War, differed 
from previous colonial wars in the following particulars : 
that actual hostilities were begun in America ; that the 
conflict was a struggle for supremacy between the Latin 



Struggle for Colonial Empire. 93 

and English races ; that it decided the question which 
should be the colonizing nation of the world ; and that, 
before its conclusion, most of the nations of Europe were 
involved. 

74. Albany Convention ; Franklin's Plan of Union. A cummon 
(I754-) — The colonies felt, as never before, that a com- '^^"S'-'- 
mon danger threatened them ; and many of them saw that 

the question of their expansion, if not of their freedom, 
was involved in the impending conflict. The cause of Vir- 
ginia was seen to be a common one, and all the colonies 
voted to aid her. The other wars had been brought on 
mainly by the quarrels of England and France, about mat- 
ters in which the colonies had little concern ; this war 
affected their most vitai interests. 

The English government advised the colonies to unite in 
repelling the danger. In 1754 twenty-five delegates from Albany con- 
New England, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York ventiun, 
met at Albany to consider the state of affairs, and to meet 
delegates from the Six Nations of the Iroquois, whom they 
hoped to win over to the English side, or at least induce 
to remain neutral. 

Some of the delegates in this convention afterward be- 
came well known, among them Benjamin Franklin. A Franklin's 
plan of union, drawn up by Franklin, called the Albany 1'''^" 
plan, was adopted, and forwarded to the colonial legisla- 
tures and to England. The colonies unanimously rejected 
it on the ground that it gave too much power to the 
crown ; the English government rejected it on the ground 
that it gave too much power to the colonists. The meet- 
ing, however, did much good in bringing the colonies 
closer together. 

75. Fourth Intercolonial War. (1754.) — Though there 
had been no formal declaration of war, both England and 



.f 



94 



History of the United States. 



France sent additional troops to be ready for the conflict. 
A belt of forest and mountains, almost impassable for 
armies, and even for small bodies of soldiers, separated 
the English and the French settlements. 

Invasion could be made along the natural lines of com- 
munication. These were : ( i) The St. Lawrence River; 
(2) Lakes George and Champlain ; (3) Niagara River. 
Louisburg protected the approach to the St. Lawrence, 
and could be used as a base for an attack upon the coasts 
of the English settlements or the fisheries of Newfound- 
land. Quebec, the most strongly fortified post in America, 
with the possible exception of Louisburg, was the key to 

the St. Lawrence 



and its valley. 
Forts Crown 
Point and Ticon- 
deroga defended 
the Lake Cham- 
plain route. Fort 
CROWN POINT. Niagara con- 

From a sketch made in 1851, showing a slope of the embankment, trolicd the U pper 
with part ofthe ruins of the barracks. ^^j^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ 

northern part of the Mississippi Valley. Fort Du Quesne 
controlled the middle region bordering on the English 
territory, and so long as this fort should be held by the 
French, the colonies of Pennsylvania and Virginia would 
be in danger from both French and Indians. 

76. Braddock's Expedition ; his Defeat. (i755) — Gen- 
eral Edward Braddock was sent out from England as 
commander-in-chief. The English determined to attack 
the French in Acadie, at Crown Point, at Niagara, and at 
Fort Du Quesne. Braddock himself led the expedition 
against the last-named place. He had been warned by 




Struggle for Colonial Empire. 



95 



Benjamin Franklin against ambushes and Indian methods 
of warfare ; the provincial officers, including Washington, 
who was one of his aids, repeated the warning. Braddock 
persisted in the European method of conducting a cam- 
paign. Near Fort Du Quesne the army was attacked 
by the French and Indians. Braddock was mortally Braddock's 
wounded, the regular troops were utterly defeated, and "-lefeat, 1755. 
many stores lost. Washington, upon whom the com- 
mand devolved, conducted the retreat skilfully. The 
military losses of this expedition were great, and much of 
the western part of Virginia and Pennsylvania was ravaged 
by the French and Indians. 

77. Expedition against Acadie ; War formally declared. 
(1756.) — The same year, 1755, an expedition against the 
part of Acadie still held by the French (principally what 
is now New Brunswick), was successful. It was in this cam- 
paign that occurred the expulsion of the French peasants 
from Grand Pre.^ For driving so many persons from their 
homes the English have been strongly denounced. It was a 
cruel thing to do, but it was not done until almost " every 
resource of patience and perseverance had been tried in 
vain." It seemed to be a military necessity. The Aca- 
dians were simple-minded peasants, who did not understand 
that, as their country had passed under the rule of I£ngland, 
they could no longer aid the P'rench, but were bound to act 
as subjects of the English king. The vnifortunate exiles 
were distributed among the English colonies from Massa- 
chusetts to Georgia, and eventually many found their way 
to Louisiana, " where their descendants still form a num- 
erous and distinct part of the population." 

The P^nglish, after several reverses, were successful in 

^ This action of the British was the historical basis for Longfellow's poem, 
" Evangeline." 



English in 
Acadie 
(Nova Sco- 
tia). 



Exile of the 
Acadians. 



96 



History of the United States. 




some of their operations along the Lake Champlain route. 
In this expedition they were aided by Indian allies. Crown 
Point, however, was too strong to be taken. An expedi- 
tion against F'ort Niagara was a failure. In 1756 war was 

formally declared in Europe ; 
hostilities, already begun in 
America, spread to the conti- 
nent of Europe, and to the 
colonies of France and Eng- 
land in India ; " black men 
fought on the coast of Coro- 
mandel, and red men scalped 
each other on the Great Lakes 
of North America, alike igno- 
rant of the real causes which 
set them at variance." 

78. The French at first Suc- 
cessful ; Montcalm ; William 
Pitt. ( 1757. ) — The Marquis 
of Montcalm, now appointed 
commander-in-chief of the 
French, was the bravest and 
most skilful officer that had 
yet appeared in America. In 
a short time he had driven 
the English out of the disputed 
territory, gained the Indians 
for the French, and was pre- 
paring a strong fleet at Louis- 
burg to attack Nova Scotia 
and New England. By the 
end of 1757, France seemed to have the advantage all 
along the (lisi)uted lines. 



Wii.i.i.vM I'll r. 

Wii.LiA.M Put, afterw.Trd first Earl of 
Chatham, was born in EnglanJ, 170S. He 
was educated at Kton and Cambridge. 
He entered Parliament at twenty-seven, 
and soon became prominent. He distin- 
guished himself by espousing the cause of 
the -Americans, but later he opposed their 
independence. He was created Earl of 
Chatham in 1766, and died in 1778. He 
was one of England's great orators and 
statesmen. His clear head enabled him to 
see the important points to be gained, his 
skill in the knowledge of men led him to 
appoint tile right man in the right place, 
and his judgment showed him what conr.se 
vwas best to be pursued. " No man," said 
a soldier of the time, " ever entered Mr. 
Pitt's closet who did not feel himself braver 
when he came out than when lie went in." 
No part of his policy was more successful 
than his treatment of the .American colo- 
nies. 



Struggle for Colonial Empire. 



97 



Hitherto the English had sent out inefficient leaders, who 
scorned the advice of the provincial leaders and looked 
down upon the colonial troops and their methods. In 1757 
VViUiam Pitt became Secretary of State, and practically William Pitt. 
Prime Minister. At once the influence of a strong man in 
the government was felt wherever the English had any 
interests. He saw that the struggle between England and His policy. 
France was to be fought in the colonies, and he acted 
accordingly. Far from ignoring the colonial officers and 
troops, he treated them with consideration and favor, and 
though the command was still to remain in the hands of 
officers from P>ngland, abler men were sent out. 

79. English Plans ; General Wolfe. (1759.) — The I^ig- Louishurg 
lish in their new campaign chose of necessity the old 
lines of attack. In 1758 Louisburg was taken. Later 
in the year P'ort Du Ouesne, deserted by the P'rench on 
the approach of the English troops, was occupied, and 
renamed Fort Pitt, afterward to become Pittsburg. In 
this expedition Washington took an important 
[ / part. An attack on Fort Ticonderoga, which the 

P>ench had built 
on the shores 
of Lake George, 
failed after 
a heavy loss of 
life. 

In the year 
1759, the Eng- 
lish resolvetl to 
attack the 
French by three 
routes : the St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain, and Niagara. 
General James Wolfe, who had shown conspicuous bravery 




taken. 



Fort Du 
(^uesne 
becomes 
Fort Pitt. 



Ticonderoga. 

Ruins and landing wharf on the right. The high hill i 
Mount Defiance. After a sketch made in tSji. 



98 



History of the United States. 




General James Wolke. 

After the print in Entick's " General 
History of the Late War." 



and skill at Louisburg, was intrusted with the command of 
an expedition against Quebec. It was expected that the 

forces sent by the three routes, 
if successful, would join him in 
the attack upon that strong- 
hold ; but they were not able 
to do so. Quebec, the key to 
the St. Lawrence, was the most 
important place in Canada. 
Montcalm, compelled to draw 
men for its defence from other 
places, weakened his lines. 
The weakness of the French 
ctilonies now became evident ; 
their own population could fur- 
nish but little rec^nforcement ; 
while the men and supplies 
brought from France would find it almost impossible to 
reach their destination, because the English practically 
controlled the entrance to the St. Lawrence. 

80. Quebec; English Triumph. (1759-1763) — The 
English, on the other hand, had a population more than 
ten times as great as that of the French, and were 
easily able to reenforce their armies ; their settlements, 
moreover, were compact and easily accessible ; and sup- 
plies for their armies could be obtained easily from 
their own homes. It was easy to foresee the result. 
The struggle, howe\er, was to be no child's play. 
Montcalm, the French leader, was a brave man and a 
skilful general. The capture of Quebec was essential 
to English success. More than once Wolfe was almost 
ready to give up his efforts to take the town. Standing 
upon a high cliff, between the St. Lawrence and the St. 



Struggle for Colonial Empire. 



99 



Charles, Quebec is protected on three sides by water ; 
on the fourth rise precipitous rocks, which were thought 
to be insurmountable by an attacking force. Wolfe 
determined to scale the cliffs. One moonless night he Wolfe's 
embarked a force of men on boats which floated silently 



into the cove, since known as Wolfe's Cove ; the sol- 
diers landed at the foot of the bluffs. Two dozen volun- 
teers scrambled up the cliffs ; they were soon followed 



attack on 
(Quebec. 




QUKHKC IN THE Kir,UrKENTU CKNI'URY, 
From an old print. 

by a larger number of men ; a small French force at the 
top was captured. The rest of the English soon disem- 
barked, slung their muskets over their backs, and then 
catching at trees and bushes, the hardy troops climbed the 
steep ascent. By daylight Wolfe had gained a position 
on the Plains of Abraham, less than a mile from Quebec ; 
here he was able to meet the French on equal ground. 
In the battle which followed, both Wolfe and Montcalm Death of 
were mortally wounded, the former dying upon the field. M^'"i^alni 

•' . . , . and Wolfe. 

Quebec was surrendered. The French tried to retake it, 



LofC. 



1 oo 



History ot the Ignited States. 




but tailed. In 1760, Montreal, their last stronghold, was 

taken. Forts Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and Niagara had 

already fallen ; the English were everywhere triumphant. 

The eapture of Quebec proved to be the great turning-point 

in American colonial history. 
It decided that the largest and 
best part of North America 
should be under Anglo-Saxon 
control ; that, in this vast re- 
gion of the new world, Anglo- 
Saxon ideas should prevail, 
and Anglo-SaxiMi freedom, 
laws, and customs should 
flourish. It made possible 
the future Ignited States. 

81. Conditions of Peace; 
Results of the War. (1763.) 
— By the terms of the treaty 
of peace made at Paris in 1763, England gained all the pos- 
sessions of France in America cast of the Mississippi and 
the island on which New Orleans stands, except two small 
islands near Newfoundland, which were reserved for fishing 
purposes. Spain gave Florida to luigland in return for 
Havana, Cuba, and the Philippine Islands, which the Eng- 
lish had cajttured during the war. France, bv a secret 
treatv. gave New Orleans and all French claims west of the 
Mississippi River, to Spain, in order to compensate Spain 
for the loss of Florida. England gave up all claims to lands 
bevond the Mississippi, which river remained for almost 
fiftv vears the western boundary of English settlements.^ 

1 It was also agreci,! that the navigation of the Mississippi shouUl be free to 
Spain and England; and that the Freneh in Canada should be allowed the 
exercise of the Catholic religion ".is far as the laws of Great Hritaiii permit." 



TUK MAKoL lb 1)K .M(.>NTlA1 M. 




CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA, 1755 
AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 




CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA, 1763 
AFTER THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

(ACCORDING TO PEACE OF PARIS) 



Struggle tor Colonial I^npire. loi 

The North American eonliiieiit was now dix'ided l)etween NOrtli 

I'jiuhuul and Spain, llie one a stronL-" i)ower and the otiier a ^^'"^■'■"-'''* 

, '7- • , , , r , .■ ,• 'livi.lcl 

deehnni}^ t)ne, but as tlie setUenients or eacii were lar chs- ijt-iwccn 

lant from those of the other, no early chishinti^ of interests l-'-n^liuid 

was likely. The hai_<;Hsh could e.\|)aiul in all directions, and ''"' ^l'-""- 

the colonists, north, south, and west, feared no foe e.\ce|)t 

the scattered Indian trihes. 

The worst hoirois of the war had been experienced hy I'.ifcct oiih 

the colonists. Most of the money to carry it on had been ^^'i' ^'" t'"-' 

1 1 1 • A II- 1 1 • • coliiiiists. 

\()ted hy their Assemi)nes, and tlieu" rei)resentatives had 
laid the heax'y taxes which had been necessary in order 
to raise the lar_<;e sums needed. Ail the colonies had taken 
part in tlie strut;i;le, and they beheved success was largely 
(hie to their efforts. Tliey had become better acfpiainted 
witli one anothei", iiad learned tiieir own sticn,i;tli, and were 
led moie and more to dei)end upon themselves, and to 
look less and less for aid to the mother country, riomi- 
nent i-'renchmen and otiiers saw these thini;s at the time, 
and said that, in ,t;ivinj.;" up Canada, T^'ance was jireparinj;" 
the way for tlie independence of the ICni^lish colonies. 
Henjamin h'ranklin, th()U,i;h one ol the shrewdest of men, 
thought otherwise. 

82. Conspiracy of Pontiac. (1763 1769.) — Before the 
I'ai^lish were secure in their new i)ossessions, there was 
a wai" ( 1 76^^-1 766) with tlie Indians. This was the I'csult 
of the so-called "Conspiiacy of I'ontiac." I'ontiac was an Conspiiacv 
Ottawa chief, one of the ablest of his race; a man who "f ''""t'^c, 
united the characteristics of the barbarian with the skill of 
a general ; he had been an adherent of the French ; he 
could not believe that they were defeated, but thought 
they would surely return. The Algonkin Indians, who 
had from early days been foes of the haigiish, were greatly 
disturbed by the defeat of the h'rench. The l^'rench were 



I02 History of the United States. 

traders rather than settlers, and they interfered with the 
Indians but little — in fact, the Indian looked upon the 
Frenchman as his friend. The Englishman, on the con- 
trary, advanced into the wilderness to make a home for 
himself. Where he settled it soon became impossible for 
the Indians to live by the chase, for civilization destroys 
hunting-grounds. The rule of the English therefore meant 
to the Indian loss of occupation, loss of territory, loss of 
all that he most valued. Pontiac saw all this, and believed 
that there was a possibility that the English might be 
driven back. He persuaded a number of tribes to make a 
grand effort. He even succeeded in inducing one of the 
Six Nations (sect. 2), the hereditary foes of the Algonkins. 
to join the " Conspiracy." A number of English posts 
were surprised, and the garrisons put to death ; frontier 
settlements were attacked ; and. for a time, it seemed as 
if there would be a renewal of the horrors of the old Indian 
wars. But the Indians did not agree among themselves, 
and peace was made in 1766. Pontiac was assassinated by 
another Imlian in 1769. 

SUMMARY. 

About the middle of the eighteenth century a struggle began between 
the French and English for the control of America. The French held 
Canada and the great Mississippi Valley, but their numlior was compar- 
atively small, as they were hunters and fur traders rather than settlers. 
The English colonists were aliout ten times as many as the French, and 
they had come to .\nierica to find homes. 

The English claimed all the country westward to tlie Pacific. The 
conflict began in what is now western Pennsylvania. \'irginia claimed 
this land, and Washington was an officer in a small band of militia sent 
to protect a fort at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela 
rivers. The French were too strong, and he was compelled to surren- 
der. July 4. 1754. This expedition began the French and Indian or 
Fourth Intercolonial War. 



Struggle fov Col(Miial Empire. 103 

Meanwhile the EngUsh colonies sent delegates to a convention at 
Albany, New York, to consider what shonld be done for their mutnal 
protection. Here Franklin proposed his plan for the union of the 
colonies. 

The first efforts of the Knglisli in the war were failures. Hraddock, 
an English general, was killed and his army routed in advancing to at- 
tack Fort Du (2uesne (Pittsburg). The skill of Washington saved 
tlie army from destruction. 

Through the ability of William Pitt, tiie English armies were reor- 
ganized and the right men chosen to lead them. General Wolfe, by 
strategy, gained vantage ground near Ouei)ec, and defeated the French 
general, Montcalm. Both generals were killed in the battle. The 
English soon gained Quebec. Later they were successful everywhere, 
and by treaty the French ceded to the English all their American pos- 
sessions, except two small islands. 

The colonists had taken a large part in the war and learned their 
strength. Freed from danger from all foes, except the Indians, the 
English settlers now had room to expand and o])iM)rtunity to develop 
their resources. 

Pontiac, an Indian chief, refused to believe that the French were 
beaten, and organized a conspiracy against the English, which was 
unsuccessful. 

For Topical Analysis, sec Appendix X., page xxxvi. 



CHAPTER V. 

THE ENGLISH COLONIES. 



REFERENCES. 

S. A. Drake, Making of New England, and his other works ; J. Fiske, 
The War of Independence; T. \V. Higginson, Larger History of the 
United States ; A. M. Earle, Child Life in Colonial Days ; //>.. Home 
Life in Colonial Days ; Old South Leaflets, No. 68 ; " Boston Tea 
Party"; A. B. Hart. Source-Book. Chaps, vii.. viii. 

83. English Colonies in 1763 ; Political Condition. — The 

colonists now entered upon a new period of their history, 
one which was to lead them into independence of the 
mother country. This was a result few hving at the middle 
of the eighteenth century could have foreseen. 

Notwithstanding the wars, wealth had increased, and the 
population was about two million. Agriculture and com- 
merce were flourishing, and even manufactures were spring- 
ing up. 

The thirteen colonies had many comnmn interests and 
many striking differences. In their political condition there 
were three forms of government : (i ) Royal : Massachusetts 
(sect. 57), New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 
(2) Charter: Rhode Island and Connecticut. (3) Pro- 
prietary: Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. In all 
of these the people chose assemblies or legislatures w'hich 
made local laws and provided for raising the taxes. The 
two charter colonies were almost independent. In the 

1 04 



The English Colonies. 



105 



proprietary colonies the proprietor, who took the place of, 
the king, had little more than nominal power. In the royal 
colonies, the governor was appointed by the crown, and 
the people were subjected to more restrictions. All the 
colonies were really more or less independent of the 
mother country in everything except foreign affairs, which, 
up to 1765, by almost universal consent belonged to the 
English government. 

84. Domestic Life and Manners. (1763.) — In domestic 
life and manners there was more difference than in politi- 
cal matters. New England still retained many Puritan 
ideas and customs. Few class distinctions existed, and 
wealth was more equally distributed than elsewhere in the 
colonies. 

In New York and New Jersey the Dutch influence was 
still manifest. The patroons along the Hudson River kept 
up a style of living 
suited to their large 
estates, while the 
city of New York 
had already become 
a commercial centre, 
though inferior in 
population to either 
Philadelphia or Bos- 
ton. Pennsylvania, 
perhaps the most 
prosperous of the 
colonies, was one of 
the most conservative 
in the colonies, and 



Domestic 
life and 
manners. 

New- 
England. 




New Yorl 



Pennsyl- 
vania. 



Costumes or the Dutch. 



Philadelphia was the largest city 
at this time the most handsomely 
built ; its regular streets, public squares, and well-paved 
sidewalks were the admiration of visitors and the pride of 



io6 History of the United States. 



the citizens. Its population was about twenty-five thou- 
sand, that of Boston being slightly less. 

The northern part of Maryland resembled Pennsyl- 
vania and Delaware, but the southern part was like 
Virginia and the Carolinas, where there were few towns and 
villages. The southern planter, surrounded by his slaves, 
lived upon his plantation, several miles from his next white 
neighbor. All manual labor was performed by slaves under 
the direction of an "overseer." Tobacco was the chief 
crop, for the cultivation of cotton had not yet been made 




^pHE^I'^^ h? k^~4 fm 



rl^/^lk-a >t*i« 



^i ;'-i '^}g^ 




Old London Ta\ i r.n in riiiiADELPHiA. 

I)rofitable by the invention of the cotton-gin. Many of the 
planters sent their sons abroad to be educated, but all 
except the richer class were much behind the middle and 
northern colonies in education. 
Local self- Whatever their condition, all the colonies were accus- 

government. tomed to local sclf-govemment, and were a unit on the 
question of taxation without representation. Indepen- 
dence of Great Britain was, however, hardly dreamed of, 
except by a few enthusiasts, who were thought fanatical. 



The English Colonies. 107 

85. English Policy, (i 763-1 765.) — England, soon after English 
the treaty of peace had been signed, made arrangements P'^'^^y- 
for the government of the conquered territory in America. 
Three new provinces were established : Quebec, and East 
and West Florida. The southern boundary of Quebec was 
nearly the same as the present northern boundary of the 
United States from the coast of Maine to Lake Champlain. 
East Florida corresponded nearly with the state of Florida ; 
while West Florida comprised the territory now included 
in the western part of Florida and the southern half of 
Alabama, of Mississippi, and of Louisiana as far as the 
Mississippi River. The vast region between the Great Central 
Lakes and the Floridas was to be held by the Indians, "^e^'^"- 
No English settlers were to take up any lands " west of the 
sources of rivers which flow into the Atlantic from the west 
and northwest." Such a boundary line would begin at 
Lake Champlain and run west of the mountain ranges and 
nearly parallel to them as far as Florida. 

This disposition of the interior was very distasteful 
to all the colonists, who felt that they had a share in this 
territory which had been conquered by their aid. The 
arrangement, moreover, infringed upon the rights of some 
of the colonies, and these rights had been granted by 
their charters. England had incurred a large debt, the 
interest on which was a heavy burden. The British Par- 
liament had seen that the Americans had raised much Parliament 
money to carry on the late war, and naturally thought that pl^ns to tax 
they should bear a part of the national burden. The Par- 
liament laid taxes upon the British people ; why not lay 
taxes upon the Americans ? There was, however, a dif- 
ference between the two cases. In England, law-makers 
were, or professed to be, elected by the people to repre- 
sent them, so the people had a voice in laying their own 



io8 



History of the United States. 



taxes. The colonies were not represented in the British 
Parliament ; if Parliament laid taxes upon them there 
would be " taxation without representation," which was 
contrar\' to the customs ami principles oi the colonists. 

86. Economic Views of the Eighteenth Century ; Navi- 
gation Acts. — It is needful to remember that in the 
eighteenth century many views different from those now 
accepted were held by the most liberal-minded men. It 
was thought essential to control and regulate trade in evcr\ 
way ; it was deemed good policy to close ports against all 
foreign shipping ; and that colonies existed for the good of 
the mother country was an axiom of most governments. It 
was acknowledged even in the colonies that the king had 
power to veto bills of the colonial legislatures, and that 
Parliament had the right to regulate all foreign trade. 

As earlv as 1646 and 1651 Navigation Acts had been 
passed. These laws, and others passed in 1660, 1663, and 
1672. forbade the ct^lonies to trade with anv countr\' but 
England, or an luiglish colonv ; thev reciuired that all 
commerce should be carried on in English or colonial 
vessels, thus shutting out all competition, and forcing all 
foreign goods to come through the English market and be 
subject to the English duties. By 1663 so many ships had 
been built in the colonies that, to protect the British ship- 
builders, a new law was passed forbidding the colonists to 
import any goods except in British-built ships. This re- 
striction did not applv to ships built or bought before 
October. 1662. 

87. Restrictions upon Trade and Manufactures. (1699- 
1761.) — The colonial trade also was burdened with heavy 
restrictions. In William and Marv's reign there was inter- 
ference with the colonial mamifactures which were begin- 
ning to be established. It was in this reign, or later, that 



The English Colonies. 109 

the exportation, and in some cases even the manufacture, 
of hats, paper, leather, iron, and other articles was abso- 
lutely forbidden (sect. 63). It is true that frequently these 
laws were not enforced ; for years many of the govern- 
ment officers had not attempted to carry them out, while 
others were bribed to ignore them. 

In 1 761 a serious effort was made to carry out the 
Navigation Acts, particularly in relation to illicit trade or 
smuggling, and many additional revenue officers were 
appointed. The officers found that smuggling was cxten- Writs of 
sivc ; to stop this and gain evidence concerning it, they assisiancc, 
applied to the courts for " writs of assistance " to aid them 
in their search for smuggled goods. These writs were war- 
rants permitting the revenue officers to search any house for 
goods, on suspicion only. The writs " governed all men, 
were returnable nowhere, gave the officers absolute power, 
and opened every man's house to their entrance." It was 
most natural that the colonists should look upon them as 
illegal. James Otis, a young, able, and eloquent lawyer, ap- "Taxation 
peared before the Superior Court of Massachusetts as the ^^'^^""1 

' '■ . rcjircscnta- 

people's advocate, and in the course of his argument used tJo„ j^ 
the now familiar phrase, " Taxation without representation tyranny." 
is tyranny." The judges held back their decision until they 
could learn the practice in P2ngland, and finding that such 
writs were legal there, were forced to affirm their legality in 
America. The question of legality, however, made no 
difference in respect to the feeling with which they were 
regarded by the colonists. It does not appear that the 
officers ever dared to make use of the writs. 

88. Representation in England. (1761.) — In consider- 
ing the relations between England and the colonies, it must 
be remembered that the English government at this time, 
was corrupt, and that bribery was recognized, even by the 



iio History of the United States. 

officers of state, as a regular means of securing legislation. 
House of The House of Commons no longer really represented the 
Commons Enghsh people, for in a population of about 8,000,000, 
sentaiive there were less than 175,000 voters. The election districts 
had not been changed for a long time, large cities had 
grown up without any representation at all, and other dis- 
tricts represented a very small population. In one place, 
Old Sarum, three voters elected two members of Parlia- 
ment.^ Manv members of Parliament were chosen accord- 
ing to the wishes of those of the nobility who were large 
landlords, and who controlled the votes of their tenants. 
Indeed, for a good part of the eighteenth century the 
House of Commons was ruled by the House of Lords. 

Most of the measures of Parliament relating to the col- 
onies were fairly in accord with the spirit of the age, and 
were not opposed to the common sentiments of the people ; 
neither the English people nor Parliament itself understood 
the real state of affairs. 

89. Stamp Act. (1765.) — Hurtful as the navigation 
laws (sect. 86) had been, the colonies did not dispute the 
right of Parliament to regulate foreign commerce. In 
c.renviiie I "64, at the Suggestion of George Grenville, then Prime 
Acts, 1764. ]\nnister, an act was passed providing an additional tax on 
commerce, in the way of increased duties and increased 
restriction on trade. This act met with great disfavor in 
America, particularly in Massachusetts, the greatest trad- 
ing colony in America. Unavailing remonstrances were 
sent to England. 

The celebrated Stamp Act, passed by Parliament in 1765, 
went still further. This was a measure designed to raise a 

1 The great William Pitt entered Parliament (1735) as a member for Old 
Sarum, owing his election to the influence of the noble landowner of that 
district. 



The English Colonies. 



I I I 



revenue in the colonies. The act, passed early in the year, 
was to go into effect on the first day of November. Under stamp Act, 
its provisions every legal document, every marriage certifi- '^^s- 
cate, every newspaper and almanac, was to bear a stamp 
before it could be issued, or, in the case of legal papers, be 
of any force. Such a law affected every one who wished to 
buy even a newspaper, for he was compelled to pay for 
the stamp as well as the paper. The value of the stamp 
varied, according to the circumstances, from one half- 
penny to twelve pounds. The .stamps were not like the 
modern adhesive ones, but were impressions on the paper 
like a magistrate's seal. 



Penny 




Stamps uskj) in 1765. 




90. Sons of Liberty; Patrick Henry. (1765.) — There 
was little oppo.sition to the passage of the Stamp Act in 
Parliament, Colonel Isaac Barre making the only strong 
speech against it. Barre repudiated the idea that the col- 
onists owed anything to Knglish care, and said that her 
neglect had stimulated them. This Sj)eech, as well as 
others, gained for him the admiration of the Americans. 
On another occasion he called them "Sons of Liberty"; 
and they adopted the title. 

If the Stamp Act attracted little opposition or notice in 
England, it was far otherwise in America. Remonstrances 



" Sons of 
Liberty." 



1 1 2 History of the United States. 



Patrick 
Henry. 



Stamped 

paper 

destroyed. 



were forwarded to England, speeches were made against 
it, and all the colonial assemblies denied the right of Par- 
liament thus to tax the colonies without their consent. In 
May, 1765, Patrick Henry, in the Virginia assembly, intro- 
duced a series of resolutions against the act. In his 
speech supporting them he said : " Tarquin and Caesar had 
each a Brutus; Charles I., his Cromwell; and George the 
Third" ... he paused. "Treason," shouted the Speaker, 
and the word was echoed from every part of the house. 




Patrick Henry in the Virginia Assembly. 

After the painting by A. Chappel. 

while Henry, with his eye fixed on the Speaker, closed the 
sentence, " may profit by their example. If this be treason, 
make the most of it." The resolutions were passed by a 
small majority. 

Associations called " Sons of Liberty " were formed all 
over the country to keep up the agitation. When the 
stamped paper came to America, it was seized and 
destroyed, and those who had accepted office as stamp 
distributors were forced to resign. The time came for 
the act to go into operation, but there were neither stamps 
nor officers. This strong resistance had not been antici- 



The English Colonies. 1 1 3 

pated by friends of America, perhaps not by many Ameri- 
cans. Benjamin Franklin had not approved of the act, 
yet he counselled submission, and even suggested the 
names of persons whom he thought suitable for stamp dis- 
tributors, while Richard Henry Lee applied for such an 
office for himself. 

91. Stamp Act Congress. (1765.) — An important result stamp Act 
of the Stamp Act in America was the occasion it gave for Congress, 
the meeting of the '* Stamp Act Congress " in New York, 

in October, 1765. The idea seems to have been sug- 
gested in Massachusetts, Virginia, and South Carolina at 
about the same time. To this congress, all the colonies 
except New Hampshire, Virginia, North Carolina, and 
Georgia sent delegates ; and though these colonies were 
not represented, they were in sympathy with the movement. 
The congress discussed the state of affairs, issued addresses 
to the king and Parliament, and made a declaration of 
rights. These papers are able, and their language admits 
of no doubtful interpretation. While declaring that Parlia- " 
ment had no right to tax the colonies without their con- 
sent, no sentiment of disloyalty to the crown was expressed. 
The Americans did not object to the stamps, but to the 
principle which they represented — Taxation without repre- 
sentation. 

92. Repeal of the Stamp Act. (1766.) — The news of Repeal of 
the failure of the Stamp Act in America caused great Stamp Act, 
surprise to the English government. English merchants, 

who were suffering an alarming loss of trade, petitioned 
Parliament to repeal the law ; for the determination not 
to obey the act had been followed by an agreement not to 
use any English goods. Franklin, who had been sum- 
moned before the House of Commons to give his opinion 
on the state of affairs in America, had told them that 



114 



History of the United States. 



William Pitt. 



Declaratory 

Act. 



England de- 
termined to 
tax the 
colonists. 



the Americans would never submit. William Pitt, in the 
House of Commons, said, " I rejoice that America has 
resisted " ; but he also said : " I assert the authority of this 
kingdom over the colonists to be sovereign and supreme in 
every circumstance of government and legislation what- 
ever. . . . Taxation is no part of the legislative or gov- 
erning power. Taxes are a voluntary gift and grant of 
the Commons alone." Moved by all these things, Parlia- 
ment, in 1766, repealed the Stamp Act, but 
at the same time passed a Declaratory Act, 
setting forth that "the crown, with the 
advice and consent of Parliament," " had, 
hath, and of right ought to have, full 
power and authority to make laws and 
statutes of sufficient force and validity to 
bind the colonies and peoples of America, 
subjects of the crown of Great Britain, in 
all cases whatever." 

93. Real Object of the Taxation. (1766.) 
— In their joy at the repeal of the ob- 
noxious measure, the colonists at first over- 

But England 
was not disposed to let the colonists alone. 
She was burdened with debt, she had spent 
much for the colonies, and thought the colo- 
nies ought to bear their share of the ex- 
pense. It is important to remember that the purpose of this 
taxation was not to help pay the expenses of the government 
at home, nor was it to help pay the interest on the debt ; all 
the expected revenue was to be spent in or for the colonies 
themselves. There were two main sources of expense in 
the colonies; first, that for the defence of the frontier 
against the Indians, including building of forts and main- 




" This l.intcm was 
on the northwest bough 
(opposite Frog Lane) 
of the Liberty Tree il- 
luminated last night 
with several hundred 
Lanterns on the arrival jooked the DeclaratOl'V Act. 
of the newes of the Re- 
peal of the Infamous 
Stamp Act. — George 
(JuENviLLE, Boston, 
May 21, 1776." — From 
the Bostonian Society's 
Collection. 



The English Colonies. 1 1 5 

taining them ; second, the salaries of the colonial gov- 
ernors, and other necessary outlays. 

94. Objections of the Colonists. (1766.) — The need of objections 
these expenses could hardly be questioned by the colonists, of the 

_,, . ^ , . , . . , colonists. 

1 he grounds or their objections were that the money was to 
be raised without their consent, and the taxes laid by a 
body in which they had no representation. Such acts, they 
claimed, were an infringement of their rights as English- 
men. They feared that if they should give up this point, 
there would be nothing to prevent tyrannical government, 
and that they should soon be forced to contribute to the 
general expenses of England. 

In 1765 an act had been passed requiring the colonists 
to support troops which should be quartered among them ; 
this was known as the Quartering Act. Massachusetts re- (^)uartering 
fused to obey this, and so did New York. Aside from the ^^^' '765- 
vexed question of taxation, this act aimed to make them 
pay for enforcing what they already deemed illegal and 
tyrannical ; it was therefore doubly repulsive. 

95. The Townshend Acts. (1767.) — Though Parliament Townshend 
had repealed the Stamp Act, it was only because its con- ^^'^'^' '767- 
tinuance, as was declared in the repealing act, " would be 
attended with many inconveniences, and detrimental to the 
commercial interests of the kingdom." The government 

was still determined to get a revenue out of the colonies. 
An act was passed, forbidding all trade with certain West 
India islands. This trade had been very profitable, and 
the prohibition was not only a cause of irritation, but also 
of heavy losses, especially in Massachusetts. Two acts, 
passed in 1767, known from their author, Charles Towns- 
hend, as the " Townshend Acts," legalized "writs of assist- 
ance," and provided for the better carrying out of the laws 
of trade, and for laying duties on glass, paper, colors, and 



ii6 



History of the United States. 



teas. The revenue raised was to be used for defraying the 
expenses of colonial government and for the defence of 
the colonies. The New York Assembly, which had refused 
to vote supplies for the English troops sent over, was sus- 
pended until it was willing to pass such a measure. The 
question of submission was now clearly before the colonists ; 
there was no putting it off or evading it. 

96. Th^ ** Farmer's Letters." (1767.) — The Towns- 
hend Acts, passed in the summer, were not to go into force 
until the late fall ; there was time for the colonists to con- 
sider what should be done. As in the case of the Stamp 
Act, resolutions of non-importation were agreed upon, and 
efforts were made to encourage home manufactures. This 
system of "boycott" was warmly upheld, even by con- 
servative men. 

The action of the colonists was greatly influenced by the 

publication and circulation of a 
series of " Letters from a farmer 
in Pennsylvania," in which the 
whole situation was clearly, forci- 
bly, and calmly reviewed. This 
" farmer " was John Dickinson, 
of Pennsylvania, a young man 
of wealth and education and of 
great ability. In these letters 
he expressed what the most 
thoughtful men of all classes 
believed, when he said : " Let 
these truths be indelibly im- 
pressed upon our minds : that 
we cannot be happy, without 
being free ; that we cannot be free, without being secure 
in our property ; that we cannot be secure in our property 




John Dickinson. 



The English Colonies. 



117 



Non-impor- 
tation car- 
ried out. 



if, without our consent, others may, as by right, take it 
away ; that taxes imposed upon us by Parliament, do thus 
take it away ; that duties laid for the sole purpose of rais- 
ing money are taxes ; that attempts to lay such duties 
should be instantly and firmly opposed ; that this opposition 
can never be effectual unless it be the united effort of 
these provinces." On these principles the subsequent 
conduct of the colonies was largely based. 

97. Continued Resistance in the Colonies, (i 767-1 770.) 
— Peaceable refusal to use imported goods was very 
general. The exports to the colonies from England be- 
tween I jG"] and 1 769 showed a heavy decline ; those 
sent to New luigland fell off more than one-half ; while 
those to New York were not more than one-sixth of their 
former amount. 

The presence of British officers and troops in America 
made it almost impossible to avoid collisions. Members 
of Parliament and those in authority, were misled by let- 
ters from royal officers in America who confidently asserted 
that continued firmness would put an end to the obstinacy 
of the colonists. Besides this, the petitions of the col- 
onists themselves expressed loyalty to the king and an 
affection for his person, even while refusing obedience to British igno 
exactions which they believed to be illegal. Granting these ""^"^ °'^'*^^ 

-' . . character 

points, there remained much ignorance regarding the char- 
acter of the Americans. 

In the spring of 1768 several men of Boston were 
seized ^ and made to serve as seamen in the British navy. 
This was not treating the colonists differently from luig- 
lishmen, but impressment in the colonies had not been 

1 This was called impressment; the practice \\2S lung kept up in England, 
and impressment of American sailors was one of the causes of the War of 
1812 (sect. 183). 



of the 
colonists. 



1 1 8 History of the United States. 



Seizure of 
the Liberty. 



Troops 
quartereil in 
Hostun. 



" Boston 

Massacre," 

1770. 



resorted to, and it was looked upon as an outrage. Not 
very long after this a sloop Liberty, belonging to John 
Hancock, a wealthy citizen of Boston, was seized without 
legal warrant, for alleged violation of the revenue laws. 

The seizure was the occasion 
of a small riot, which forced 
the revenue officers to take 
refuge on a ship of war lying 
in the harbor. 

The news of the Liberty 
incident decided the English 
government to send troops to 
Boston and quarter them in 
the city. In the state of 
feeling which then existed in 
that city it is not strange that 
an encounter between the 
troops and citizens occurred. 
This collision, which took 
place March 5, 1770, is known 
as the " Boston Massacre." 
Fear of a general uprising of 




John Hancock. 

After the portrait by Copley, 1774, in 
Boston Museum of Fine Arts. 



John Hancock was born in Massachu- 
setts, 1737, and was educated at Harvard 
College. He became a merchant and one 
of the wealthy men of America. He was 
president of the Provincial Congress in 
1774, and president of the Continental Con- the pCOplc luduced the gOV 
gress, 1775-1777. His clear bold signa- 
ture to the Declaration of Independence is 
well known He was governor of Massa- 
chusetts for several terms. He was popu- 
lar, eloquent, and a good presiding officer. 
He died, 1793. 



ernor to remove the troops 
from the city. Seven months 
later, the soldiers who had 
fired upon the crowd were 
tried in the civil courts on the charge of murder. John 
Adams and Josiah Ouincy, two patriotic young lawyers, 
anxious that justice should be done, consented to defend 
them. All the accused were acquitted of the charge of 
murder ; two, however, were convicted of manslaughter 
and condemned to be branded in the hand with a red- 



The English Colonies. 



119 




OPPOSITE THIS SPOT 


VA5 SHED THE riRST BLOOD 


or THE 


AAERICAN REVOLUTION 


AARCH y" 1770 



f 



Tablet commkmorating thk Bustom 
Massacre. 

In State Street, Boston. 



hot iron. The sentence was executed in open court, and 
all the prisoners were discharged. 

Small as the "Boston Massacre" was in itself, it was 
of great importance, in 
that it drew the atten- 
tion of all the colonists 
in America to the ques- 
tion of quartering troops 
without the consent of 
the people. It showed 
some of the dangers of a 
military rule, and what 
might be experienced in 
other colonies. 

Another incident 
which stirred the colonists happened in Rhode Island. 
The Gaspce, an English revenue vessel, was stationed in Caspce. 
Narragansett Bay for the purpose of enforcing the Navi- 
gation Acts. Her commander was needlessly rude and 
severe in the exercise of this commission. He did not 
confine himself to vessels, but landed at different places 
on the coast and seized cattle, sheep, hogs, and, indeed, 
anything that he pleased. This conduct caused great 
indignation among the people. The Gaspce happened to 
run aground. Very soon she was attacked by eight boats 
filled with men. Her crew was overpowered, set on shore, 
and the vessel and all she contained burned. Though 
large rewards were offered for the apprehension of those 
who took part in this deed, no one was ever reported to the 
authorities. 

98. Removal of Taxes, except on Tea. (1770.) — George George hi. 
the Third had succeeded to the English throne in 1760. 
In the early years of his reign he was regarded with much 



I 20 History of the Ignited States. 

affection by his subjects both in England and America. 
Franklin himself in 1769 wrote : " I can scarcely conceive 
a king" of better dispositions, or more exemplary virtues, 
or more truly desirous of promoting the welfare of all his 
subjects." 

George the Third wished to be an absolute ruler — to 
be king in reality. He follcnved this aim with dogged 
perseverance. Favored by circumstances, he had succeeded 
by 1770 in getting the government into his own control or 
into that of men who would follow his wishes. 

It was evident, even to King George, that the Townshend 
Acts could not be enforced. The colonists could not be 
compelled to buy goods, and the English merchants whose 
trade was ruined by the non-importation agreements in 
America, presented petition after petition for some relief 
from the restrictions on trade. 

To conciliate the Americans the king proposed to re- 
move all taxes except that upon tea. Though this tax 
brought in a revenue of but three hundred pounds a year, 
it was resolved to retain it, in order to vindicate the right 
of Parliament to tax the colonies. On the very day of the 
"Boston Massacre," Lord North, who had become Prime 
Minister, moved in the P^nglish House of Commons the 
repeal of all duties levied in America under the Towns- 
hend Acts, except that ujion tea. The colonists, however, 
still refused to buy tea. 

9Q. Committees of Correspondence. (1772.) — In 1772 
Samuel Adams of Massachusetts, at a town meeting in 
Faneuil Mall, Boston, moved that committees of corre- 
spondence should be appointed in the different towns 
throughout the province, "to state the rights of the 
colonies, and of this province in particular ; to communi- 
cate and publish the same to the several towns in this 



The English Colonies. 



I 21 




of corre- 

siiondcnce, 

1772. 



province and to the world." This was done, and in the 
next year, Dabney Carr in Virginia proposed that com- rommittces 
mittees of correspondence 
should be appointed through- 
out all the colonies in order 
to produce unity of action. 
The proposition was ac- 
cepted; committees were 
soon appointed in six of the 
colonies, and later in the 
others. 

100. Attempt to Force Tea 
upon America ; " Boston Tea 
Party." (1773.) — Owing, as 
was thought, to the refusal of 
^fhe Americans to use tea 
coming from England, the 
East India Company had an 
enormous stock on hand in 
England. The affairs of the 
company were in disorder. 
To aid the company, it was 

• 1 1 / \iii.i -li. ^^'^ advantages of American indepen- 

provided (1773) that tea might Jence of Great Britain, and as member 



Attempts to 
enforce the 
tea ta.\. 



Samuel Adams. 

After the portrait by Copley, in Roston 
Museum of Fine Arts. 

Samuel Adams, sometimes called 
" Father of the American Revolution," 
was born in Boston in 1722, and died 
there in 1803. When he took his mas- 
ter's degree at Harvard College in 1743, 
his oration showed why it is " lawful to 
resist the supreme magistrate, if the 
commonwealth cannot otherwise be pre- 
served." He was one of the first to see 



be exported to America by 



of the colonial legislature, of the Con- 
tinental Congress, and of numerous 
the company free of English important committees. He exerted a 
. . powerful influence. Thomas Jefferson 

duties. The American import said of him -. "I always considered him, 
J , r: J «. iU more than any other member of the 

duty was fixed at threepence continental cLgress, the fountain of 

per pound. The Americans, """ ■""■'^ important measures." 
who had been previously charged fivepence duty, were 
thus offered tea at a lower price than before, and at 
a lower price than even Englishmen paid. With the 
colonists, however, the question was not one of cost, 
but of principle. They continued the non-importation 



I 22 



History ot the United States. 



'* Boston 
Tea Partv, 



agreement in respect to tea, and, as before, smuggled tea 
from Holland, though it cost them more than to buy it of 
the East India Company. 

Not receiving orders for tea, the company resolved to 
send out cargoes to Boston, New York, Philadelphia, 
Charleston, and some other places. 

When the first of the vessels arrived at Boston, though 
it was Sundav, the committee of correspondence met, and 
gained from the agents of the East India Company a 




TaKLKT COMMEMOKAllNi; IHE BOSTON rE.\ r.VKl'V. 
In Atlai\iic .\venuc, Boston. 

promise that the tea should not be landed before the 
following Tuesday. On Mondav a great meeting of citi- 
zens, held in the Old South Church, voted unanimously 
that the tea should be sent back to England without being 
unloaded. Meantime two more tea-laden ships arrived. 
The governor and British officers refused to allow the 
vessels to sail. Another mass meeting of citizens was 
held, at which it was again unanimously voted that the tea 
should not be landed. That night, before the nine o'clock 
bell rang, a party of reputable citizens, disguised as Indians, 
went on board the ships, took the chests out of the hold of 



The English Colonies. 



123 



each vessel, and hreakin<; them open, emptied the tea into 
the harbor. The " Boston Tea Party " took place Decem- 
ber 16, 1773. 

At Charleston, the tea was stored in damp cellars, where 
it soon spoiled. At Annapolis the tea was burned ; at 
Philadelphia and New York, as 
well as at other places, shi])s 
with tea on board were ordered 
back to lCn<i,"land. 

1 01. The Five Intolerable Acts 
of Parliament. ( 1 774. ) — When 
the news of these doings reached 
England, the king and his ad- 
visors were very angry, and Par- 
liament passed five acts aimed 
directly at the rebellious colo- 
nists, particularly the citizens of 
Boston. These acts were : — 

(i) The Boston Port Bill: By this all commerce with 
the city was forbidden, no vessels being allowed to come 
in or go out. This was of course to punish the Boston 
people for their resistance to Parliament. 

(2) The Transportation Bill : This allowed persons 
charged with murder in enforcing the law to be transported 
to another colony or to Great Britain for trial. 

(3) The Massachusetts Bill: This practically revoked 
the charter, in taking away from the Assembly all 
power of appointment, and giving it to the governor, 
who also had the power of removal. No public meet- 
ings, except for the election of representatives and petty 
officers, could be held, except by permission of the gov- 
ernor. These three acts were specially directed against 
Massachusetts. 



Other " Tea 
Parties." 



I To the Public. I 

o 'T-'HE long cxpcflcd TEA SHIP ar- % 
§ J^ rived laft night at Sandy-Hook^ but § 
g tlic pilot would not bring up the Captain g 
O till the fenfe uf the tity was known. The o 
§ commiiicc wcic immediately informed of § 
o hci arrival, and that the Captain Voliciis for g 
O liberty to come up 10 provide necclTarics for o 
g his return. 'I he (liip to remain at Sandy- S 
O Hook. The committee conceiving it to » 
% be the fenfe of the city thathcQiouldhavc a 
g fuch liberty, fignificd it to ihc Gentle- g 
O man who istofupply him with provifions, «» 
g and other necelTaries. Advice of this was ^ 
<) immediately difpatched to the Captain ; *> 
<i and whenever he comes up, care will be g 
§ taken that he docs not enter at the cuftom- % 
o houfc, and th.u noiime be loft indifpateh- g 
O ing him. e 

g New-York, April 19, 1774 S 



Five Intol- 
erable Acts, 
J774- 



Boston 
Port Bill. 



Transporta- 
tion Bill. 



Massachu- 
setts Bill. 



I 24 History of the United States. 






Quartering (4) The Quartering Act : This legahzed the quartering 
'^^^- of troops in America. 

(^ueiiec Act. (5) The Quebec Act : This reorganized the government 
of the Province of Quebec, and provided for the free 
exercise in Canada of the Roman CathoHc reHgion. It 
extended the Hmits of the province so as to inchide the 
territorv west of the AUeghanies, called the Indian country. 
As has been seen (sect. 85), the colonists felt that this 
territory belonged to them by right of conquest and by 
charter. In every one of these acts the colonists saw a 
- -^^ direct blow at their liberties. 

They felt that the cause of 
one colonv was the cause 
of all. 

These acts were not passed 
without strong opposition in 
each house of Parliament. 
The government majorities, 
however, were too strong to 
be shaken even by the elo- 
quence of Barre, Burke, 
Chatham, and Charles James 
Fox. In addition to the acts 
of Parliament, " royal in- 
structions " were sent from 
the P'nglish cabinet direct to 
the colonial governors. 

The Boston Port Bill was 

put in force June i, 1774, the 

day appointed. Its effects 

were more severe than even 

the framers of the act imagined they would be. Almost 

all the interests of Boston at that time were connected with 




Huston Port 
Hill. 1774. 



A%V 



EUMUNl) Bl RKK. 

Edmund Biirke was born in IrelanJ, 
1730. He entered Parliament in 1766, anj 
continued a member for nearly thirty years. 
He is one of the world's greatest orators. 
His most celebrated speech is that against 
Warren Hastings. Burke was a man of 
high personal character. He was the friend 
of Henjamin Franklin and of Dr. Samuel 
Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, and other liter- 
ary men. He was friendly to America, and 
urged that she should be treated with jus- 
tice and conciliation. He died 1797. 



The English Colonies. i 25 

the sea. Ship-building, commerce, and fishing were the 
means of livelihood for most of its citizens. Almost all 
its supi)lies came to it by water, and the chief means of 
communication with the surrounding villages was by boat, 
as there were no bridges. The law forbade anything 
to be brought to the city or taken from it by water — 
not a sheep, not an ox, not a bale of hay, not a fish, not 

' even a bundle. Fish sent by the people of Marblehead to 
the suffering poor of Boston had to be carried thirty miles 
by land. The condition of the city was indeed a hard one. 

102. Virginia proposes a General Congress. (1774.) Bos- Virginia 

; ton Port Bill. (1774.) — The Virginia House of Burgesses P''"P°«es a 

" ^ congress, 

I protested against the Boston Port Bill, and made the day ,77^. 
t on which it was to go into effect a day of fasting ; they 
, implored "the Divine interposition" to give them "one 
< heart and one mind firmly to oppose, by all just and proper 
I means, every injury to American rights." On this, the 
governor immediately dissolved the house. But the mem- 
* bers held a meeting, at which they resolved that an attack 
' upon one of the colonies was an attack upon all, and that 
I the committee of correspondence should consult the com- 
I mittees of the other colonies on the expediency of holding 
a general congress. This measure was approved by all 
) the colonies, and, at the recjuest of New York, Massachu- 
setts appointed Philadelphia as the place of meeting, and Congress to 
I September i, 1774, as the time. Delegates were appointed "^^.^^ ^\ 
j in all the colonies except Georgia, where the governor pre- phia, 1774. 
( vented the assembly from choosing them. 

1 While the delegates were being chosen, news was received Meetings 
of the passage of the four acts immediately succeeding the ^^'^' to pro- 
passage of the Boston Port Bill (sect. 10 1). It excited the .f^cts" 
j liveliest apprehension. Resolutions stamping these meas- 
ures as " unconstitutional, oppressive, and dangerous to 



126 History of the United States. 



Boston 
helped. 



the American colonies " were passed in Pennsylvania ; in 
Virginia, at a meeting of citizens over which George 
Washington presided, similar ones were parsed ; and an- 
other added declaring that they " would religiously main- 
tain and inviolably adhere to such measures as should be 
concerted by the general congress for the preservation of 
their lives, liberties, and fortunes." Like meetings were 
held in other colonies. There was a general agreement 
beforehand to abide by the decisions of the congress. 

Meanwhile help was sent to suffering Boston. Rice 
came from South Carolina, money from Virginia and North 

Carolina, sheep from 
Connecticut, and sup- 
plies of all kinds from 
other parts of New Eng- 
land. Encouragement 
to stand firm was sent 
from every quarter. 

103. The First Conti- 
nental Congress. (1774.) 
— The Congress known 
as the first Continental 
(general) Congress, met 
September 5, 1774, at 
Philadelphia, in Carpen- 
ter's Hall, a building 
still in good preserva- 
tion. There were fifty- 
five delegates present, 
every colony except Georgia being represented. It was a 
Able men in Very able body, the colonies having sent their best men : 
Congress. Gcorge Washington, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry 
Lee, from Virginia ; Samuel Adams and John Adams, from 



First Conti- 
nental Con- 
gress, 1774. 




Carpenter's Hall, 1774. 



The English Colonies. 



127 



Massachusetts ; John Rutledge and Christopher Gadsden, 
from South CaroHna ; and John Jay, from New York, were 
among the number. These delegates were chosen in 
various ways ; some by committees, some by the assembhes, 
and others by conventions. 

The Congress acted with caution, professing loyalty to the 
king. It issued an address to the people of the colonies ; 
one to the Canadians ; one to the people of Great Britain ; 
and one to the king. A declaration of rights was also 
drawn up, and an agreement not to import, export, or use 
British goods. The declaration recited the various objec- 
tionable acts of the British government, and asserted that, 
if force were used to compel the people of Massachusetts 
to obey, " all America ought to support them in their oppo- 
sition." After providing for another Congress to meet on 
the loth of the following May, the Congress adjourned, 
October 26, 1774. 

104. Whigs and Tories; Resistance. (1775.) — Before 
this time two distinct parties had arisen in the country, 
the one called Tory, which supported the British govern- 
ment, or at least objected to resistance ; the other, called 
Whig, which approved of resistance by force, if needful. 
The names came into use in America in 1764, and were 
taken from British politics, where, however, they had some- 
what different meanings. 

While the Congress was in session, the people of the 
colonies generally were collecting arms for use in case of 
necessity. The charter government of Massachusetts had 
been overthrown by the governor, and the real direction of 
affairs was in the hands of a Provincial Congress. By 
the order of this body arms and ammunition were collected 
at various points, and twenty thousand " minute-men," 
so called because they were to be ready at a minute's 



Addresses 
issued. 



Declaration 
of rights. 



Whigs and 
Tories. 



Military 
arms col- 
lected. 



Minute-men. 



British 



128 History of the United States. 

notice, were enrolled. General Gage, the royal governor 

and the commander of the British forces in the colonies, 

fortify hearing of these proceedings, began to fortify Boston on 

Boston, ^j^g 1^^^ g-jg Learning that there was a considerable 

amount of gunpowder and military stores at Concord, 

about twenty miles from Boston, he determined to seize it. 

He had been ordered by the British government to arrest 

Samuel Adams and John Hancock, and send them to Eng- 

lrt<^■r,rt.ui,t,,^^s land to be tried for treason. 

Exfra3 of a Letter They were now at Lexington. 

From Philadelphia, , '"S- Lexington and Concord. 

Revere. " ^ ' ( 1775. ) — Though Gage s prep- 

^v (rGemttmanin this City, daiid the dlb injl. . , i i i • i 

VESTERDAVc«oi„gr.FRANKL.N..H ^ratious had bccn made with 

T beit from London m fix wccki, which ht Icfi (he . ^1 „. „„„ J\\^ 

,5i, of March, which b,>Eiv..g,..> joy ,0. hi. K.wn. grcat sccrccy they were dis- 

he feyi we have no favouri to expcA from ihe Mininry, i t t 

ootbir.g but fubnumoaN..!! r^tiify iVm, (hey expca covcred, aud Df. Toseph Warren, 

little or no oppofition wiU be made to (hcit troopi, ihofe ^ •< ^ ^ ^ J r ' 

that arc now comine art "for AVtc ?"t"-i, where it it i i" .■.* t^ a_ i. 

.xp«icd .i«, «.n be rcc.i«d wi.h corduh.y A, m« a Icaduig patriot m Boston, sent 

as wc can learn there are about four thouund ^oop« 

^oming ,n .hnflcc, ,hc men oi >v„ and irjnfpotji ar. Paul Rcvcrc to wam Adams aud 

U a great mcalure loaaed ^hn dry goods, to lupply 

Ntw T«rk, and the country round it, acenti are Cominff ij 1 r*!' 1 

ova with .hem. Dr. f./,/;;.i. highly picafcdto finS HancocK ot thcir dangcr. 

kit anning and prrparisg for the wurl) eventi, he ibinl^ 

rot hi. ig clfe can Tate ui from the moll abjea (IjvCTv aad Tf V> a rl QlrP^Hv HfPTI 3 OTPpH 

Paul Jeftn,a,on. a. .he Cmenme encourage, i> to believe a ^^ 1*^" dirCaUy UCCU ctglCCU, 

fpiiited oppoGtion, wUI be the meani of our 4aIvatiao, . ^ a * r T\ * t ' ^ j_ t_ IJ 

Revere'S The MmiA^a,. alarmed « every oppor,.ion. and W.ca that it BntlSh trOOpS SnOUlCl 
-^ . J Op again at every thing which appears the Icaft in (heir 

^.vowj^e,,k.taa»de.ery paper fcom hence, .r««,d start by land, onc lantcm should 
siaassEH«««Effiw*^;#*«»«®ssffls» be hung from the steeple of the 
.„.<.. jaffN^N%.\°soV«B.w>«p, ^j^ j^^j.^^ Church in Boston, 

but if by water, two lanterns should be shown. Paul 
Revere left at ten in the evening before the proposed 
march of the Biitish troops ; he was rowed over the 
Charles River, and when he landed, he saw two lights 
flashing across the water. A strong horse was waiting for 
him ; he sprang into the saddle and galloped off. As he 
dashed along he roused the " minute-men " all the way to 
Lexington, where Adams and Hancock were, and then 
hastened on toward Concord. When told by some one 
that he was making too much noise, he replied, " You'll 



The English Colonies. 



I 29 




j\Iinute-men 
at Lexing- 
ton. 



Concord, 
April 19, 
1775- 



have noise enough here before long ; the regulars are com- 
ing out ! " They were indeed not far behind the rider, but 
when the eight hundred British troops reached Lexington, 
early in the morning of April 19, 1775, the " minute-men " 
were waiting for them. On their refusal to disperse at the 
order of the British commander, 
they were fired upon and returned 
the fire. At Concord only part of 
the arms and ammunition was found ; 
this was destroyed. 
I On the return march to Boston, 
the British troops were exposed to a 
galling fire from behind rocks, walls, 
fences, and houses. The retreat 
soon became a rout, until the British 
were reenforced by other troops from 
Boston. The fire of the minute-men 
did not cease until the troops were 
under cover of the guns of the war- 
ships in the harbor. In the battle 
of Lexington, as this skirmish is 
called, the loss of the minute-men 
was about one hundred ; the British 
lost nearly three times as many. ' 

At once the Assembly of Massa- 
chusetts declared that General Gage 
" ought to be considered and guarded 

against as an unnatural and inveterate foe to the country." War begun. 
Thousands of minute-men hastened to Boston, which was 
soon in a state of siege. A month after this, Ethan 
Allen, a colonel of the Vermont militia, or the " Green 
Mountain Boys," surprised Ticonderoga and captured it. 
War had beo'un. 



British rout. 



Statue of the Minute- 
man AT Concord. 



By the rude bridge that 
arched the flood, 

Their flag to April's 

breeze unfurled, 

Here once the embattled 
farmers stood, 

And fired the shot heard 
,< round the world. 



i3< 



History of the United States. 



SUMMARY. 

Three forms of government existed in America : Royal, Charter, 
and Proprietary. Each colony had a legislature chosen by the people, 
and was more or less independent. There was much difference be- 
tween the colonies in social life and customs. 

England, after the peace with France, rearranged Canada, and, 
regardless of the charters of the colonies, reserved the territory be- 
tween the Alleghanies and the Mississippi River for the Indians. She 
began to ta.x the colonists, enforce the Navigation Acts, and place 
many restrictions upon trade. 

The passage of the British Stamp Act raised the greatest opposition 
in the colonies. It could not be enforced, and it was repealed. The 
Stamp Act was followed by the Townshend Acts. The colonists passed 
non-importation resolutions. A collision with the British troops oc- 
curred in Boston in 1770. Continued non-importation of British goods 
led to repeal of taxes except upon tea. An attempt to force tea upon 
America failed. 

Parliament passed five '* intolerable " acts. The Boston Port Bill, 
put in force June i, 1774, brought matters to a crisis. The first Conti- 
nental Congress met 1774. At Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775, 
the first battle was fought, and the Revolution was begun. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page xxxviii. 




BLOODY BUTCHERY, 
B R I T I S H "t R P S ; 

RUNAWAY FIGHT OFTHE REGULARS 

UlARSoflh, 
soUsBoy, b.iwfl.n Two Thoi 



n«r CONCORD, 
! fhcnds of ih* d»c*ised WORTHIES, wV. diK 



■ dun inUicBaulc. 



„ . A Tokf& of Giaiituile to i 
«r)iap,. nuy dqtcod th* futur« Fn*iom eod C 



iliut^d Twpnty Milt* frmn Bommx, in lli* Pnpvin« of Ihe Mat* 

9 decijfd grcAOj in favor of the lotUr TR«e pATlicuIon «l» 
(loriou,!^ figMin^ in Uie uvSR OP LtBCRTY ond Iheir couvrm, 

mory of U>* Dareaan) ForW Pemns, but as a prrfMraal mo- 
,aoflh« CoBDunwaalikof lAj&crica. Towfakh ia t^r-rrt^ « 



From a Broadside in the Colleciion of the Bostonian Societv. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE REVOLUTION. 

REFERENCES. 

J. Fiske, The War of Independence ; T. W. Higginson, Larger His- 
tory of the United States; A. B. Hart, Source-Book, Chap. ix. ; S. A. 
Drake, Burgoyne's Invasion of 1777 ; H. C. Wright, Stories of American 
Progress. Chap. i. 

106. Second Continental Congress; Washington Com- Second 

mander-in-Chief. (i77'?.) — The first Congress had deHb- Congress, 

. 1775- 

erated and issued documents ; the time for action had now 

come. The second Continental Congress met in Phila- 
delphia, May 10, 1775, the day Ticonderoga was taken. 
It resolved to take up the cause of Massachusetts as the 
cause of the colonies ; it accepted the army of minute-men 
around Boston as the Continental army, and, at the sug- 
gestion of John Adams, appointed George Washington of Washington 

... . . , . 1 • r commander- 

Virgmia commander-m-chiei. in-chief 

Washington was one of the delegates present ; he was, 
from his part in the French and Indian War, already 
known throughout the colonies as a successful military 
man ; he had been fifteen years a member of the Virginia 
House of Burgesses, and had been a member of the first 
Continental Congress, where he had made a great im- 
pression by his "solid information and sound sense." He 
was forty-three years old, and in the prime of his powers. 
On his acceptance of the position of commander, he 

131 



132 



History of the United States. 



Conijress 



Canada 
little aid to 
Great 
Britain. 



refused pay for his services, thougli reserving the right 
to be paid for his expenses. At the close of the war 
he presented his account neatly kept, and in his own 
handwriting. 

The Congress provided for the expenses of the army by 
issues paper iss^ino^ $2,000,000 in i:)aper money. 

monev. ^ 

At fir^t thought it may seem strange that the colonists 
should attempt to fight against England, one of the 
strongest countries in the world. But England was far 
away, and it took a long time to cross the ocean in the 
slow-sailing vessels. All the troops and most of the sup- 
plies would have to be brought from Europe at great 
expense of time and money. Canada, which refused to 
join the United Colonies, was of little aid to England, 
for she was separated from the other colonies by forests 
hundreds of miles wide, which were for troops almost im- 
passable. 

Besides this, the American armies were made up of 
intelligent men fighting for a principle and for their 
homes. They were, moreover, fighting on the defensive, 
and under such circumstances, fewer men are needed, as 
the invading army not only must attack, but also must hold 
the country it may conquer. The invader also has to look 
out for his supplies, as it is seldom safe to rely upon the 
enemy's country for the support of his troops. 

107. Bunker Hill. (1775.) — Before Washington could 
reach Boston, there had been some hard fighting. Gen- 
eral Gage had planned to fortify Bunker Hill in Charles- 
town, on the Charles River opposite Boston. General 
Artemas Ward, the commander of the Massachusetts 
troops, learned this, and sent a detachment of troops under 
Colonel William Prescott, on the evening of June 16, to 
occupy the hill and throw up intrenchments. Breed's Hill 



Bunker 
Hill, 1775 



The Revolution. 



133 




was chosen instead, and by morning the astonished British 

saw Hnes of earthworks on the hill before them. General 

Gage sent three thousand troops across -,-^ 

the river to dislodge the Americans. 

The I^ritish were twice repulsed, with 

heavy loss ; their third assault was 

successful ; the ammunition of the 

Americans had given out, and they 

were compelled to retreat. The loss 

on each side was very heavy. Among 

the killed on the American side was 

General Joseph Warren, one of the 

ablest men in the country. The battle 

of Bunker Hill confirmed the colonists 

in the course they had taken. 

108. Boston Evacuated ; Canada. 
(i775~i776-) — Washington arrived at 
the headquarters of the army at Cam- 
bridge, and, under a great elm tree which is still standing, 
assumed command, July 3, 1775. His difficulties were 
very great. There was hardly any ammunition ; the men, 
unused to military life, were becoming weary of the hard- 
ships they had to endure ; they did not like the strict dis- 
cipline of the camp ; and they were enlisted only for short 
periods. Washington found the army fully one-third smaller 
than it had been. In spite of these difficulties, he maintained 
the siege of Boston and at the same time drilled his troops. 

Early in March, 1776, thinking it time to make an 
attack, he seized Dorchester Heights, on the south of the 
city, and fortified them before the British could prevent 
him. The British, fearing to attack these int]>5nchments, 
evacuated the city, March 17, 1776. Massachusetts now 
was clear of British troops. 



Battle of 
Bunker 
Hill, June 
17. 1775- 



A Continental Sol- 
dier (North). 

After the picture by A. Chap- 
pel. 



Washington 
takes com- 
mand, 
July 3, 1775. 



Boston 

evacuated, 

1776. 



colonists. 



'[ ^4 HistiMv o\ the United States 

In the hope oi >;clliiii;' the Canadians to join thoni, Ihc 
colonists sent an expedition to oaptuio the Hiitish sti\)n_i; 
holds in Canaila. They were sneeessfnl in taking Mon- 
treal. Init tlie attack npon Onehee was a total failure, and 
Cana.la the Anieiieans were ilrixen i>ut ot (."anaila. The refusal o\ 

loiusos to c'anaila to maki" ctMuiniMi cause with the coloi\ies was 
AiiuMicans. uiaiuK' duc to lluce reasons: first, the luiglish population 
was small ; second, hy the Ouehec Act, the h'rench had 
heen contirnietl in nuinv oi their i>Ul rights ami prixilegc^ 
antl hail no cause tor grievance ; and third, Canaila was 
separated (vom the other colonies by forests almost im- 
penetrahle. except in a tew places where there were natinal 
passagewa\ s. 
ivinj; ;in.i lOQ. The Kliig and the Colonists. (1776.) — INIeanwhile, 

(leorge 111. had reliiseil to hear, or e\en to receixc. the 
petition sent to him by the second Congress, ami had 
issueil a proclainaticui against rebellion ami sedition. Tar- 
lianient supjiorted the king b\' authori/ing him to send 
tmces to .\merica ami to hire troojis ot Hanover. Hruns- 
wick. and 1 lesse-Cassel. Traile with certain o( the colo- 
nies was torbiilden, a prohibition afterward extended to all 
There was mnv presentcil the curious spectacle i>f a Con 
gress tighling against the armies of the king, ami exercis 
ing many of the jnnvers of an independent government, 
ami \et protesting that it had no wish tor imlepemlence. 
1 he acts of the Congress in allowing" the colonies to form 
their own g\nermnents. authorizing British war vessels 
ov transports to be captureil, impelling the iH>rts of the 
colonies to all nations, torbidiling the slave trade, and 
appointing Franklin. Jay. and others to maintain inter- 
ctnn-sc with he " triemls oi the colonies in Great Britain 
and elsewi^e," could lead only to independence or 
complete submission. 



The Revolution. 



'3S 




( 'di.iiniai, 1''i,ai;, J776. 



On the 1st ol j;iiui;ii"y, 177^*, ;i ll;i|; ol ;i new (k;si^n 
was adopted as tlie ensign ol the united colonies, havin^^ 
in addition to the liritish union, 
thirteen alternate stripes of red 
and whili'.' 

no. Origin of the States. — Tn 
OctobcT, 1775, New Hampshire: 
applied to the Continental ("on- 
{^ress to be allowed to set up a, 
j^overiHiient ol its own, and in 
November the; j)cop]e ol that colony wi-re advised to "estab- 
lish such a loiin ol j^oveiMiment as in their ju(l<;inent will 
best i)roniote the Jia|)piness ol the ijeojjle, and most effectu- 
ally secure j)eace and ^ood order in the province." South 
('arolina and Virginia received similar advice. Rhode 
Island, by act of her legislature, relieved her citizens from 
alle<^iance to the kin^. In Vir<;inia and other colonies, 
the royal governors lied. So that, one after another, the 
several colonies, either by advice of ('onj^ress oi" by their 
own action, set up ^M)ve:rnments of their own. It needed 
little change to turn the colonial governnxMits into states, 
little more in fact than to take from the crown the choice 



< Ml(Uii:il 
11;.-, r776, 



Ori}(in of 
tlic staU.'S. 



' 'I'hc Iiiilisli uiiiiiM iif two I rosscs indicated allcj^ianc i- to tin- kinj^. Iimc 
''1> '777. ''li^ union was changed to a l)lii<; (ii-ld with tliiilc<-n slats. 'I liis 
flaf,' was ]irol)aliiy lirst. unfurled Avigust 3, 1777, at, tori Sc liuylrr (now konic), 
New \'oik. 'I'lie lirst balllc in whirh it was used was prohalily the IJattle of History of 
Ikandywinc, Sei)teniher 11, 1777. In 1795, two stars and two stripes were tlie flaj^. 
added for Kentucky and Verin(jnt, but it was seen that the addition <if a 
stripe for each new state would make a very ill-proportioned banner; in iSiS, 
the nuniiier of the stripes was reduced to thirteen, with the provision that a 
new star should i)e added for every new state admitted, 'i'liis is done on the 
4th of July succeeding its admission. Sim c thi- adoption 1 ;his llaj^, marly 
every other nation has either changed its national ensign 1 _ .ule iniiioilant 
alterations in it, so that the American (lag is now one of tin oldest national 
banners. 



i:0 



Historv of the United States. 



Mecklen- 
burg Reso- 
lutions, 
May 31, 



Steps 

toward inde- 
pendence. 



"The colo- 
nies sought 
lo be free." 



of the governor and give ic to the people or to the legisla- 
tures; in Rhode Island and Connecticut no change was 
needed except to cease giving allegiance to the king. 
Such was the origin of the states. 

111. Mecklenburg Resolutions ; Feeling in North Carolina 
and Virginia. 1^1775-1776.) — One of the earliest forma", 
declarations against the action of the king and Parliament 
took place at Charlotte, ^lecklenburg County, North Caro- 
lina. On May 31, 1775, the committee of the county met 
and passed a series of resolutions, the most important of 
which declared that "all civil and military commissions 
granted by the crown " to be exercised in the colonies, are 
suspended ; and that the " Provincial Congress of each 
province, under the direction of the great Continental Con- 
gress, is invested with all the legislative and executive 
powers within their respective provinces." A set of rules 
was drawn up, to be followed until the Congress should 
provide laws, or the legislative body of Great Britain 
"resign its unjust and arbitrary pretensions with respect 
to America." In April, 1776, North Carolina "empow- 
ered her delegates in the Continental Congress to concur 
with the delegates of the other colonies in declaring for 
independency," being " the first in America to vote an 
explicit sanction to independence." In Virginia, a con- 
vention in May instructed the delegates of that colony in 
the Congress "to propose to that respectable body, to 
declare the United Colonies free and independent states." 

112. Declaration of Independence. (1776.) — On Thurs- 
day, June 7, 1776, Richard Henrv Lee. of Virginia, 
introduced a resolution in the Congress reciting " that 
these Uni^d Colonies are and of right ought to be free 
and independent states, that they are absolved from all 
allegiance to the British crown, and that all political con- 



The Revolution. 



137 



desire inde 
pendence. 



1 )eclaiation 
of Inde- 
pendence, 
July 4. 1776 



noction lictwcen thoni and the state of Great Britain is, 
and ought to be, totally dissolved." This was seconded 
bv John Adams. Cither resolutions looking toward foreign 
alliances, and toward a " plan for confederation " for the Colonies 
colonies, were also introduced. After some debate, the 
consideration of the first resolution was postponed for a 
few weeks. This gave time for the delegates to find out 
the views of their constituents, antl ior the people to give 
expression to their wishes. 

Bv the end of June, twelve of the ci>lonies had in one 
wa\' or auiUher given voice to the wish for independence. 
On the 1st of Jul\- the debate was 
begun, ami on the 2d, the resolution 
was carrietl ; on the 4th, the Decla- 
ration of Independence was adopted 
In the Congress. It was a curious 
coincidence that the bell which was 
rung on the 8th of Julv in celebra- 
tion of the measure bore the words, 
" Proclaim liberty throughout all the 
land unto all the inhabitants thereof " 
(Leviticus XXV. 10). The building in 

which the Congress sat received the name of Independence 
llall.i 

To a committee of hve, of which Thomas Jefferson 
and Benjamin Franklin were members, was intrusted the 
dut\- of preparing a statement of grievances, and of the 
resolutions of the Cmigress. The well-known document 
(see Appendix I.\ adopted with but slight alteration, 
was largelv the work of Thomas Jefferson. The ac- 




LiiuK rv Ui.i 1 



^ The building has been restored as nearly as possible to the condition in 
which it was at the passage of the Declaration. The " Liberty Bell," since 
cracked (sect. 241 \ is kept in the building. 



138 History of the United States. 



tion of the Congress and the reading of the Declaration 
were not received with such universal rejoicing as those 
in later times have often thought. The truth was, that 




iNDEl'EMiKNi-K 11 Ml, Tl 1 1 I A P I I T 1 1 1 A, I776. 

Declaration many, perhaps a majority, in the middle colonies did not 
^'^nec. wish for independence. In most of the other colonies the 

people had gone faster than the 
Congress, which simply had re- 
corded the popular desires when 
it issued the Declaration. 

The original copy of the Dec- 
laration was signed by John 
Hancock, the president of the 
Congress, and by Charles Thom- 
son, its secretary. The official 
copy on parchment, preserved 
at Washington, was signed by 
most of the members on the 2d 
of the following August, though 
one of the signers not being 




Ch.-vrles Thomson. 
others signed still later 



The Revolution. i 39 

a member when the vote was taken. While the sign- 
ing was going on, John Hancock is reported to have 
said, "We must be unanimous; there must be no pulHng 
different ways ; we must hang . ^ . ^ ^f „ , 
together." "Yes," said Frank- ^,„...zu«^ ;^rf^ ti^.^ X^ .^ 
lin, who was standing by, "we e.,^ cu^ ir.t^^^.l/iK^-'o.^tQ f..n^,r: 
must all hang together, or else ^^^J^^^^^r^J'^ 
we all shall hang separately." />? ?^^^ >^ 

113. British Plans of Attack. " 
(1776.) — The British had left Reduced copy ok the con- 

i, , ON 1 CLUDING OF THE DECLARA- 

New England (sect. 108), but tion of independence. 

they had no intention of giving it in the writing of Jefferson, with the 
rr-ii ,1 1,^1 • 1 11 first three signatures. 

up. 1 hey thought the middle 

colonies a more promising field for attack. The people British plans 
there were less eager for independence than were the ° ^"^cv. 
people of New England, and much might be hoped from 
the loyalists both in the way of influence and of direct 
aid. By this action, also, the colonies could be divided, 
and as they had no navy, it might be effectual in separat- 
ing the northern and southern colonies. Moreover, the 
Hudson River, for a long distance, was the main route 
to Canada, and was a dividing line between New England 
and the rest of the country. In June an army under 
Gen. Howe came from Halifax, Nova Scotia, and landed 
on Staten Lsland ; the campaign began early in July. 

114. Washington at New York. (1776.) — Washington Washington 
had already occupied the city of New York. He had at New 
about twenty thousand troops, but they were ill prepared °'^^' 

to meet the British regulars ; their arms were poor, and 
many of them knew little of real war or even of military 
drill. General Howe was soon reenforced by the arrival 
of his brother, Lord Howe, admiral of the fleet. Before 
beginning hostilities, the EngHsh issued a proclamation 



140 History of the United States. 

offering pardon to all who would swear allegiance to the 
king. 
British offers The brothers Howe were instructed to make peace, if 
of peace. possible, but it was hard for them to know with whom to 
treat. If they approached Congress, the action involved 
recognition of that body, a thing which the British govern- 
ment on no account wished. They had tried to open 
communication with the American general, and addressed 
him as "George Washington, Esq." or "George Washing- 
ton, etc., etc., etc." But he refused to receive any com- 
munication that did not recognize him as the commander 
of the American armies. As all the terms of the British 
were based on submission, nothing came of these attempt> 
at negotiation. 
New York 115. Ncw Yofk Campaign. (1776.) — Meantime the Brit- 

campaign. jgj-j ^YWiy had been receiving additions, until their force- 
amounted to about thirty thousand men. Washington had 
been fortifying his position as thoroughly as possible. He 
held Long Island, and from the heights of Brooklyn com 
manded the city of New York. The division of the Amer- 
ican army which, under General Putnam, held this important 
post, was attacked by a strong force of British and was 
New York defeated. With great skill Washington brought his troops 
evacuated. ^^.^^ ^^ ^^^^ mainland, but New York had to be evacuated. 
Lord Howe held an informal conference with Franklin, 
Rutledge, and John Adams, but nothing was accomplished. 
The war must go on. 

After the evacuation of New York, Washington held 
the highlands north of the city, thus cutting off commu- 
nication with Canada. In order to be ready to defend 
Philadelphia, he crossed the Hudson, leaving a large gar- 
rison in Fort Washington on the east bank of the river. 
This fort he had the mortification of seeinsr surrendered 



The Revolution. 141 

to the British, though after a brave defence. Cornwallis, 
one of Howe's generals, soon crossed the Hudson to 
attack the Americans, and Washington, who had only Washington 
about three thousand men, was compelled to retreat slowly "retreats, 
before him and even to cross the Delaware River. This 
was late in December. Congress, in the general gloom, 
had given Washington greater powers, and hastily leaving 
Philadelphia, had gone to Baltimore. Everywhere mur- 
murs were heard, the Pennsylvania militia refused to turn 
out, and many persons in New Jersey were placing them- 
selves under the protection of the British. 

116. Trenton; Newport. Lafayette; Steuben. (1776- 
I777-) — After crossing the Delaware, the small force of 
Americans was increased to about six thousand men. The 
British followed Washington, gained possession of all the 
central part of New Jersey, and would have crossed to 
the west bank of the river had not Washington secured 
all the boats for miles above and below Trenton. Wash- Washington 
ington now determined upon a bold stroke. With 2500 seizes 
men, on Christmas night, he crossed the Delaware River, 
though it was full of floating ice, marched nine miles 
through a heavy snowstorm to Trenton, surprised the town, 
captured its garrison of Hessians, and returned into Penn- 
sylvania. Three days later he again occupied Trenton ; 
being threatened by the British, he retreated by night to 
Princeton. The first the British knew of this movement Princeton, 
was the sound of his cannon in the distance. The British '777- 
general, Cornwallis, was forced to follow, to protect his 
stores and to avoid losing communication with New York. 
Washington had succeeded in drawing the enemy from 
Philadelphia. He went into winter quarters at Morris- 
town, where his position was too strong to be attacked. 
Should the British advance toward Philadelphia, it would 



142 History of the United States. 



Activity of 
the British. 



Lafavettc. 



Burgoyne's 
advance. 



be at the risk of a flank movement on the part of Wash- 
ington. The British were not idle, however ; marauding 
expeditions were sent out from New York into the sur- 
rounding country, and much damage was done. They cap- 
tured Newport, Rhode Island, late in 1776, and held the 
town for about three years. 

Much of the misfortune of the Americans in the early 
part of the campaign seems to have been due to two 
causes : first, the interference of Congress with the plans 
of Washington; second, the treachery of General Charles 
Lee, who was next to Washington in rank, and exceedingly 
jealous of him. 

Early in the spring of 1777 the Marquis de Lafayette, 
a young French nobleman, came to America to offer his 
services to Washington. He came in a ship fitted up at 
his own expense, and loaded with military stores for the 
Americans. With him was a German officer, Baron de 
Kalb. Kosciusko and Pulaski, Polish officers, preceded 
him, and later came Baron Steuben, an officer trained 
under Frederick the Great. Steuben was of great service 
in drilling the American troops. 

117. Burgoyne's Surrender. (1777.) — Meanwhile, stir- 
ring events were taking place in the north. The British, 
in carrying out their plans, sent two expeditions from 
Canada ; one under General Burgoyne, to open communi- 
cation with New York City, for the Americans still held 
the Hudson River above Peekskill ; the other under St. 
Leger, to central New York, to reduce that part of the 
country to submission and then to unite with Burgoyne. 
Burgoyne's force consisted of about ten thousand men, 
of whom seven thousand were regular troops, and the 
rest Canadians and Indians. He was successful in tak- 
ing Ticonderoga. He then advanced toward the Hud- 




REFERENCE MAP FOR THE REVOLUTION 
NORTHERN AND MIDDLE STATES. 



The Revolution. 



143 



son with the purpose of joining an army which Howe 
was to send up the Hudson to meet him. He expected 
in this way to get the Americans between two armies, 
and annihilate them. The American forces under Philip 
Schuyler, only about four thousand strong, were forced 
to retreat, but they destroyed all the bridges, cut down 
trees, and obstructed the road. Burgoyne, confident of 
success, sent a detachment into Vermont, in the hope of 
gaining that part of the country for the British. But this 
expedition, as well as that under St. Leger, was a failure. 
The people, instead of joining the British, were indignant 
at the invasion of their country, and while Burgoyne was 
losing numbers every day, the militia came pouring in to 
swell the army of Schuyler. 

The British were far from their base of supplies, and Burgoyne's 
could hear nothing of Howe. To drive back the Ameri- surrender, 

11 r M 1 1 -1 Saratoga, 

cans seemed the most reasible plan; ni the attempt to October 17 
carry it out Burgoyne was checked in two battles near 1777. 
Saratoga. Hemmed in, and with his force decreased to 
about six thousand men, he was compelled to surrender 
October 17, 1777, to General Gates, whom Congress had 
most unfairly put in the place of Schuyler. The credit of 
organizing the opposition to Burgoyne is due to Schuyler. 
Gates did not deserve credit even for the battles ; that 
belonged to Generals Benedict Arnold and Morgan. 

118. Howe's Blunder. (1777.) — The blunder of Howe Howe's 
in not advancing to meet Burgoyne had very serious con- •^'""'l^'' 

r 1 Ti • • 1 Til 1 1 '^"'l ''•s 

sequences tor the British cause. It led to the surrender results, 
of Burgoyne, the recognition of America by France, and 
the French alliance. It was not till eighty years had 
elapsed that the reason for Howe's action was explained. 
General Charles Lee (sect. 116) had been surprised and 
captured by the British while he was sleeping in a tavern 



144 History of the United States. 

in New Jersey. He secretly tendered his services to the 
enemy, and advised Howe to take Philadelphia, " the rebel 
capital, which would destroy the rebel government," and 
also to send an expedition up the Chesapeake Bay to pre- 
vent Virginia and Maryland sending aid. Both Maryland 
and Pennsylvania, he asserted, were in sympathy with the 
British, and only needed encouragement to declare for 
Washing- the king. Lee, not having a very high opinion of Wash- 
ton's skiliul ington's generalship, believed that this could be done with- 

generalship. i i.,-/- i t-. i i i i i i 

out much difticulty. Burgoyne, he thought, would be more 
than a match for Schuyler and Gates. tlowe, whether 
by Lee's advice or not, did not go to meet Burgoyne. 
Washington, however, chose his positions so skilfully that 
Howe dared neither to attack nor to leave him in his rear. 
The skilful generalship of Washington was never more 
clearly shown than at this critical time ; but as no battles 
were fought, there was nothing to encourage the people, 
and to outward appearance, the cause of the struggling 
republic was almost hopeless. 
HowoniDves 119. British Campaign ; Battle of the Brandywlne ; Howe 
!?,"f'V , captures Philadelphia. (1777.) — After two or three weeks 

Philailel- -mi -1 1 1 1 • 

piiia. Howe made another attempt to capture Phuadelphia ; pos- 

sibly influenced by Lee's advice, he embarked an ami) 
and set sail for the Delaware. On arriving at the bay 
of that name, either fearing obstructions in the river, or 
for some unexplained reason, he put to sea again, and 
reaching the Chesapeake, went up that bay as far as 
Elkton, where he disembarked his forces and started for 
Philadelphia. Howe issued proclamations of amnesty, 
but few of the inhabitants joined him. (See map.) 

When Washington learned that Howe had left New 
York, he broke up his encampments, and hurried tc 
Intercept the British army before it could reach Philadei 



The Revolution. 145 

phia. The armies met, September 11, at Chadd's Ford, Battle of the 
on the Brandyvvine Creek, about fifteen miles north of ^randywme, 
Wihiiington. Washington had only about eleven thousand "i,^ 1-7- 
men against Howe's eighteen thousand ; but he saw that 
it was necessary to make an effort to defend Philadelphia. 
He chose his position and placed his forces with great skill, 
but in the battle which followed he was driven back with 
heavy loss. He retreated in such good order that it was 
a fortnight before Howe was able to enter the " rebel cap- 
ital." Lafayette was wounded in the battle of the Brandy- 
wine, where he greatly distinguished himself by his skill 
and bravery. The battle of the Brandywine was of great 
service to the American army, for, though a defeat, it 
proved that the American troops could stand against the 
British and Hessian regulars. 

120. Germantown ; Valley Forge. (1777-1778.) — Wash- Cerman- 
ington, on October 14, made an attack upon the British ''^^'"' 
at Germantown, then a village six miles from Philadelphia. 
Though well planned, the attempt was a failure, partly on 
account of a heavy fog, in which two divisions of the 
Americans fired upon each other and threw the attacking 
party into confusion. Washington could do little more ; Valley 
as it was now late in the year, he went into winter quar- ^^''g^- 
ters on the Schuylkill River at Valley P'orge, a position 
from which he could watch both Philadelphia and New 
York. 

Howe and his army remained in Philadelphia, where Howe in 
they had many sympathizers. But the British army was P'^"^*^^^' 
much demoralized by its stay in the city. Franklin said 
that it was not so much that the British had taken Phila- 
delphia as that Philadelphia had taken the British. 

The condition of the American troops was deplorable. 
Shut in on the south and west by high hills, and lying 



146 History of the United States. 

open to the river in front, Valley Forge was admirably 
fitted for the winter quarters of a small army, but the 
name has become almost a synonym for suffering. The 
soldiers had httle food, clothing, and shelter. Washington 
wrote, December 23, that nearly three thousand men were 
" unfit for duty, because they were barefoot and otherwise 
naked." 

121. The Conway Cabal. (1778.) — It is a disgrace to 
Congress that this suffering was occasioned, not by lack 
of means, but because of gross mismanagement of the 
commissary department, due to the interference of Con- 
gress. In fact, at this time and later, the Continental 
Congress was far from being that wise, self-sacrificing, and 
patriotic body which it has so often been assumed that it 
was. PoHtical and personal reasons influenced it greatly ; 
Washington's correspondence shows how often he was 
hampered, and his well-laid plans brought to naught by 
Congressional action. 

Members of Congress, ignorant of military affairs and of 
the practical difficulties in the way, censured Washington 
for not doing that which Congress itself kept him from 
doing through lack of supplies that it could have furnished 
readily. Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia, in an anony- 
mous letter to Patrick Henry, said: "The northern army 
has shown us what Americans are capable of doing with a 
general [Gates] at their head. The spirit of the southern 
army is in no way inferior to the spirit of the northern. A 
Gates, a Lee, or a Conway would in a few weeks render 
them an irresistible body of men." 

General Gates was a scheming, ambitious man. He had 
succeeded in supplanting Schuyler ; he now tried to sup- 
Gates put piai-ji- Washington. All through the winter of 1 777-1 7/8 
intrigues were set on foot to put Gates in the place of 



forward. 



The Revolutiono 147 

Washington. Members of Congress, as well as officers in 
the army, took part in these schemes. A prominent actor 
in one of these plots was an officer named Conway, an Conway 
Irish volunteer, and it is called from him the " Conway Cabal. 
Cabal." As soon as the matter became known, public 
indignation was so strong that the effort failed ignomini- 
ously, and most of those who were concerned did their 
best to conceal their connection with it. Washington re- 
tained the confidence of the people, who, in John Adams's 
language, idolized him. 

122. France supports America ; British Overtures. The second 
(1778.) — The second stage of the Revolutionary War stage of the 
was now reached. Up to this time the conflict had been 
between Great Britain and her rebellious subjects ; other 
nations were now drawn in ; and, as in the French and 
Indian War, the struggle became part of an international 
contest. If the surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga 
cheered the hearts of the desponding Americans, it 
brought dismay to the British government. 

The battle of Saratoga has always been considered one Importance 
of the decisive battles of the world, because it proved °^ '^^ '^^^'^^ 

11 • • r 1 T- 1 1 1 of Saratoga. 

to be the turnmg pomt ot the war. France had long 
wished for an opportunity to revenge herself for the loss 
of her American possessions ; she had been secretly aid- 
ing the Americans, and on the news of the surrender of 
Burgoyne, she listened to the advances of Benjamin Frank- 
lin, whom the Congress had appointed minister to France. 
Early in 1778 she signed a treaty of alliance with the France joins 
United States acknowledging their independence, and ^'"""^^' 
agreed to send to America a fleet and an army of four 
thousand men. As soon as the British government heard 
this, war was declared against France. Overtures were British 
again made to the Americans. Everything that the colo- overtures. 



148 



History of the United States. 




.^ 



BEN"J A M IN F K A N KLIN. 
After the portrait by Duplessis, 1783. 

Benjamin Frankun was born in Boston, 
Mass., January 17, 1706. When he was ten 
years old he was taken from school and for a 
time was put to work in his father's soap and 
candle shop. He learned to print in his 
brother's printing office. The lad was a great 
reader and gained much information. When 
he was seventeen he ran away to New York. 
He went from New York to Philadelphia, 
where he found employment in a printing office. 
He was industrious, and in time became very 
successful in his business. 

He published the best newspaper in Amer- 
ica and established Poor Richard's Almanac, 
famous for its » ise and witty sayings. He was 
postmaster for the English colonies. He 
founded the first public library in America, 
and the first scientific society. By means of a 
kite he proved that lightning is electricity. 

He acted in London as agent for several of 
the colonies, and was largely instrumental in 
the repeat of the Stamp .\ct. He was in Eng- 
land when the Revolution broke out, but re- 
turned to .America. He was chosen a member 
of the Congress, was on the committee which 
drafted the Declaration of Independence, and 
signed it. He went to France as represen- 
tative of the United States and secured the 
French alliance. He was one of the commis- 
sioners who negotiated the treaty of peace with 
Great Britain. He was a member of the Con- 
vention which framed the Constitution. He 
was three times president of Pennsylvania. He 
died in 1790, aged eighty-four. 



nists had asked a few years 
before — freedom from tax- 
ation, representation in Par- 
liament — was offered, but 
it was too late. Spain joined 
France, and in about a year 
Holland acknowledged the 
independence of the United 
States. 

123. Effect of the French 
Alliance. (1778.) — In Amer- 
ica the immediate effect of 
the French alliance was 
to inspire the people with 
new courage, and make 
them refuse any overtures 
for peace that did not 
clearly acknowledge the in- 
dependence of the states. 
It also led to the evacu- 
ation of Philadelphia by 
the British ; for, fearing 
that the French fleet 
would seize New York, 
the British government 
ordered their army back 
to that 'city, which was 
of more value to them than 
Philadelphia. The French 
alliance, moreover, divided 
the attention of England, 
and kept her from increas- 
ing her army in the colo- 



The Revolution. 149 

nies. It also greatly helped the financial credit of the 
Americans. 

124. British Failure in the Middle Colonies. (1778.) British fail 
— After the evacuation of Philadelphia, Washington f«ell ^''e i" the 
upon the retreating British at Monmouth, in New Jersey, colonies 
Had it not been for the insubordination of General Charles 1878. 
Lee, who had been exchanged and restored to his position 

in the army, the Americans would have gained a decisive 
victory. During the following night the British retreated 
and soon reached New York. Washington took up his 
old position north of the city, his line extending along the 
highlands as far as Morristown, New Jersey. The British 
had gained nothing, but had aroused much ill-will to their 
cause — their troops ravaging the land and treating the 
people brutally. Many Tories were turned into Whigs, for 
little difference had been made between friend and foe. 
The British campaign in the middle colonies had failed. 

125. French Aid; Massacre of Wyoming; the Indians. French 

( 1 778-1 779.) — According to agreement, the French sent ^s^'^'^^"'^'^' 
to America a fleet and a land force of four thousand men. 
The expedition came first to New York, but finding that 
some of the vessels drew too much water to cross the bar at 
the entrance of the harbor, it was decided to attack New- 
port, Rhode Island, which was still held by the British (sect. 
116). Owing to storms and bad management, the attempt 
was a failure, and the French admiral sailed with his fleet 
to the West Indies. 

In the course of the years 1 778-1 779 there were a number 
of plundering expeditions and many experiences of the hor- 
rors of a border warfare. In July, 1778, a force of British 
and Indians, under the leadership of a Tory named Butler, 
and Brant, a Mohawk chief, came from Fort Niagara, and 
attacked a Connecticut settlement in Wyoming Valley, 



150 History of the United States. 

Pennsylvania, butchered the settlers and laid waste the 
whole region. The same year another of the Butler family 
and Brant destroyed the village of Cherry Valley, in New 
Ytrk, and put the inhabitants to death. There were other 
attacks and massacres only less horrible because fewer 
persons suffered. 

126. American Retaliation. (1779.) — ^ War demands re- 
taliation, and so in the spring of the following year Wash- 
ington sent a force of men under General Sullivan against 
the Indians. The object of this expedition was, in Wash- 
ington's own words, "to carry war into the heart of the 
country of the Six Nations, to cut off their settlements, 
destroy their next year's crops, and do every other mis- 
chief which time and circumstances will permit." The 
country was not to be " merely run over, but destroyed." 
In October, 1779, Washington wrote: "General Sullivan 
has completed the entire destruction of the country of the 
Six Nations, and driven all the inhabitants — men, women, 
and children — out of it." 

The Indian ravages, however, continued to a greater or 
less degree until 1783. In the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence the king of Great Britain was accused of bringing 
" on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian 
savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistin- 
guished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions." It 
was a complaint that ill became the American Congress ; 
before April, 1775, Indians had been enlisted as minute- 
men in Massachusetts, and on the 25th of May, 1776, 
Congress had resolved " that it is highly expedient to 
engage the Indians in the service of the United Colonies." 
On the 17th of June General Washington was authorized 
to employ Indians wherever they would be most useful, 
and also to " offer them a reward of one hundred dollars 



The Revolution. 



151 



for every commissioned officer, and thirty dollars for every 
private soldier of the king's troops, that they shall take 
prisoners in the Indian country, or on the frontiers of 
those colonies." The necessities of war no doubt seemed 
to demand that the aid of the Indians should be sought 
by each party, but justice must lay the responsibility on 
both, and upon the American Congress a charge of incon- 
sistency as well. 

127. The Navy ; John Paul Jones. (1775-1779.) — The 
Americans had few ships of war but many privateers.^ 
Congress began to commission 
these jjrivateers soon after the 
breaking out of the war. The 
seaboard states also commissioned 
a large number. The most suc- 
cessful commander of any of these 
cruisers was John Paul Jones, who, 
however, was a regularly commis- 
sioned officer in the United States 
navy. He took many British ships ; 
and even attacked vessels of the 
royal navy with success. In a 
terrible conflict off Scarborough, 
on the east coast of England 
( 1779), Jones's ship, Le Bonhomme 
Richard (named after the "Poor Richard" of Franklin's 
Almanac), engaged the British ship Scrapis. The two 
vessels came so near that Jones lashed them together. 
After a desperate hand-to-hand fight, the Scrapis sur- 
rendered, but not before Jones had lost 300 of his 375 




American 
navy. 



Admiral |ohm Paul Jones. 

After the etching by A. Varen. 



John Paul 
Jones. 



^ A privateer is a private vessel authorized to cruise at sea and capture 
an enemy's ships and merchandise. Ahiiost all civilized nations have now 
given up this practice. 



152 History of the United States. 



men. His vessel was so injured that she began to sink. 

and he transferred everything to his prize. Perhaps as 

many as 500 privateers were 
commissioned by the individ- 
ual states. These vessels and 
those commissioned by Con- 
gress were distinct from the 
regular navy. The damage 
done to British commerce may 
be imagined from the fact that 
during the year 1780 one court 
in Massachusetts condemned 
eight hundred and eighteen 
prizes. It has been estimated 
that over 70,000 men were 
engaged in this naval warfare 
on the American side. The 
largest number of land forces 
at any one time in service was 
about forty-seven thousand, 
while the averaije number of 




Daniel Boone. 

After the portrait by C Harding 



Dan'iel Boone was born in Pennsyl- 
vania, 1734. When Daniel was still a boy 
his parents moved to Vadkin Valley. North 
Carolina. Here Boone grew up to be a 
thorough backwoodsman. In May, 1767, 
with five companions, Boone went " in 
quest of the countrj- of Kentucky." They 
were attacked bv the Indians. Boone and ., .... 

one comp.an,on 'escaped. In 1775 Boone those nominally lU SCrVlCC WaS 
led a band of emigrants to Kentucky, and Q^^\y aboUt thirtV-tWO thoUSand. 
the settlement began in earnest. The set- 
tlers were often attacked by Indians and 
had many hairbreadth escapes. Boone 
himself was once captured, but after some 
time managed to escape. When Kentucky 
became too thickly settled for his liking, 



128. Western Settlements ; 
Daniel Boone; George Rogers 
Clark. (1775-1779.) — By the 

he removed to Missouri that he might have treat V of I 76^ England gaiucd 
more "elbow room." He died in his 

eighty-si.xth year. He was the best type thc VaSt territory betWCCn thc 

of a frontiersman. « 1, t . j iU tit* • 

Alleghanies and the Missis- 
sippi River (map, p. lOo). No attempt was made to 
colonize it, but the French plan of keeping the land for 
the hunter and trapper was followed. The old French 
posts of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and some others were occu- 



The Revolution. 



153 



pied, but little else was done. Before the Revolutionary 
War, explorers had begun to cross the mountains from 
Virginia and North Carolina. Among these was Daniel Daniel 
Boone, who as early as 1767 left North Carolina in quest Boone. 
oi "the county of Kentucke." In March, 1775, he started 
with a company of thirty men to prepare for a settlement 
in the beautiful country he had explored. These pioneers 
cut with their axes a path through the woods for two hun- 
dred miles. The route went through the Cumberland Gap, 




Boone's Tkaii,. 

icross rivers and streams which had to be forded, and into 
the wilderness where no white man had dwelt. It was 
known as Boone's Trail or the Wilderness Road, and over Boone's 
it, in later years, thousands went to seek new homes in Trail, 
the West. In spite of Indian attacks, Boonesboro was 
tfoundcd. Almost every settlement in this southwest coun- 
try was the result of individual effort. Daniel Boone in 
iKentucky, and John Sevier and James Robertson in Ten- 
nessee, were leaders in this great movement. 
1 Hamilton, the British governor of the northwest region, 



154 History of the United States. 

had been ordered to enlist the Indians on the side of the 
British, and, by means of presents and rewards, was very 
successful in doing so. Many terrible Indian attacks fol- 
low.ed ; the settlers along the Pennsylvania and Virginia 
George frontier and in Kentucky were in despair. George Rogers 

Rogers Clark, a young Virginian in Kentucky, believed that if 

Clark in ^ i -n • • i • i m- • 

jlli^Qjg ^^r—~~^ the British posts in the Illinois 

1778. ^ ' ^ country were captured, the 

danger from the Indians would 
be averted, and the vast west- 
ern country secured. Kentucky 
was at that time part of Vir- 
ginia. Clark went to Williams- 
burg, the capital, to seek the 
aid and authority of Patrick 
Henry, then governor, to carry 
out his plan. The plan was 
approved, he was given some 

funds, and was commissioned 
George Rogers Clark. . , , , , . 

a colonel, with authority to 

raise troops. With what force he was able to get to- 
gether, he took Kaskaskia, Vincennes, and other places 
(map, p. 6S). Vincennes was retaken by the British, 
but he recaptured it, overcoming difficulties which most 
men would have thought insurmountable. He and his 
men had marched across a flooded country in bitterly cold 
weather, often up to their necks in water, and had endured 
hardships innumerable. Through the skill and persever- 
ance of Clark, the United States gained the whole Illinois 
region, which, but for him, might have been lost. 

129. Continental Money. (1775-1779.) — One of the 
greatest difficulties before the Continental Congress, was 
that of raising the money necessary for carrying on the 




The Revolution. 



^SS 



war. It has been seen that paper currency was issued Continental 
for this purpose in 1775 (sect. 106). It is quite likely "^'^"^y- 
that had the Continental Congress attempted at that time 
to tax the several colonies for the support of the war, the 
attempt would have been successful ; but the trial was 
not made. The plan, already familiar to the colonists, 




^ONt SIXTH u 
DOLLAR 

According 

to a Rejolu- 

fio/itjCoti- 
UAoHr.ss,.paf- 
^[fcrl at Vh\- 
SfliKlclj)!!!;!, 
)yFi('ruary 17, 1776. B 



^One Sixth of a Dollar.^ 




^Printed by Hall & Selhn,\ 
^ in Philadelphia. 1776. § 



Face. Back. 

Rp:duced F.\csimile of Continental Currency. 



was followed, of issuing paper money — promises to pay Paper 
coin on demand or after a certain date. A promise to ""^^^y- 
pay is only valuable in proportion to the ability to pay ; 
unless the Americans gained their independence, they 
would not be able to pay. Accordingly, the more dis- 
couraging the prospect, the less willing the people were 
to take the paper bills, refusing them, except at a heavy 
discount. Again, the larger the amount, the less likely 
the ability to pay. Before July 4, 1776, twenty millions 
of dollars had been issued. It was useless to issue more, 



■ 56 



History of the United States. 



Paper 
money 
Ijecomes 
worthless. 



Foreign 
loans. 



for the people would not take any more ; Washington said 
that " a wagon-load of bills would not buy a wagon-load of 
provisions." In December, 1779, the nominal coin value 
of a continental paper dollar was only two cents, and in 
a few weeks the paper money was worthless. Besides the 
paper money of Congress, much had been issued by the 
individual colonies : the country was flooded with this 
wretched substitute for coin, and forged bills were com- 
mon. 

130. Foreign Loans. (i 775-1 781.) — Soon after the 
beginning of hostilities. Congress had tried to borrow 

money in Eu- 
rope, particularly 
from France and 
Holland; but the 
bankers of Eu- 
rope were slow 
to lend to rebel- 
lious subjects of 
a powerful king ; 
funds could be had only at high rates of interest, and could 
not have been secured at all without the personal aid of such 
men as Franklin and John Adams. Much of the aid re- 
ceived from France was given with the purpose of injuring 
her ancient enemy England, rather than that of helping 
America. One great difficulty in negotiating loans was that 
Congress had no power of imposing taxes ; it could only 
recommend to the states to raise money. Thus the money- 
lender would ask, " How are you going to pay the interest .'' " 
The only answer possible was, "We hope the states will 
raise the amount needed." This was poor security in- 
deed ; but partly through belief in the promises, partly 
through French hatred of England, and a desire to see 




The Franklin Penny. 



The Revolution. 



'57 




•r,si^z^^\ 



her humbled, Congress managed to borrow about ^ii,- 
000,000 in Europe during the war. The French alliance, 
after the surrender of Burgoyne, was of the greatest help 
to the United States ; in- 
deed, had it not been for this, 
the credit of Congress would 
have been quite lost. 

131. Robert Morris. (1781.) 
— There was also a large 
home debt ; for, like men in 
desperate straits. Congress 
borrowed money wherever it 
could. In 1 78 1, when the 
outlook was most gloomy. 
Congress appointed Robert 
Morris of Philadelphia, Su- 
perintendent of Finance. He 
agreed to take the office only 
on condition that Congress 
should return to specie pay- 
ment and give up the attempt 
to make the people take paper 
money. This was done. To 
aid the government, the Bank 
of North America was char- 
tered at Philadelphia by Con- 
gress.^ Just after the battle 
of Trenton, "Washington wrote to Robert Morris that he 
must have $50,000 in gold and silver, or a large number 
of men whose term of enlistment was out would leave the 
army ; they would not take the worthless paper bills. 

1 This hank is still in existence, and with the exception of one in Boston 
is the oldest bank in the United States. 



Robert Morris. 

Robert Morris, the statesman and finan- 
cier, was born in England, 1734, and came 
to America when about fifteen. Reentered 
mercantile life, and was very successful. 
He ardently supported the American cause, 
and signed the Declaration of Independence. 
His skill as a financier, and his patriotic 
use of his private fortune, more than once 
saved the country from bankruptcy. From 
1781 to 1784 he had complete control of the 
finances of the country. The value of his 
services is incalculable. He was a member 
of the Constitutional Convention, and a 
United States .Senator. Late in life, unfor- 
tunate land speculations involved him in 
financial ruin, and he died, 1806, in a 
debtor's prison. 



Robert 
Morris, the 
financier 
of the Revo- 
lution. 



■58 



History of the United States. 



The patriot- 
ism of 
Robert 
Morris. 



American 
troops not 
paid. 



Benedict 
Arnold. 



Morris knew that matters were in a desperate case ; for if 
the men left the army the American cause would probably 
be lost, so, early in the morning, before it was light, he went 
about among his friends, rousing them from their beds, 
and begging them to give him money. He succeeded in 
raising the sum needed, sent the money to Washington, and 
saved the army. This is but one instance of Morris's per- 
severance and success. Had it not been for his services 
in raising funds it is hard to see how the Revolution could 
have succeeded. 

Early in 1781 the Pennsylvania militia revolted and 
refused to serve longer in the army, because they re- 
ceived neither pay nor supplies. They started to march 
to Philadelphia to compel Congress to do them justice. 
Congress sent commissioners to meet them. The commis- 
sioners promised to satisfy the troops, who thereupon 
agreed not to disband. This instance was but one among 
many. In November, 1780, the army had been ten months 
without pay, and supplies were poor and insufficient. All 
through this period the patience of Washington was mar- 
vellous. 

132. Benedict Arnold; Dark Days. (1778-1780.) — 
After the battle of Monmouth (sect. 124) both the British 
and the American armies had remained comparatively 
quiet, only a few skirmishes taking place. Below West 
Point there was a fortress called Stonv Point ; the British 
had taken it. In 1779 Wayne — "Mad Anthony," as he 
was called from his daring — stormed and retook it at the 
point of the bayonet. A large number of prisoners were 
taken and a great quantity of military stores, but as the 
Americans were not able to hold the place, it was de- 
stroyed. 

In 1780 the Americans barely escaped a great disaster. 



The Revolution. 159 

General Benedict Arnold, who had shown himself one of Benedict 
the bravest of the American commanders, was wounded in ^ """Of- 
the leg in a battle near Saratoga, and unfitted for service 
in the field. Washington, who had a high opinion of 
Arnold's military ability, appointed him to the command 
of Philadelphia after its evacuation by the British. Despite 
his ability, Arnold seems to have been unfortunate in 
getting into quarrels and making enemies. Congress pro- 
moted junior men over him and caused his ill-will. While 
in Philadelphia he lived extravagantly, associated with the 
Tory element, and married a Tory's daughter. He was 
accused by the state government of dishonesty and of 
many indiscretions. He was finally acquitted of the seri- 
ous charges, but was sentenced to be reprimanded for 
the others by Washington. That Washington thought At West 
Arnold hardly treated is shown by the fact that, after ^°'"'" 
Arnold's resignation of his command at Philadelphia, he 
was appointed to the command of West Point. 

133. Arnold's Treason. (1780.) — The year 1780 was Arnold's 
one of the darkest periods of the war, and perhaps Arnold *'^'^^^°"' 
thought the struggle was hopeless. There seems to be 
little doubt that he applied for the command at West 
Point with the intention of betraying the fortress to the 
British. In order to complete the plans for giving up that 
post, the British general sent Major John Andre to treat Andre, 
with Arnold. Andre visited Arnold in September, 1780, 
and the plans were completed. Through a series of mis- 
haps Andre was captured by three New York militiamen 
and the treasonable plan discovered. Arnold heard of the 
failure in time to escape ; but Andre was tried by a court- 
martial, found guilty of being a spy, and was hanged. No 
incident in the war has occasioned more comment than this ; 
the opinion expressed by a recent British historian proba- 



i6o History of the United States. 



Southern 

campaign, 

177S-1780, 



bly gives the commonly received judgment of the present 
day : " The justice of his sentence can hardly be denied." ^ 
134. Southern Campaign, (i 778-1 780.) — The failures 
of the British in the middle colonies and New England 
made them turn to the South. There was much to en- 
courage them there. Florida was theirs ; Georgia was 
thinly settled and could not make much resistance ; the 
negroes were numerous and likely to be a hindrance to 
their owners in case of active hostilities. The South had 
suffered little from the war since an attack on Charleston 
in 1776. From her territory the continental armies had 
drawn many supplies ; moreover, it was believed that the 
inhabitants were very lukewarm toward the American 
cause, as there was without" question a large number of 
Tories among them. 

Late in 1778 the British sent from New York an expe- 
dition against Savannah, and soon captured it. In the 
spring of 1780 they succeeded in shutting up General Lin- 
coln, the American commander, in Charleston, and he was 
taken by the forced to Surrender. Sir Henry Clinton, the British com- 

British. . ^ 

mander-in-chief, himself took part in the attack. Leavmg 
Cornwallis in charge of the southern forces, Clinton re- 
turned to New York. The British now had complete con- 
trol of Georgia, and restored the royal government. The 
country, however, was almost in a state of anarchy. 
Whigs and Tories fought among themselves, and maraud- 
ing expeditions from both sides went up and down the 
country pillaging, destroying, and fighting. There were 
successes and defeats for each side. 



Charleston 



^ Arnold received the reward for what he intended to do, the commission 
of a general in the British army and ;^63I5 sterling. He fought against his 
country in Connecticut and in Virginia; went to England and then to New 
Brunswick ; he was always regarded with contempt. 







REFERENCE MAP FOR THE REVOLUTION 
SOUTHERN STATES 



The Revolution. 



i6i 



135. Gates's Failure; Greene. (1780-1781.) — Con- 
gress appointed Gates, who had gained undeserved repu- 
tation as the conqueror of Saratoga, to command the 
southern armies. He met the liritish at Camden, South 
Carolina. Here, though he had fully twice as many men 
as Cornwallis, he was badly defeated. He joined the 
fugitives and hardly paused in his rapid flight until some 
seventy miles distant from the field of battle.-^ 

South Carolina was now under British control ; there 
was no organized army to oppose it in either of the Caro- 
linas. Greene, by the advice 
of Washington, was sent to 
supersede Gates. General 
Nathanael Greene was a 
Rhode Island blacksmith of 
Quaker birth. He entered 
the army early in the con- 
flict, rose by reason of his 
natural abilities, and became 
the ablest of the Revolu- 
tionary officers except Wash- 
ington. 

The change of commanders 
was soon felt in the conduct 
of the campaign. Greene set to work to reorganize the 
American army. Shortly after the defeat at Camden 
the Americans had been successful in surprising and cap- 
turing a British force at King's Mountain ; at Cowpens 
another force under Tarleton was completely beaten. 
Greene v/as too weak to attack Cornwallis, and retreated. 

1 It must be said for Gates that a large part of liis forces were untrained 
militia, who fled at the first shot of the enemy. l!ut his precipitate flight 
seems to have been without excuse. 



(jates's fail- 
ure in the 
South. 




Nathanael Greene. 



Greene sent 
to take 
command. 



1 62 History of the United States. 



Greene's 
success. 

Cornwallis 
retires to 
Wilmington. 



Cornwallis 
goes to 
Virginia. 



Lafayette in 
Virginia. 



Cornwallis followed, as Greene had hoped. At Guilford 
Court House, near Greensboro', North Carolina, the armies 
met. After a sharp conflict, Greene retreated, leaving 
Cornwallis in possession of the field ; but the British loss 
was so heavy that Cornwallis could not pursue the Amer- 
icans, who had withdrawn in good order. 

Though nominally defeated, Greene had succeeded in 
his main purpose. He had drawn the British far from 
their base of supplies. Cornwallis marched to Wilmington, 
North Carolina; he must recruit and open communications 
with the British fleet. It was the despatch of Cornwallis 
to the British Colonial Secretary announcing this victory 
that made Charles James Fox e.xclaim, "Another such 
victory would destroy the British army ! " 

Greene meanwhile marched rapidly to South Carolina, 
and though he was defeated several times, his movements 
were so skilful, and the enemy's losses were so severe, that 
by September, 1781, the British held only Charleston and 
Savannah. 

136. Cornwallis marches to Virginia. (1781.) — Corn- 
wallis, thinking that the British troops in South Carolina 
would be able to hold Greene in check, determined to 
march into Virginia and unite his forces with those sent 
from New York to annoy that colony and keep it from aid- 
ing the Carolinas. One of these bodies of troops was 
under Benedict Arnold, who captured Richmond and 
ravaged the country.^ 

Lafayette had already been sent by Washington to 
watch affairs in Virginia, and had been very successful. 
Cornwallis, who had spent much time marching and coun- 
termarching in order to prevent Lafayette from being re- 

1 Clinton had so little confidence in .Vrnold that he gave his two subordi- 
nate officers commissions under which they could act in case Arnold should 
prove to be a traitor to his employers. 



The Revolution, 



1^3 



at York- 
town, 1 78 1. 



enforced, now received orders to seize some post where Cornwallis 
there would be easy communication with the sea, and to 
fortify it : Cornwallis accord- 
ingly took Yorktown and 
proceeded to carry out his 
instructions. 

137. Yorktown. (1781.) — 
Hitherto, though the moral 
influence of the French alli- 
ance had been of the great- 
est advantage to the United 
States, the French army had 
done little or nothing. In 
1 780 Count Rochambeau 
reached Newport, Rhode 
Island, with six thousand 
men, who not long after 
were marched to the Hud- 
son to join Washington in 
a projected attack on New 
York. Clinton, the British 




Marquis de Lafayette. 

(From a Portrait about 1825 ) 



Marquis de Lafayette was born in 
France, 1757. His father was killed in battle, 
and left his son, only two years old, a large 
fortune. When Lafayette was nineteen he 
volunteered to assist the Americans. He 
came to America in his own vessel, 1777, and 
ofTered his services to Washington. He was 
api)ointed a major-general, and became one 
of Washington's staff and a member of his 
commander, was alarmed, family. He was wounded at the battle of 

Brandywine, and was at INIonmouth and other 
battles. He did excellent service at Yorktown. 
It was largely through his influence that French 
troops came to America. He was very popu- 
lar in France, and was a statesman as well as 
a soldier. He revisited America in 1784, and 
again in 1824 (sects. 212, 213). He died in 
1834. 



for he had learned that a 
strong French fleet was 
about to sail for America. 
This fleet had orders to 
cooperate for a time with 
the American forces and then to go to the West Indies. 

Learning in August that the destination of the F'rench Washington 
fleet, which had on board a small body of French troops, "I'^^'-'s his 

. army to 

was Chesapeake Kay, Washington resolved to change the Virginia, 
seat of war to Virginia, and with the assistance of the 
fleet cut off Cornwallis. His plans were carried out with 



164 History of the United States. 



Vorktown 
Campaign. 



French fleet 
in Chesa- 
peake Bay. 



Surrender of 
Cornwallis, 
October 19, 
1781. 



the greatest secrecy. By starting from Peekskill, a few 
miles south of West Point, he would give the impression 
that he was aiming to reach Staten Island, and begin the 
attack on New York, which Clinton was expecting. The 
]3ritish were completely deceived ; Washington had nearly 
reached Philadelphia before Clinton recognized the danger. 
By the energy of Franklin and Laurens, who repre- 
sented the United States in France, new loans had been 
negotiated, which opportunely provided the money needed 
for the campaign. The American and French troops 
marched to the head of Chesapeake Bay, were embarked 
on transports at Elkton and at Baltimore, and brought to 
the York peninsula in Virginia. 

The F'rench fleet reached the Chesapeake as had been 

planned, and landed the reenforcements for Lafayette. 

Being attacked by a division of the English fleet, the 

French ships repulsed them, and so 

Illumination. were able to cooperate with the land 

forces in blockading Cornwallis. 

138. Cornwallis surrenders October 
19, 1781. — After a siege of three 
weeks, during which Cornwallis made 
a number of desperate efforts to es- 
cape, he surrendered on the 19th of 
October, 1781, with all his forces, 
numbering about eight thousand 
men. The allied French and Amer- 
ican armies numbered about sixteen 
thousand. 

The terms of surrender which had 
been imposed upon I^incoln at Charles- 
ton (sect. 134). including the laying down of arms, were 
required. As Cornwallis did not appear, pleading illness, 



COLONEL TiLCHMAN, Aid 
de Camp to his Excellency 
General Washington, haying 
brought official acounts of the 
SURRENDER of Lord Corn- 
wallis, and the Garrifons of 
York and Gloucefter.thofe Citi- 
zens who chufe to ILLUMI- 
NATE on the Glorious pc- 
CASION. win do it this evening 
at Six, and cxtinguifh their 
lights at Nine o'clock. 

Decorum and harmony are 
earneftly recommended to eve- 
ry Citizen, and a general dif- 
countenance to the leaft ap- 
pearance of riot. 

Otlattr 24, 1781. 

Reduced Facsimile of a 
Philadelphia Broad- 
side. 



The Revolution. 



■65 




ii 'I 






Washington's HKAOouAinKKS at N'kwbukc; 



General Lincoln, who had been exchanged, was appointed 
to receive the British general's sword from the subordinate 
who represented him. 

A fleet with reenforcements for Cornwallis sailed from 
New York on the day of the surrender, but returned as 
soon as the news 
was heard. In 
Philadelj)hia the 
tidings were re- 
ceived at mid- 
night, and the 
citizens were 
thrilled by the 
watchman's cry, 
" Past twelve o'clock, and Cornwallis is taken ! " All felt 
that this victory was the virtual end of the war. Wash- 
ington returned with his army to his old quarters on the 
Hudson at Newburg, and hostilities almost ceased while 
men waited news from abroad. 

139. The News in England; Peace. (1783.) 
North is said to have received the news " as he would have 
taken a bullet through his breast," exclaiming, " O God, it 
is all over!" The king and his ministers tried to take 
measures to continue the war, but the opposition in 
Parliament and among the people was too strong. Fox, 
Burke, and the younger Pitt in the House of Commons, 
and Shelburne in the House of Lords, attacked the 
government violently, and large public meetings were held 
in London and elsewhere, demanding that the war should 
cease. 

At length, on March 20, 1782, the Ministry resigned, and 
George HL was forced to appoint one favorable to making 
peace. It was not, however, until December that the king 



Lord Effect in 

England of 
Cornwall is's 



surrender. 



1 66 History of the United States. 



Great 
Britain ac- 
knowledges 
indepen- 
dence of 
America. 



Peace 
proclaimed 
April 19, 
1783. 



publicly announced to Parliament his consent to the ac- 
knowledgment of the independence of the colonies. 

It was nearly two years before the terms of peace could 
be agreed upon, so difficult were the questions to be settledj 
and so loath were the English to yield the various points. 

Meantime the American army, unpaid, was dwindling 
away from month to month. A conspiracy was started to 
make Washington king ; this he soon stopped, spurning 
the suggestion with sternness and sorrow. Another plan 
was to refuse to disband until Congress or the states should 
pay arrears due. This, which seems to have been en- 
couraged by Gates, was also given up through Washing- 
ton's influence. 

At length, on the 19th of April, 1783, the anniversary of 
the battle of Lexington, which was generally considered to 
be the beginning of the Revolution, peace was formally 
proclaimed. Most of the soldiers were given leave of 
absence, and the army was practically disbanded, though 
some of the troops were retained at Newburg until the 
evacuation of New York by the British, November 25, 

1783- 

Rebellion had resulted in revolution and revolution in 
independence. The result, expected by few at the out- 
set, and undesired by many, was brought about by the 
skill and perseverance of those who were at the beginning, 
and perhaps, during a good part of the struggle, a minority. 



SUMMARY. 



Washington was appointed by Congress coinmander-in-chief, 1775. 
Bunker Hill was the first real battle of the Revolution. Washington 
disciplined the army and continued the siege of Boston, which was 
evacuated by the British in less than a year. 



The Revolution. 167 

The King refused to hear any petitions from the Americans. The 
desire for independence grew among the colonists, and July 4, 1776, 
Congress issued the Declaration of Independence. Washington took 
his army to New York, but was forced to retreat before the British. 
Later he was compelled to retire to Pennsylvania ; but by a brilliant 
movement he seized Trenton, and soon compelled the British to retire 
toward New York. Burgoyne, coming with a British force from 
Canada, surrendered at Saratoga. This was the real turning-point 
of the war, as it led to the French alliance. 

The British moved on Philadelphia by way of Chesapeake Bay, de- 
feated Washington at Brandywine and Germantown, and occupied 
Philadelphia. The American army suffered greatly in tlie winter of 
1777-1778 at Valley Forge. 

The Americans had hardly any navy. John Paul Jones was the 
most noted officer. There were, however, many privateers, which 
inflicted great damage on British commerce. 

During the struggle for independence Kentucky was settled by 
Daniel Boone. George Rogers Clark secured the Illinois region for 
the United States. 

Raising funds to carry on the war was very difficult. Large quanti- 
ties of paper money were issued botli by Congress and the states until 
the people would no longer take it, and it became worthless. Congress 
borrowed money in Europe, especially from France. Robert Morris 
was the great financier of the Revolution, and rendered great services to 
the cause. 

The treason of Benedict Arnold was a sad incident of the war. In 
the southern campaign the British were successful until General Greene 
assumed command of the American forces. By a rapid movement, 
aided by the French fleet, Washington shut up Cornwallis in Yorktown, 
and compelled his surrender, October 19, 1781. This was the virtual 
end of the Revolution. The definitive Treaty of Peace and Indepen- 
dence was signed .September 3, 1783. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page xxxix. 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE CONFEDERATION. THE CONSTITUTION. 

REFERENCES. 

T. W. Higginson. Larger History of the United States; A. B. Hart, 
Source-Book, Chap. .v. ; J. Fiske, Critical Period of American History, 
Chap. iv. 

140. Land Claims. (1781.) — The war was at end ; the 

independence of the United States had been acknowledged 
by England. At first sight all seemed accomplished. In 
reality, many difficult problems remained to be solved. 
In fighting for independence the people had at stake a 
common interest ; there was no such clear issue before 
them now, and the petty jealousies, which had already 
shown themselves during the course of the struggle, 
became very prominent. 
Articles of The Articles of Confederation, agreed upon by the Conti- 

Confedera- nental Congrcss in 1777, had not gone into effect until 
adopted, 1 78 1. The delay was caused by the refusal of Maryland 
17S1. to join the Confederation until the question of the owner- 

ship of the western lands was settled (sect. 81). Mary- 
land held that these lands were acquired by the common 
effort of all the colonies, and therefore should be a com- 
mon possession. 

Six of the colonies — New Hampshire, Rhode Island, 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland — had 
boundaries fixed by their charters. The western limits of 
the others were indefinite, until by the treaty of Paris, 

168 




"S 2, 

?2. 










w 


? a. 




t^ 


w :; 








2 


O 


;;? 




w 




-^ 


1— 1 




00 




(Q *>*■ 




!i^ 


b-ij. 




> 


^ 5 




t^ 






J/3 



The Confederation. 169 

1763, the Mississippi was recognized as the eastern boun- Western 
dary of the Spanish possessions, thus putting an end to ijm'tsofthe 
the extravagant claims which some of the colonies had 
made. 

All the colonies, except the six already mentioned, 
insisted that their western limit was the Mississippi. Vir- 
ginia claimed that according to her charter, her boundary 
extended west and northwest to the farthest limits of the 
United States. This would include, besides the present Land 
state of Kentucky, the whole of what was afterward known claims, 
as the Northwestern Territory. New York was the first 
to give up her claims. Upon the assurance that the other 
states would yield their claims, Maryland entered the 
Confederation in 1781. 

It was not until 1802 that various cessions to the United 
States fixed the boundaries of the original thirteen states 
as they were until 1863.^ Georgia was the last to give 
up her claim. Connecticut reserved the ownership of a 
part of northeastern Ohio, still known as the Western 
Reserve, but finally sold it, the proceeds of the sale being 
set aside " as a perpetual fund, the interest of which should 
be appropriated to the support of schools." 

This cession of claims to the United States was a matter Effect of the 
of great importance. It furnished a bond of union be- cession of 
fween the states when one was greatly needed ; it was i^^ds 
the foundation of the Public Domain, and also of the 
system of territorial government. 

141. Weakness of the Confederation, (i 781-1786.) — 
The Articles of Confederation were of little practical use. 
Perhaps the most important result was that they helped 
to accustom the people to the idea of union. By the 
time they went into force, local jealousies had become so 

1 In this year West Virginia was set off from Virginia. 



170 History of the United States. 



Weakness 
of the Con- 
federation. 



No power 
to enforce 
laws. 



Shays's 
Rebellion. 



strong that the interests of the united colonies held a sec- 
ondary place in men's minds. It was almost impossible to 
get enough delegates to attend Congress to carry on even 
the routine business of that body : again and again ad- 
journments were made because no quorum was present. 

By the Articles of Confederation Congress had large 
powers, but they were mostly of an advisory nature, and 
it had no means of enforcing its acts ; it was completely 
at the mercy of the states, which did as they pleased. 
Unable to regulate foreign commerce, to raise revenue 
to pay its debts, or to enforce its acts, the Confederation 
soon fell into contempt, both at home and abroad ; its 
credit was gone ; and I^igland openly violated the pro- 
visions of the treaty of peace. 

The prosperity which had been expected to follow the 
declaration of peace had not come ; the finances of the 
country were in a wretched state, and taxes were neces- 
sarily very burdensome. In western Massachusetts many 
refused to pay their taxes and resisted the collection of 
debts by the courts. A rising, known from the leader in 
it, as Shays's Rebellion,' was speedily put down (1786), but 
made a great impression on the sober minds of the country, 
helping to confirm the feeling that a stronger government 
was necessary. 

142. Interstate Jealousies ; Convention proposed. (1781- 
1787.) — Meanwhile, each state having the power to levy 

1 The people had a real grievance m that taxes were very heavy. Public 
and private debts were large. It was charget! that the rich people did not 
suffer and the poor did. The burdens were especially heavy upon the farmers. 
Paper money was demanded, but the Legislature refused to authorize its issue. 
The lawyers were especially distasteful, and at several places the courts 
were broken up by mobs. Daniel Shays, a Revolutionary soldier, was the 
leader. Fourteen of the leaders were sentenced to death, but all were par- 
doned. 



The Confederation. 171 

such duty as it pleased upon the traffic with the other states, 
the whole trade of the country was demoralized, and the 
most bitter ill-feeling existed. Those who had fought side 
by side in the Revolution treated one another as aliens. 

Individual states passed laws to benefit themselves at state 
the expense of their neighbors. New York laid a heavy jealousies, 
duty on butter, cheese, and garden vegetables coming from 
New Jersey, and on firewood from Connecticut. When 
Massachusetts practically closed her ports to British ships, 
Connecticut opened hers freely, and then laid a duty on 
goods coming from Massachusetts. Pennsylvania tried 
to injure Delaware and New Jersey, and North Carolina 
suffered at the hands of Virginia and South Carolina. 

Congress now proposed to the states an amendment to Amendment 
the Articles, giving Congress the power to levy a duty proposed, 
upon imports. But no change could be made in the 
Articles except by unanimous consent. Rhode Island 
refused to agree, and Virginia, having once given her con- 
sent, withdrew it, so the amendment failed. Washington, 
and many of those who had done so much to secure the 
independence of the colonies, were almost in despair. 

A board of commissioners met in 1785, at Alexandria, Alexandria 
Virginia, to settle the conflicting claims of Maryland and ^"^"ference, 
Virginia in Chesapeake Bay. Through the influence of 
James Madison of Virginia, who was one of these commis- 
sioners, a convention of delegates from all the states was 
recommended to be called for the following year, to 
arrange, if possible, some general regulations for com- 
merce. 

The Legislature of Virginia, in accordance with this Annajx^lis 
recommendation, sent an invitation to all the states to Conference, 
send delegates to a conference to be held at Annapolis, 
Maryland, in the following year, 1786. Only five states 



172 History of the United States. 



sent delegates. The twelve 
mendation to all the states to 




Alexander Hamilton. 

Alexander Hamilton was born on 
the island of Nevis in the West Indies, 
in 1757. He came to America in 1772. 
He was a student at King's College, 
now Columbia University, in New York 
City. While still an undergraduate he 
made a strong speech on the Boston Port 
Bill, 1774. Later he helped to save the 
President of the College, who was a Tory, 
from the fury of a mob that threatened 
him. He joined the .\merican army in the 
spring of 1776. In the same year he was 
appointed on Washington's stafT, and soon 
became his private secretary. In 1781 
he entered active military service, and dis- 
tinguished himself at York-town. He was 
the most ardent advccate of the Constitu- 
tional Convention of 1787, and was an im- 
portant member of it. He was one of the 
strongest supporters of the new Constitu- 
tion, and in "The Federalist" explainedand 
defended it with great ability. Washing 
ton appointed him the first Secretary of 
the Treasury, an office which he admirably 
filled. He was the author of the measures 
to restore the public credit, and pro- 
posed and planned the first Bank of the 
United States. He was mortally wounded 
in a duel with Aaron Burr, and died July 
12, 1804. He is generally regarded as one 
of the greatest of American statesmen. 



men who met issued a recom- 
send delegates to a convention 
to be held in Philadelphia in 
May, 1787, "to devise such 
further provisions as shall ap- 
pear to them necessary to 
render the Constitution of the 
Federal Government adequate 
to the exigencies of the Union." 
The Continental Congress ap- 
proved the plan in February, 
1787. 

143. The Constitutional Con- 
vention. (1787.) — Influenced, 
doubtless, by Shays's Rebel- 
lion, and the failure of the 
proposed amendment, all the 
states, except Rhode Island, 
responded to the call, and on 
the 25th of May, 1 787, the con- 
vention began its work in Inde- 
pendence Hall, Philadelphia. 

Washington, who was a dele- 
gate from Virginia, was chosen 
president of the convention. 
It was without doubt one of 
the ablest bodies of men that 
ever came together. Besides 
Washington, there were pres- 
ent Franklin, Hamilton, Madi- 
son, Gerry, Robert Morris, 
Gouverneur Morris, James 
Wilson, and Rutledge. Jeffer- 



The Constitution. 173 

son and Adams would undoubtedly have been members Constitu- 
had they not been abroad in the service of the country. ^'°"''' ^°"' 

^ . vention, 

The defects of the existmg government were known to j^g^ 
all ; the question was, how to remove them. A difficulty 
arose at the very start ; many held that the power of the 
convention was limited to revision ; others, as Hamilton 
and Madison, held that no revision could remedy the 
defects, but that an entirely new scheme was necessary. 
This last opinion prevailed, and the convention set about 
its work in earnest. None but members were allowed to 
be present, and the proceedings were kept secret. 

144. Compromises. (1787.) — For four months the Compro- 
debates- went on. Various plans of government were pro- '"'^^^ 
posed. Often it seemed as if there were nothing to 
do but to break up and go home, so strong were the 
local jealousies. At one time Franklin proposed that 
the convention should be opened each day with prayer, 
saying : " The longer I live, the more convincing proofs I 
see that God governs the affairs of men. . . . Without 
His concurring aid, we shall be divided by our little local 
interests, succeeding no better than the builders of Babel, 
and become a reproach and byword for all future ages. 
What is worse, mankind may hereafter, from this unfortu- 
nate instance, despair of establishing government by human 
wisdom, and leave it to chance and war." Again, when 
there seemed little prospect of an agreement, he is reported 
to have said : "When a joiner wishes to fit two boards, he 
sometimes pares off a bit from both." Of necessity, com- 
promises were made. The small states had been unwilling 
to give up any of their power, for fear they might be 
encroached upon by the larger states. This objection was 
met by allowing all states an equal representation in the 
Senate. 



174 History of the United States. 



Slavery 
compro- 
mises. 



Constitution 
a national 
issue. 



Federalists. 



Anti- 
Federalists. 



Then the slavery question came up. The extreme South 
wished the slaves to be counted in apportioning the num- 
ber of representatives in Congress. This was distasteful to 
the middle and northern states, as it would give the South 
more representatives, and tend to encourage the growth 
of slavery ; but believing that some compromise was essen- 
tial, they gave way, and agreed that five slaves should be 
counted as equal to three whites. It was also provided 
that the foreign slave-trade might be prohibited after the 
year 1808. The compromise in regard to slavery greatly 
influenced the subsequent history of the country. It prac- 
tically put the control of the House of Representatives into 
the hands of the South for about fifty years. 

145. A National Question. (1787.) — The Constitution 
was signed September 17, 1787, made public, and trans- 
mitted to the Congress. That body, after a short debate, 
resolved to send the document to the respective Legis- 
latures, to be by them placed before the people by means 
of conventions chosen specially for the purpose of con- 
sidering it. 

For the first time, a truly national issue was before the 
country. The question was : Should the new plan of 
government be adopted or rejected .'' Those who favored 
the adoption were called Federalists, and those who opposed 
the adoption, Anti-Federalists. 

Both parties were patriotic. The Anti-Federalists feared 
the power of a strong central government; they thought it 
would take away too much power from the states, and might 
result in tyranny similar to that of Great Britain, against 
which they had revolted. Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, 
and George Clinton were strong opposers of the new Con- 
stitution, and against their patriotism no word could be 
spoken. 



The Constitution. 175 

The Federalists, on the contrary, "believed that unless The 
a strong central government should be set up, the Union l^ederahsts. 
would go to pieces. They did not advocate the new 
scheme as an ideal form of government, but as the best 
attainable under the circumstances. They had the two- 
fold advantage of proposing a definite remedy for a press- 
ing and obvious evil, and of having, with a few exceptions, 
the ablest and most trusted men on their side ; for Wash- 
ington, Hamilton, Madison, and Franklin were all earnest 
supporters of the new plan. 

146. The Constitution discussed. (1788.) — Congress Discussion, 
had referred the Constitution to the states without com- 
ment, leaving the people to decide for themselves. The 
questions which had been so earnestly debated in the con- 
vention were now taken up by the people and discussed 

with equal earnestness. Both in public and in private the 
advantages and disadvantages of the new scheme were 
pointed out. In the newspapers of the day, throughout the 
country, essays upon the proposed Constitution appeared 
in almost every issue. These were widely read and influ- 
enced public o])ini()n greatly.' 

147. Adoption of the Constitution. (1788.) — By the Constitution 
close of the year 1787, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New '^'^oo'^^ ' 
Jersey had in special conventions adopted the new Consti- 
tution ; shortly afterward Georgia and Connecticut fol- 
lowed. The adherence of four more states was needful for 
success. Massachusetts acceded only with the understand- 
ing that certain amendments should be made as soon as 

' A remarkable series of papers appeared in the New York newspapers 
under the signature of Publius, but written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay, 
strongly advocating the adoption of the Constitution, and explaining its pro- 
visions. These papers, of which the greater number were by Hamilton, were 
afterward collected and published under the title of "The Federalist," and 
still remain one of the ablest expositions of the Constitution. 



176 History of the United States. 



New Hamp- 
shire the 
ninth state. 



Federalist 
rejoicing. 



practicable. These were in the nature of a Bill of Rights 
(see the first ten Amendments to the Constitution). 

While the question was being decided, there was great 
excitement among the people; it was not until June 21, 
1788, by the vote of New Hampshire, that the assent of 
nine states, the requisite number, was obtained. Virginia 
followed immediately after New Hampshire, making ten, 
and New York soon made eleven.^ 

When it was known that a sufficient number of states 
had ratified the Constitution, the Federalists gave them- 
selves up to wild 
demonstrations of 
joy. The great 
event was cele- 
brated by pro- 
cessions with 
emblematic rep- 
resentations o f 
the states, of the 
French alliance, 
of the Union (as 
the "Ship of 
State"), and 
many other fig- 
ures representing 
different trades 
Congress Hall, Philadeli'ui.a. and interests In 

National Capitol in 1790-1800. the Cclebrition ill 

New York City the name of Hamilton was inscribed 
upon the car which bore the " Ship of State," in recogni- 
tion of his influence in bringing about the wished-f or result. 




1 North Carolina and Rhode Island held aloof ; 
21, 1789, the latter, until May 29, 1790. 



the former until Novembei 



The Constitution. 177 

In Baltimore the name of " Federal Hill " still remains to 
preserve the memory of the rejoicings in that city. 

Congress, on September 13, 1788, appointed the first New gov- 
Wednesday in the following January for the choice by the ^'ti"^'^"' to 

. . 1 . begin 

people of Presidential electors ; the first Wednesday in four-.h of 
February for the electors to meet and choose the President ^iarch.iySg. 
and Vice-President ; and the first Wednesday in March for 
the new government to go into operation. This day in 
1789 was the fourth of the month, and so the fourth of 
March, subsequently confirmed by Congress, came to be 
the inauguration day of each new President. 

148. The New Constitution. — The Constitution in many The Consti- 
points is radically different from the Articles of Confedera- '"^lon the 

T • 1 r -1 supreme 

tion. It provides for a true central government with ]j^„._ 
power to enforce its laws and regulations independently 
of the states ; Congress is no longer an advisory body. 

Within its sphere the Constitution is the supreme law 
of the land. The national government regulates all mat- 
ters of national interest, such as peace, war, commerce 
(both foreign and that between the states), relations with 
foreign states, coinage of monev, and post-ofifices. By 
its exclusive right to levy duties on imports, as well as its 
right to lay other taxes and enforce their payment, the 
national treasury is made independent of the states. 

The national government is divided by the Constitution Legislative, 
into three parts : the Legislative, or Congress, to make the Executive, 
laws • the Executive, or the President and his subordinates, ^," " 

' ' ' depart- 

to carry out the laws which Congress makes ; and the ments. 

Judiciary, or the Supreme Court and lower courts, to try 

cases arising under national laws. The United States 

courts also decide whether laws are constitutional, but only 

when real cases bringing such laws in question come up 

for trial. 



178 History of the United States. 

The Legis- 149. The Legislative Powers. — The legislative power is 

lative, or vested in the Congress of the United States, which consists 

Congress. 

of a Senate and a House of Representatives. Each state 
has two senators, who are chosen by the state legislatures, 
and serve six years. Representatives are chosen by the 
people of the states ; they serve two years, and their 
number in each state is according to the population, but 
each state is entitled to at least one representative. These 
two " Houses," as they are called, must concur in making 
laws. When a bill is passed by both houses, it is sent to 
the President for his signature ; if he approves it, he 
signs it, and it becomes a law. If he does not approve 
it, he returns it to Congress with a message called a veto ; 
if Congress should pass the bill again by a two-thirds vote, 
it becomes a law notwithstanding the veto ; also if the 
. President does not return the bill within ten days, Sundays 
excepted, after he receives it, it becomes a law. 

The Senate has some special powers ; when treaties are 
made by the President, they must be approved by two-thirds 
of the Senate before they become effective ; most of the 
President's appointments to office must be confirmed by 
the Senate. The election of senators is so arranged that 
only one-third go out of office every two years, thus 
making it a continuous body, unlike the House of Repre- 
sentatives, which must be elected anew every two years. 
But a representative may be reelected as often as the 
people of his district wish. 
The Execu- 150. The Executive. — The executive power is vested 
live, or in a President of the United States of America. He is 

chosen nominally by electors ^ elected by the people, and 

^ It was originally expected that the electors would themselves choose a 
man for President, but now they always choose that man who has been nomi- 
nated by the party which they represent. 



The Constitution. 179 

holds his office during a term of four years. The Presi- 
dent is commander-in-chief of the army and the navy of 
the United States, and of the miUtia of the several states 
when called into actual service of the United States ; he 
has the power to make treaties, providing two-thirds of the 
Senate concur ; to nominate, and, with the consent of the 
Senate, appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and 
consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and most of the 
important officers of the government. He is to see that 
the laws are faithfully executed, and if he is unfaithful, or 
guilty of crime or misdemeanor, he may be accused by 
the House of Representatives and tried by the Senate. 

A Vice-President is elected at the same time as the 1 he Vice- 
President, to take his place in case of the removal of I'^'t'^i'^ient. 
the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or 
inability to discharge the duties of the office. The Vice- 
President is the presiding officer of the Senate, but has no 
vote except in the case of a tie. Both the President and 
the Vice-President must be native-born citizens of the 
United States and be at least thirty-five years old. 

151. The Judiciary. — -The judicial power of the United The 
States is vested in one Supreme Court, and in such lower Ju'i^-'ary. 
courts as the Congress may from time to time establish. 

All the judges hold office during good behavior. When- 
ever any of the laws of the national government are 
broken, or a question arises as to the meaning of a law, 
or as to whether any law is in accordance with the Consti- 
tution, the case, with a few exceptions, is first tried in one 
of the lower courts. If the persons concerned are not 
satisfied with the decision, they may appeal to a higher 
court, and in certain cases to the Supreme Court whose 
decision is final. 

152. Amendment; Checks and Balances. — ^ One of the 



i8o History of the United States. 

most important features of the Constitution is the pro- 
vision made for amendment ; but no change can be made 
without the concurrence of three-fourths of the states ; 
and no state can, without its own consent, in any case be 
deprived of its equal vote in the Senate. 

It will be seen that the government thus created has 
many checks and balances, the most important of which are 
two houses of Congress, the veto power of the President, 
the power of the Supreme Court to pronounce a law un- 
constitutional, and. the frequent election of representa- 
tives. 

Some of the features of the Constitution are new, but 
as a whole, it is the result of careful study of other forms 
of government, and, above all, of the practical experience 
which those who framed it had gained in the government 
of the states and colonies. Nearly all of its most important 
features are taken from the state and colonial govern- 
ments. 

SUMMARY. 

Many problems had to be solved by the states, among them land 
claims were the most difficult. Articles of Confederation had been 
signed in 1781, but the Confederation was weak because the Congress 
had no power to enforce its measures. Even after independence had 
been gained there were so many jealousies that it seemed as if the 
union would go to pieces. The Confederation was discredited both at 
home and abroad. This was the " Critical Period of American His- 
tory." A convention held at Philadelphia in 1787 prepared the Con- 
stitution. In the course of less than a year this was adopted by nine 
states and went into full operation April 30, 1789. when Washington, 
who had been chosen President, was inaugurated. The Constitution 
provides for a government with Legislative, Executive, and Judicial 
branches. There are many checks and balances. The Constitution 
may be amended. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page xl. 



CHAPTER VIII. 
ORGANIZATION OF THE NEW GOVERNMENT. 

REFERENCES. 

T. \V. Higginson's Larger History of the United States, pp. 309- 
344; A. B. Hart, Source-Book, Chap. .\i. ; C. C. Coffin. Building of the 
Nation. 



153- Washington President; Starting the New Govern- 
ment. (1789.) — The 4th of March was the day fixed upon 
for the new government to go 
into operation, but so slow were 
the members of Congress in 
reaching New York, the place 
chosen, that it was the 6th of 
April before a quorum of both 
houses was present. On that 
day the electoral votes for 
President and Vice-President 
were counted in the presence 
of both houses, in Federal 
Hall, and the result officially 
declared. George Washing- 

■^ ■- inherited his brother s large estate, which 

ton, as had been expected, included Mount Vemon. He is univer- 

•1 . , sally regarded as one of the greatest men 

received a UnanmiOUS vote, ;„ history. He died at Mount Vernon. 

and was accordingly chosen December 14, 1799. 

President. John Adams, who received the next highest John Adams, 
number, was declared Vice-President. The oflficial news ^ice-Presi- 
of the election was sent to Washington by a special mes- 

iSi 



[For portrait see frontispiece.] 

George Washington, the son of 
Augustine and Mary Ball Washington, 
was born at Bridges Creek, Virginia, Feb- 
ruary 22, 1732. He received little school- 
ing, but was earnest and careful in his 
work. In addition to reading, writing, and 
arithmetic, he learned surveying and book- 
keeping. He was strong and athletic, and 
was more than a match for any of his com- 
panions. While yet a youth he surveyed 
for Lord Fairfa.\ a large tract of land in the 
Shenandoah Valley, then a wilderness. 
He was major in the militia at nineteen, 
and when only twenty-one was sent to 
the French posts on the Ohio. He was a 
member of the Congress of 1774 and of 
1775. From this time his history is that of 
his country. He married, 1759, Martha 
Parke Custis, a rich young widow. He 



I 82 History of the United States. 



Inaugura- 
tion of 
Washing- 
ton, 17S9. 



Ordinance 
of 1787. 



senger, Charles Thomson, the secretary of the old Con- 
tinental Congress. Washington's journey from Mount 
Vernon to New York was a continuous triumphal proces- 
sion ; " men, women, and children of all ages, classes, and 
conditions gathered by the roadside, and often stood in 
waiting for many hours to see him as he passed by." 

"Guns were fired, 
triumphal arches 
were erected, and 
flowers were 
strewn in the 
roads over which 
his carriage was 
to pass." He was 
received at New 
York City with 
the greatest en- 
thusiasm. Six 
days after his 
arrival, April 30, 
1789, the inauguration took place on the balcony of Fed- 
eral Hall, which stood on the corner of Wall and Broad 
streets. There, in the presence of Congress and of a great 
multitude of people, Washington took the oath of office, 
which was administered by Robert R. Livingston, chan- 
cellor of the state of New York. 

154. Ordinance of 1787. — Meanwhile the old Continental 
Congress had done little that is worthy of mention ; one 
act, however, passed while the constitutional convention 
was in session, deserves special notice. This is what is 
known as the Ordinance of 1787, for organizing the North- 
west Territory. This was the territory which was ceded 
to the United States by Massachusetts, New York, Vir- 




Federal Hai.l, New York. 
National Capitol in 17S9. 



Organization of the New Government. 183 

ginia, and Connecticut, and comprised the country west of 
Pennsylvania, north of the Ohio, and east of the Missis- 
sippi. The chief provisions of the Ordinance were (i ) that Ordinance 
not less than three nor more than five states should be ^f'/S?- 
formed out of it; (2) that slavery should forever be pro- 
hibited within its borders; (3) that there should be perfect 
religious freedom ; (4) that schools and the means of edu- 
cation should be forev^er encouraged; (5) that the writ of 
habeas corpus and trial by jury should be guaranteed. A 
form of government was provided for, and the territory 
was divided into parts, but when any such division should 
have a population of sixty thousand, that division might 
become a state if certain conditions were complied with. 
This Ordinance was confirmed by the new Congress, and 
under its provision Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and 
Wisconsin have become states. It has also been the model 
for the organization of all the subsequent territories, though 
some of its provisions have been often left out, notably that 
respecting slavery. 

Though the Continental Congress had been one of the Continental 
most noteworthy assemblies that the world has ever seen. Congress 
it closed its career unnoticed and almost in contemptuous ^^^^^ 
neglect. The last roll-call was on October 10, 1788. 

155- Organization. (1789.) — The first task which lay Organiza- 
before the new Congress was the organization of the gov- tionofthe 
ernment. How successfully this was done is shown by the 
fact that the organization to-day is in all essential points 
unchanged from what was then established. Four of the 
executive departments were established : State, Treasury, 
War, and Justice. At the head of these Washington 
placed respectively Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, 
Henry Knox, and Edmund Randolph. John Jay was ap- 
pointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. 



government. 



1 84 



History of the United States. 



Amend- 
ments pro- 
posed and 
adopted. 



Revenue. 



The First 
Congress. 



Among the important measures which demanded the 
attention of Congress were amendments to the Constitu- 
tion. Twelve were proposed, most of them intended to 
guard the rights and privileges of the people and of the 
states. Ten of these, subsequently adopted (1791) by 
three-fourths of the states, became part of the Constitu- 
tion. While it may be safely said that these " took from 
the Union no power it ought ever to have exercised," they 
gave much popular satisfaction. 

156. Revenue. (1789.) — A question of the utmost im- 
portance was that of raising revenue. It was the subject 
which had really brought about the adoption of the Con- 
stitution. Congress had now ample power in the matter. 
There are two main sources from which nations usually 
draw revenue : taxes on imports and taxes on domestic 
manufactures. Both of these were now used. A tariff 
bill laying duties on imports^ was passed, and, in 1791, a 
tax was laid on the home manufacture of spirits. 

Before Congress met for the second session, North Caro- 
lina had ratified the Constitution, leaving Rhode Island 
to follow soon. 

157. The First Congress; The Public Debt; The Na- 
tional Capital. (1790.) — Among other measures passed 
at this session were a census act, a naturalization act, a 
patent act, and a copyright act. But the most important 
measure of all was the plan proposed by Hamilton for 
paying the debt of the United States incurred on account 
of the Revolutionary War. The credit of the country 
was at its lowest, the interest on the debt of the old 



1 It is interesting to note that in the " tariff-for-revenue " act of this first 
Congress under the Constitution, the principle of protection to domestic manu- 
factures was recognized in the title of the bill, and that iron, hemp, cotton, 
salt, and other articles were slightly protected. 



Organization of the New Government. 185 

Confederacy was long overdue, while the holders of the rayment of 
oblig-ations at home had almost given up the hope of ^^^ ^^^^ °/ 

'^ & r r ^Yie United 

being paid. states. 

Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury, 
believed that nothing would help the country in the eyes 
of the world more than the payment of the foreign debt ; 
he believed also that the Union would be greatly strength- 
ened, not only by the payment of the domestic obligations, 
but also by the assumption by the government ^ of the 
state debts as well. The total amount to be provided for, 
including back interest, was nearly eighty millions of 
dollars, a vast sum for those days. 

There Avas strong opposition to that part of the plan Assumption 
which proposed that the national government should ^.^^^'^ 
assume the state debts. This opposition was chiefly 
from the southern states, some of which had small 
debts, or had made arrangements with their creditors. 
Hamilton's plan was adopted, but only by means of a 
compromise in regard to the location of the permanent 
capital of the nation. It was agreed that the South should 
give up her opposition to the assumption of the state debts, 
and the North should allow the national capital to be on 
the banks of the Potomac. It was also agreed that the 
seat of government should be at Philadelphia until 1800, 
when it should be moved to the permanent site. 

158. First Census (1790) ; First Bank of the United First census 
States (^1791); New Coinage (1792.) — The first census of '790- 
the United States w-as taken in 1790, and show^ed a popu- 
lation of very nearly four millions (see Appendix V.) 
divided almost exactly betw^een the free and slave states, 
and including nearly seven hundred thousand slaves. 

1 The assumption of the state debts meant that the national government 
would pay them. 



i86 



History of the United States. 



Bank of tht 

United 

States. 



Decimal 
coina"e. 



New States. 



With the exception of the inhabitants of Kentucky and 
Tennessee, nearly all the people lived within less than 
three hundred miles of the seacoast. 

A part of Hamilton's plan for the improvement of the 
financial condition of the country (sect. 157) was the es- 
tablishment of a Bank of the United States, or national 
bank. The plan was opposed as strongly as the assumption 
of the state debts. After much discussion it was adopted, 
and a bank was chartered for twenty years. This institution 
was a great help to the business of the country, as its bills 
were good everywhere and were accepted by everybody. 

When the Constitution was adopted there were, with the 
exception of a few copper cents, no United States coins ; 
state bills or foreign coins were used. The cost of arti- 
cles of trade, or the amount of a man's property was 
reckoned in pounds, shillings, and pence, or in Spanish 
dollars. 

It was fitting that the United States should have its 
own reckoning and make its own coins. To effect this. 
Congress established a mint in Philadelphia, and in 1792 
fixed what coins should be struck. A decimal system 
arranged by the Continental Congress in 1786 was 
adopted. It was a long time, however, before dollars and 
cents were used in everyday reckoning ; in some country 
places one may still hear old people speak of shillings and 
pence, and many persons say "a penny," when they mean 
a cent. 

159. New States; Indian Wars. (1790-1794.) — At its 
third session the First Congress was called upon to exer- 
cise another important power — that of admitting new 
states to the Union. Acts were passed providing for the 
admission of Vermont and Kentucky, which came into 
the Union in 1791 and 1792 respectively. 



Organization of the New Government. 187 

Meantime the settlers had been pushing their way west- Indian wars, 
ward, entering- the territory which the Indians claimed as 
their own. Resenting this intrusion, the Indians attacked 
the settlements all along the frontier, and killed or carried 
into captivity hundreds of settlers. The government was 
forced to send troops to the frontier. Several of these 
expeditions were unsuccessful, and an army under General 
St. Clair was surprised and routed with great loss of life 
at the head-waters of the Wabash near the western boun- 
dary of the Ohio. 

It was not until 1794, when General Wayne was sent 
against them, that the Indians were forced to submit, and 
to give up a large tract of land in return for a yearly pay- 
ment of money and goods. 

160. Whiskey Insurrection. (i794) — A new danger "Whiskey 
threatened the government. Among the acts of Congress l"surrec- 
was the passage of a law taxing whiskey. This tax the 
distillers in western Pennsylvania refused to pay, on the 
ground that they were treated unfairly, it being impossible 

for them to transport grain to market except at a loss, 
while in the form of whiskey it could be done at a profit. 
So threatening was their attitude, that Washington felt 
compelled to send several thousand troops to Pittsburg. 
The firmness of the government and the display of force 
were sufficient to restore order. This affair, known as the 
Whiskey Insurrection, was of importance because through 
it the people learned for the first time, that there was a 
strong national government which could and would enforce 
its laws. 

161. Eli Whitney; Cotton-gin. — While the attention of Eli Whitney, 
the country was attracted by questions of domestic and 

foreign policy, a young man of twenty-eight invented, in 
Georgia, a machine which was indirectly to influence the 



iSS 



Historv ot" the Tnitcd States. 



Kftoot of 

Wlutuoy's 

invention. 




history ot the covmtrv tar nunc than most ot tho subjects 
Cotton oin. then tilHui; the popular mind. This was the cotton-gin. 
1-!U Whitney was a natiye ot Massachusetts, who had gone 
South tor the purpose ot teaching, lie had already shown 
in\ei\tiye abilities, and. while visiting at the house ot the 
widow oi Cjcneral rireene, had his attention called to the 
dit"fieultv of separ.iting the tibre ot the cotton Irom the seed. 
He deyised (1703) the cotton-gin, by means of which one 
l^crsvm coidd clean a hundred or more pounds of cotton in 

a da\ . l-'ormerly it took 
one d.iy to clean one 
poimd. The machine 
gave an enormous im- 
petus to the raising of 
cotton, and this brought 
about a great demand for 
slaye labor, bv which 
alone it was supposed 
the cotton plant couKl be 
successfulh' cultiyated ; 
it led also to the build- 
ing of the great cotton mills of New Kngland. Cotton 
rapidly became the chief staple of the South, the exports 
rising from iSo.500 pounds in i~oi to J i. 000.000 pounds 
in 1801. The feeling against slavery soon almost disap- 
peared in the South, and with few exceptions the system 
was upheld as a " i^ositive good." l\li Whitney hitnself 
rea[K\i com{\iratiyely little advantage from his great inven- 
tion, nearly all the money he received being spent in 
defending his patents.' 

162. Party Feeling. ^,1780 1706.^ Washington, in 

' Whitney, howovor. was alterwavvi very sueeesstul in nu\nut";»oturini; ;\ims 
for the gvnerument, and dievl a wealthy man. 



WUllNKVS Con\).N CiJN. 
.•\t"i<T the orisin-*! nuxlcl. 



Organization o\ tlic \ow (io\crnnuMit. i Sc) 

tonnini; his (.".ihiiiot. chose men troin hiUh partios; thus. r.m\ 
Hamilton, tho lo.ulor ot the l-'odoraHsts. ami Jettoison. the '^~''"'--- 
loader ot the Ami l-'eileralists. were members ol it. It 
was not loui; betore ]Kirt\' spirit showed ilsell ; party 
lines were elearlv ilrawn. ami \\'ashini;ton's patienee ami 
skill were put to a test in keepin<; the peaee in the C'abinet, 
where. JetTerson sa\s, " 1 and Hamilton were pitted against 
oaeh othei' like tiL;htini;-eoeks." In C\>nj;ress. also, .md in 
the eountrv at lari;'e, public ipiostions were both' iliseussed ; 
it is doubt t"ul if party t"oelin_>;' in America ever ran hii^her. 

Tiio b\Hleralists lieliewnl in a striMij;" central govern- I'lu- iVd- 
ment ; they hold that the power ot the imlividual states '''•'''^'''• 
should be i^reatlv limited, while that of the central ^oxern- 
ment should be correspondini;I\' increased. The Anti- Anti-liHi- 
l'\Hloralists, o\\ as the\' now bei;an to call themsehes. the "■^"'''• 
nemocratic-Republicans, on the other hautl, belie\ed that 
the slate L;o\ernments should ha\e all the powei' that was 
jtossiblc. Thev feai'cd that local rights and pri\ ilexes 
wouUl bo cm-tailod ; somo of them even bolioxcd that the 
boiloralists wore trxiui;" to sot up a nuMiarchv. 

The ncnuK'ratic-Kepublicans wore strongest in the 
South ; tho Kodoralists. in the North. The former were 
j;roat ailmirors of ovorvthing- 1^^-onch ; the latter were ac- 
cused oi s\nii\ith\' with l\n>;land and l\m;lish institutions. 

163. Affairs in Europe. i,i703-^ .\ffairs in b.uropo Kuioih-. 
were at this time \er\- much ilisturbed. In b'rance tho 
reforming; nunement. which, stimulated h\ able writers, iionoli 
was felt in all bauopo. had resulted in a terrible ro\-olution. l<i'\>'l>'"""' 
The i;reat majoritN' oi tho inhabitants o( tho I'niteil States 
at liist hailed this rovolutioii with joy ; but soon the tlroad- 
tul excesses which were committed in tlie name oi liberty 
chani;"od tho foolini;- of Americans. The b'ronch had sot 
up a roiniblic, and c.xpootod that the Unitoil States would 



190 History of the United States. 



Genet. 



Jay's Treaty. 



of course aid them in the war which had broken out 
between France and England. Washington and other 
thoughtful men saw that the true policy of the United 
States was to keep out of European quarrels, and he issued 
a proclamation stating that the country would be strictly 
neutral. The French government had sent out as minister 
a man named Genet, who disregarding Washington's proc- 
lamation, proceeded to enlist 
men for the French army, and 
fit out privateers for the 
French service. As Genet 
paid no attention to the re- 
monstrances of the American 
government, Washington re- 
quested his recall by the 
French government. This 
course averted a war with 
Great Britain. 

164. Jay's Treaty ; Trea- 
ties with Spain, etc. (1794- 
1796.) — France was not the 
only nation of which the 
United States had cause to 
complain. Part of the treaty 
dent of Congress, 1778. He was one of of 1 783 had not bccn Carried 

the commissioners who negotiated the 

out by Great Britam. She 
retained many of the western 
and northern posts, among 
them Detroit, Niagara, and 
Oswego ; and she had refused 
to pay for the negroes carried 
off at the end of the war. 
Besides this, on various pre- 




JOHN Jay. 

John Jay was born in New York, De- 
cember 12, 1745. He graduated at King's 
College, now Columbia University, 1764. 
He was a member of the Continental Con- 
gress, 1774, and drew up the address to the 
people of Great Britain. He was Presi- 



commissioners 
Treaty of Peace with Great Britain, 1782- 
1783. He supported the new Constitution 
and was one of the writers of " The Fed- 
eralist." Washington appointed him the 
first Chief Justice of the United States. 
He resigned, 1795. Washington sent him 
to Great Britain, 1794, and after much 
difficulty he negotiated the " Jay Treaty " 
which raised such a storm of opposition in 
America. He was twice Governor of New 
York. He died, May 17, 1829. It was 
said of him that his character was as pure 
as the ermine which he wore. 



Organization of the New Government. 191 

texts, she had seized American vessels on the ocean. The 
reason of this conduct was that Great Britain believed 
neither in the permanency of the Confederation, nor in the 
power of the United States to resist. 

On the other hand, Great Britain complained that it 
was impossible for her citizens to collect their just debts 
in America. In the hope of preventing war, Washington 
sent John Jay to England to try to negotiate a treaty 
which would settle the causes of irritation. Jay was at this 
time Chief Justice of the United States, but there was so 
little business before the Supreme Court that he could be 
easily absent for months. He returned in 1795 with the 
treaty which has since borne his name. 

Jay's treaty was severely criticised, for it neither abol- Jay's Treaty, 
ished the right claimed by Great Britain to search American 
vessels for British seamen, nor did it take away the cause 
for complaint in relation to trade with the West Indies. 
It did, however, provide for the giving up of the forts on 
the border, for commercial regulations, and for the settle- 
ment of debts. Jay's own defence was, that it was the 
best that could be done. Washington signed the treaty, 
and the result showed the wisdom of his so doing. Bad as 
the treaty was in many respects, it averted a war, it settled 
several important matters, and it forced England to recog- 
nize the United States in a way she had not done hitherto. 

A treaty was also made with Spain, fixing the boun- Treaties 
daries between the United States and the Spanish posses- "^^^^ '^^^^^ 

powers. 

sions in America, granting free navigation of the Mississippi 
to each, and making regulations as to commerce. Other 
treaties were made with Algiers and Tripoli, but at a cost 
of a yearly payment of money to those powers. By these 
latter treaties, prisoners were released, and the commerce 
of the United States was to be unmolested. 



ig2 



History ot the United States. 



Washing- 
ton's Fare- 
well Ad- 
dress. 



165. Washington's Farewell Address. U796) — As the 
close of his second term approached, Washington made 
pubhc his determination not to be a candidate a third 
time. Before returning to private life, for which he longed, 
he issued his Farewell Address, a document full of politi- 
cal wisdom and valuable advice.^ Though Washington wr^ 
assisted in its composition by Hamilton and others, there 
seems to be no doubt that in all important respects it was 
his own work. In it he exhorts the people to preserve the 
Union ; to refrain from sectional feelings ; to avoid " over- 




The Gold Medal, presented to Washi.ngton ky Conl;kess. 

grown military establishments, which under any form of 
government are inauspicious to liberty " ; to beware of 
hasty changes of the Constitution ; to guard against the 
excess of party spirit ; to make religion and morality 
the foundation of the government, remembering that 
" reason and experience forbid us to expect that nat- 
ional morality can prevail in exclusion of religious prin- 
ciples." 

He advises that the diffusion of knowledge should be 
promoted, and the public credit cherished, as being impor- 

1 The Address is dated September 17, 1796. It was first printed in Clay- 
pole's American Daily AJveriisir, Philadelphia, September 19. 1796. 



Organization of the New Government. 



193 



electetl 
President. 



tant sources of strength and security ; that good faith and 
creUi. -^'hould be observed toward all nations, but that the 
peoplS should be "constantly awake against the insidious 
wiles of foreign influence," and that, in regard to foreign 
nations, the great rule should be, " in extending our com- 
mercial relations, to have with them as little political con- 
nection as possible." 

166. Election of Adams. (1796.) — With the election of John Adams 
1 796 began political strife for the office of President. There 
was shown a o"reat deal of 



that party spirit against which 
Washington had spoken in 
his Farewell Address. The 
Federalist electors voted for 
John Adams, the Vice-Presi- 
dent ; and the Democratic- 
Republicans, for Thomas Jef- 
ferson. A majority of the 
votes were for Adams, who 
was accordingly elected. Jef- 
ferson had the next highest 
number of votes, so he became 
Vice-President. A serious de- 
fect in the Constitution was 
now seen, in that it almost 
insured the election in future 
of a President and Vice-Presi- 
dei"j4: from different parties. 
Such a state of affairs would 
tend to bring about a lack of 
harmony in the administration, 
and in case of the death of the 
President, one who did not 




John Adams. 

John Adams was born in Massachusetts, 
October 30, 1735. He graduated at Har- 
vard College, taught school, and studied 
law. He was active in opposition to the 
Stamp Act. He was sent to the Continental 
Congress of 1774 and 1775, and was on the 
most important committees, among them 
that to draft the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence. He was minister of the United 
States to France, and was one of the com- 
missioners who negotiated the Treaty of 
Peace with Great Britain, and was the first 
minister to that country from the United 
States. He was Vice-President through 
both of Washington's terms, and was elected 
President in 1796. He was able and inde- 
pendent but irritable. He died July 4, 
1826, exactly fifty years after the Declara- 
tion of Independence. 



Defects in 
the method 
of election. 



194 History of the United States. 

represent the views of the majority would succeed to the 
office.^ 
Difficulties 167. Difficulties with France. (1797.) — Adams found 

with France, ^-j^g country in friendly relations with all foreign states except 
'^ ^' France, to which country Jay's treaty was very distaste- 

ful. The United States was charged with favoring Great 
Britain and granting her privileges denied to France ; the 
French minister in America was ordered by the French 
Directory to return to France, and the American minister 
at Paris was refused recognition by the French govern- 
ment. Napoleon Bonaparte's great victories in Italy over 
the Austrian forces gave the French government confi- 
dence, and laws hurtful to American commerce were 
passed, American vessels were seized, and the vessels and 
cargoes were sold. 

Adams, anxious to avoid war, sent a special mission to 
France, choosing John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry, and 
Charles C. Pinckney as envoys. They were, if possible, 
to arrange the matters in dispute and to negotiate a new 
treaty which would be satisfactory both to France and the 
X. Y. z. United States. The envoys were treated with great 
letters. indignity by the French government, and were told that 

before any negotiations were begun a large sum of money 
must be paid to the Directory. Such a course was spurned 
by the envoys, who were soon ordered to leave France. 
The letters which had passed between the envoys and 
the secret agents of the Directory were published by the 
United States government and are known as the " X. Y. Z. 
correspondence." ^ 

1 In 1S04 a change was made in the mode of electing. See Appendix II., 
Amendment xii. 

2 So called because the letters X. Y. and Z. were used instead of the real 
names of the French agents. 



Organization of the New Government. 195 

These papers and the report of the envoys had the effect Getting 
of uniting the American people, and in accordance with ^^^'^^ ^°^ 
the popular feeling, Congress prepared for war with France. 
The treaties with her were declared revoked, and acts were 
passed to increase the army and navy. Washington was 
appointed commander of the land forces. Naval vessels 
were ordered to capture French armed ships, and under 
this order several French vessels were taken. 

168. Alien and Sedition Laws; Virginia and Kentucky Alien and 
Resolutions. (1798-1799.) — During this time of excite- sedition 
ment the Federalists had succeeded in passing through 
Congress two acts known as the Alien and Sedition Laws. 

The Alien law allowed the President to order out of the 
country any alien whom he should judge dangerous to the 
peace and safety of the United States ; and should any 
such refuse to go, he was, upon conviction, to be impris- 
oned. 

The Sedition law provided that those who should un- 
lawfully combine or conspire against the government, or 
who should utter or publish anything false, scandalous, 
or malicious against it or the President or Congress, should 
be imprisoned and heavily fined. 

These laws became very unpopular, especially with the 
Democratic-Republicans, who claimed that the Sedition law 
was contrary to the first amendment of the Constitution. 

As a protest, the legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky Virginia and 
each passed a series of resolutions, respectivelv known as "^^"'"^^y 

. , . . ^ Resolutions. 

the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798.^ The 
substance of these documents was that these special acts 
of Congress were unconstitutional, and that whenever the 

^ Kentucky added another resolution in 1799. Jefferson prepared those 
adopted by Kentucky, and Madison those adopted by Virginia. The connec- 
tion of these statesmen with the Resolutions was not known until long after. 



196 History of the United States. 



Death of 
Washing- 
ton, Decem- 
ber 14, 1799. 



Federal government went beyond its powers, the states 
should unite in refusing obedience. The President did not 

in a single instance make 
use of the Alien act, and 
the convictions under 
the Sedition act were 
not very many. Both 
acts were limited in time 
and soon expired. 

169. Death of Wash- 
ington ; Treaty with 
France. (1799-1801.) — 
Party strife was for a 
short time |jeld in check 
by the death of Wash- 
ington at Mount Ver- 
non, December 14, 1799. 
The whole country 
mourned for him who 
was " first in war, first 
in peace, and first in 
the hearts of his fellow- 
citizens." InlLuropehis 
death was regarded as a 
loss to mankind, and 
tributes to his worth 
were published in every 
civilized country. 

Meanwhile, Adams 
had sent three. new en- 
voys to France, who ne- 
gotiated a treaty with 
Napoleon Bonaparte, 



WASHINGTON ENTOMBED. 

Ocorge Town, Dec. 20. ;,? 

On Wednesday laft, the mortiil part oVf, 
WASHINGTON the Great— the Fathor;| 
of his Country anJ the Friend of m:ih, wasw 
configned to tli3 tQoib, with solemn honors ^fj 
and funepal pomp. '-^^ 

A multitude of persons airembied, from }>; 
many miles round, at Mount Vernon, the ^ 
choice abode and lail residence of- the il- 
luftrious chief. There Were the groves^ 
the spacious a«: uus, the beautiful nnd j,| 
8ubhm3 scenes, the noble Tianfion — but, ' 
alas I the aug-ult inhabitant ivis noi.o no 
more. That great soul was ^ouc. His 
mortal pari wa? there ind^.' "li ; out aii ! Inw ,,][ 
alTecting! how awful the sp;;iflacle of such '^j 
worth and greatness, thus, to mbrtal eyes.-'ij^Ji 
faljeni— Yes! fallen I lallen! 

In the long and lofty Portico, where oft 
the Hero walked in all his glory, now layf 
the Ihrouded corpse. The countenance' 
flill composed and serene, seemed to de-% 
press the dignity of the spirit, which lately ';|j 
dwelt in that lifeless form. There those'' 
who paid f'in) I^'l -ad 4\onouj-s-to tha bene- 
fa£lor of his countryi took -ao impressive — % 
a ffCTH well, view. 

On the ornament.'at the Ifead of the cof-;^ 
fin, was inscribed Surqb ad Judicium — ''■ 
about the middle of the 'coftn. gloria 
DBO — and on the filver plate, 

GE.VERA& m 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 

Departed this life, on the 14th December,'^! 

1799, iEt. 68. ji 

Between three and four o'clock, the|i 
sound of ai)tillery from a vofTel in t.h^ river/l| 
firing minute guns, awoke afresh ^our sol-';j;' 
emn sorrow — the corps was' mgved — ^^a|| 
band of mufic with mou.nful meloily melt- 

Facsimilk from " The Ulster County 
Gazette," January 4, 1800. 



1780. 



Organization of the New Government. 197 

now First Consul. This treaty ( 1 801 ) was satisfactory to all Treaty with 
except those who had lost property by the capture of ves- ^"^^"^^» 
sels or in other ways. Such persons in both countries had 
to look to their own government to make good their losses. 
This is the origin of the so- 



called " French Spoliation 
Claims," which are still partly 
unsettled. 

170. The New Capital; 
John Marshall. (1800-1801.) 
In 1800 the seat of govern- 
ment was moved to Washing- 
ton ^ on the Potomac, which 
had been chosen as the site 
of the new capital. The 
corner-stone of the Capitol 
building had been laid by 
Washington himself in 1791. 




Washing- 
ton becomes 
the capital. 



John Marshall. 



very large scale, and was for a' ^ome, but never attended college. 
■' _ entered the Revoliyionary army in 1776, ; 

seventy years a stragglin 



Thp ritv wqs; lairl nut on a J°"'^ Marshall was born in Virginia, 

1 ne Clly was laiCl out on a September 24, 1755. He was well educated 

He 
and 
remained until 1781, when he resigned and 
.,, 1 ., . . r , devoted himself to the study of law. He 

lll-DUllt town; It was m tact rose steadily in his profession. Tie was sev- 

what it had been called in "=^' ''■^'^,^ '"'^'"^^ °^ '^^ Wr^^rCx^ Legisia- 

ture, and was an active supporter 01 the 
lest "a city of magnificent adoption of the Constitution. He was mem- 
ber of Congress, 1799- 1800, Secretary of 



distances." 

In 1 80 1 Adams appointed 
John Marshall Chief Justice 
of the United States in place 
of Oliver Ellsworth, who 
had resigned on account of ill health. For thirty-four 
years Marshall was at the head of the national judiciary. 



State, 1800. President Adams appointed 
him Chief Justice of the United States in 
1801. He is universally regarded as the 
greatest American jurist. He was a man of 
the highest personal character and was agree- John Mar- 
able and attractive in his manners. He died oy,ol] Chief 
in Philadelphia, July 6, 1835. 

'-'•'' ^^ Justice. 



1 Washington City was first called The Federal City, 
always so spoke of it. 



Washington himself 



198 



History of the United States. 



Thomas 

Jefferson 

chosen 

President 

House of 

Represen' 

tatives. 



by 



Federalist 
influence. 



His influence upon his associates was great, and the " Con- 
stitution since its adoption owes more to him than to any 
other single mind for its true interpretation and vindi- 
cation." 

171. Jefferson President. (1801.) — As the time came 
near for the election of a new President, it was evident 
that the Democratic-RepubUcans were in the majority. 
The FederaHsts had fallen greatly in public esteem by 
their ill-concealed distrust of the people, and especially 
by the passage of the unwise Alien and Sedition acts. 

The candidate of the Democratic-Republicans was 
Thomas Jefferson ; of the Federalists, John Adams. 
When the electoral votes were counted, it was found that 
Jefferson and Burr, both Republicans, had a majority of 
the votes, but that they had received an equal number of 
votes. There was, therefore, no election, and, by the 
Constitution, the House of Representatives had to choose 
which should be President. The House, which had been 
elected two years before, had a Federalist majority, but 
was restricted in choice to candidates of the opposite 
party ; ^ on the thirty-sixth ballot for President, Jefferson 
was chosen, and Aaron Burr became Vice-President. 

172. Federalist Influence. — The Federalists seldom, if 
ever, had a real popular majority ; the great influence of 
Washington, the implicit confidence felt in him, and the 
skill of Hamilton and other party leaders had enabled 
the party to control the government as long as it did. 
Short as was this control, it had a lasting influence upon 
the country, for under it the whole system of government 
was shaped and set in motion. The decisions of the Su- 
preme Court, moreover, were mainly on Federalist lines of 
thought, until the death of Chief Justice Marshall in 1835. 

1 Constitution, Article II. sect. i. [3]. 



Organization of the New Government. 199 



SUMMARY. 

The new Congress was so slow in coming together that it was the 
6th of April before the electoral votes were counted. Washington was 
unanimously elected President. John Adams was chosen Vice-President. 
The inauguration took place at New York, April 30, 1789. 

Congress organized the various departments of the government, and 
passed many important bills, among them acts relating to the census, 
naturalization, patents, and copyrights. It provided for paying the 
Revolutionary debt, fixed the capital of the country for ten years at 
Philadelphia, and then on the banks of the Potomac River. 

The Continental Congress had adjourned si>ic die in October, 1788. 
Its most important act was the passing of the Ordinance of 1787. 

An Indian outbreak was put down by General Wayne. The Whiskey 
Insurrection in western Pennsylvania tested and showed the power of 
the national government. Eli Whitney invented the cotton-gin, which 
gave a great impetus to the raising of cotton. Party feeling ran high, 
but Washington kept himself above it. The Federalists believed in a 
strong central government ; the Democratic-Republicans believed that 
the states should have as much power as possible. 

f" ranee and England went to war, and France wished the United 
States to aid her. Washington believed that the United States should 
keep out of foreign quarrels. Jay's treaty with Great Britain caused 
great complaint in America. 

Washington declined a third term as President, and issued his Fare- 
well Address. John Adams was chosen President and Thomas Jefferson 
Vice-President. 

Difficulties arose with France ; American envoys were treated with 
indignity. Congress passed Alien and Sedition acts, and Virginia 
and Kentucky answered with their Resolutions. Bonaparte, gaining 
control in France, made a treaty with the United States. Washing- 
ton died December 14, 1799. Washington City became the capital of 
the country, 1800. John Marshall was appointed Chief Justice, 1801. 

In the election for President, 1800, JeflFerson and Burr received an 
equal number of votes and the election was thrown into the House of 
Representatives, which chose Jefferson. With the election of Jefferson 
the control of the Federalists ceased. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page xlii. 



CHAPTER IX. 

EXPERIMENTS IN FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC POLICY. 



Jefferson's 
inaugural 
address, 
i8oi. 




Thomas Jefferson. 

Thomas Jefferson was born in Virginia, 
April 2, 1743. He graduated at William and 
Mary College and studied law. He was early 
chosen a member of the Virginia Legislature 
and was re-elected for a number of terms. He 
was sent to the Continental Congress, was 
chair, nan of the committee to prepare a Decla- 
ration of Independence, and that document is 
mainly his work. He was governor of Virginia, 
minister to France, Secretary of State, Vice- 
President, and President for two terms. He was 
opposed to slavery, and was active in abolishing 
the laws which gave to the oldest son the greater 
part of the fathers property. To him the coun- 
try is principally indebted for the decimal sys- 
tem of money, and for the simplicity observed 
on state occasions. He died on the fourth of 
July, 1826, the same day as John Adams, the 
fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 



REFERENCES 

T. W. Higginson, Larger His- 
tory of the United States, pp. 
344-370; A. B. Hart, Source- 
Book. Chap. .\ii. ; C. C. Cotifin, 
Building of the Nation ; S. A. 
Drake. Making of the Ohio \'al- 
ley States ; Making of the Great 
West; H. C. Wright. Stories of 
.American Progress. 

173. Jefferson inaugu- 
rated. (1801.) — Theinau- 
gural address of Jefferson 
was awaited with great 
curiosity ; to the surprise 
of many it was a calm, 
dignified document, in 
which he foretold confi- 
dently that the great ex- 
periment of government 
w^hich the people of the 
United States were trying 
\vould be a success. He 
said that, "though the will 



of the majority is in all 
cases to prevail, that will, to be rightful, must be reason- 
able ; that the minority possess their equal rights. . . . 

200 



Foreign and Domestic Policy. 201 

Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. 
. . . We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists." 

Jefferson's policy was: (1) To pay the national debt as 
soon as practicable; (2) To keep out of foreign politics; 
(3) To introduce as much simplicity as possible into the 
methods and routine of government. 

Washington went to his inauguration in a coach drawn Jefferson 
by six horses ; and observed much style on official occa- 
sions ; Adams followed his example. Jefferson, true to his 



advocates 
simplicity. 




Washington from the Potomac in iSoi. 

From an engraving by R. Phillips. 

principles of republican simplicity, walked to the Capitol to 
give his inaugural address in the Senate Chamber. Wash- 
ington and Adams were accustomed to go to the Capitol 
with great ceremony and read their annual messages in 
person to the Houses of Congress assembled together. 
Jefferson sent to each House by his secretary a written 
message. All Presidents since his time have followed 
this practice. Though Jefferson advocated simplicity in 
public life, at his own home he lived in the style of other 
Virginia gentlemen. 

174. The Louisiana Question. (1802.) — By the treaty Louisiana 
of 1763, in which France gave up her possessions in question. 
America to England, Spain had acquired all the country 



transferred 
to France 



202 History of the United States. 

west of the Mississippi; and in 1783 the Floridas were 
restored to her. 

Louisiana Soon after Jefferson came into office it was learned that 

in 1800, Spain had by secret treaty, transferred her Louisi- 
ana possessions to France. In 1802 the Spanish governor 
of Louisiana, before the formal transfer of the province to 
France, forbade foreigners to store merchandise at New 
Orleans. This " right of deposit," as it was called, had 
been given by Spain to the United States by previous 
treaty, and the refusal to continue the agreement at once 
caused great excitement in the West. 

The "right It was, morcovcr, a very serious thing to have France 

eposi . instead of Spain for a neighbor. The Mississippi River 
was the natural outlet for the produce grown on its banks 
or those of its tributaries. To forbid the deposit of goods 
at New Orleans was to forbid their export. The western 
inhabitants of the United States said, " We must either 
have the right of deposit, or we must own New Orleans ; 
otherwise our trade will be killed." 

Jefferson saw that these views were reasonable. He 
accordingly gave instructions to the minister to France 
to procure the cession of New Orleans to the United States, 
by purchase if possible, and he also sent Monroe as a special 
envoy to Paris. 

Napoleon's 175. Louisiana bought. (1803.) — At first Napoleon 

P ans or would have nothing to do with the scheme. He had vast 
plans of his own for colonization. But soon the relations 
between France and England became such that a renewal 
of war was certain. Napoleon needed money, and aware 
that he could not hold Louisiana against England's strong 
naval power, he suddenly determined to offer to the 
United States, not New Orleans only, but the whole prov- 
ince as it had been ceded by Spain. 



Louisiana. 



Foreign and Domestic Policy. 203 



Though the American envoys had no authority to do Louisiana 
more than negotiate for the purchase of New Orleans and i^o"5^ht, 

° ' April 30, 

a strip of territory I ijioj. 

east of the Missis- 
sippi, they took the 
responsibiHty of ac- 
cepting this offer, as 
they recognized the 
great vakie of such 
an acquisition. The 
bargain was con- 
cluded, and the 
treaty was signed 
April 30, 1803. By 
the terms of this 
treaty the United 
States was to pay 
France about $15,- 
000,000.^ 

The action of the 
envoys was pleasing 
to the great majority 
of the citizens of 
the United States, 
though many of 
the Federalists 




The Old Cabildo of New Orleans. 

In this the official transfer of Lonisiana by France to the 
United States took place. 



The 

purchase 
approved by 
the people. 



opposed it on the ground that it was unconstitutional, and 
others because they thought the country was too large 
already. 

Jefferson, a " strict constructionist," believed that it 
would be needful to pass an amendment to the Constitu- 

1 About one-fourth of this sum, however, was to satisfy claims of American 
citizens on France. 



204 History of the United States. 

Congress tion, but did not press the matter. Congress at a special 
approves. session, by a large majority, approved the measure. Pos- 
session was taken December 20, 1803. 
Effects of This, " probably the largest transaction in real estate the 

"'^ world has ever known," delighted the western settlers and 

purchase. i i i i i t-i • r , • 

pleased the people at large. 1 he vast miportance of this 
purchase to the future welfare of the country was not 
understood at the time. By a most wonderful combina- 
tion of circumstances the area of the United States was 
doubled in extent, and J:he country given the opportunity 
to expand without fear of foreign enemies ; scarcely ever 
has a stroke of the pen accomplished more.^ 

176. Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806); Pike's 

Lewis and Expedition. (^1806-1807.) — In 1804 Jefferson sent two 

Clark expe- p|:f^cg,.g ^^f ^]^q ^^1-,^-,,. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, 

1S04-1S07. a brother of George Rogers Clark (sect. 128), with a party 

of thirty-four men to explore the country of the Louisiana 

Purchase, especially the northern and northwestern 

parts.^ 

They set out from St. Louis in May, 1804; they followed 
the Missouri River toward its source, and spent the winter 
upon its banks. It was about a year before they reached 
the Rocky Mountains ; these they crossed not far from 
where Helena, Montana, now stands. They suffered 

1 The boundaries of Louisiana were very indefinite, the western portion of 
the territory being an unknown region both to France and the United States. 
It is now generally recognized that Oregon was not a part of the purchase. 
Spain claimed it until 1S19, when she gave up the claim in the Florida 
treaty. 

The power of the Unitetl States to annex territory, questioned at the time, 
has since been upheld by the Supreme Court. It is a right which has always 
been recognized as belonging to sovereign states. 

- Jefferson had long thought that the great Northwest should be explored; 
and had, in fact, early in 1S03, secured an appropriation from Congi'ess to 
defray the cost of an exploring party. 



Foreign and Domestic Policy. 205 

many hardships ; sometimes they could advance only five Hardships 
miles in a whole day. The path was rough and stony ; '^^ ^'^7^^ 

. . and Clark. 

sometimes it led along precipices and sometimes through 
deep canons. They could get scarcely enough to eat, and 
so killed and ate their broken-down horses. Still undis- 
mayed the explorers kept on. They reached one of the 
upper tributaries of the Columbia River, and embarked in Columbia 
canoes which they had built. After following the course ^'^^'■• 
of this stream for several days they came to the Columbia 




Lewis and Clark's Route. 

itself. Down this broad river they paddled day after day, Reach the 
hoping to reach its mouth. On a rainy, foggy morning ^^'^''''^• 
in the autumn they were sailing as usual when suddenly 
the fog lifted and they " enjoyed the delightful prospect 
of the ocean — that ocean, the object of all their labors, 
the reward of all their anxieties." 

They spent the winter on the Pacific coast, and started 
on their return journey in the spring, reaching St. Louis 
in September, 1806, two years and four months after they 
had first set out. They had explored a large part of the 



2o6 



History oi the United States. 



Results of 
Lewis and 
Clark's 
expedition. 



Pike's 
expedition. 



Louisiana territory, and had shown its great value ; besides 
this, they had discovered and explored a great region 
beyond the Rocky Mountains. The claim of the United 
States to the territory out of which Oregon and Washington 
were afterward formed, was chiefly based on this discovery 
of Lewis and Clark's, and on the fact that in 1792 a 
Boston trader, Robert Grav. had visited the mouth of the 
river, which he called the Columbia, after one of his 
vessels. 

Jefferson sent Zebulon I\l. Pike to explore the south- 
western part of the Louisiana Purchase. Starting from 




Pikes Roitk. 



St. Louis in Julv. 1806, Pike and his partv followed the 
Missouri River to the Osage River, and thence westward. 
On this journey he ascended a mountain " with great toil, 
Pikes Peak, whence he had a view of the Grand Peak " which now 
bears his name, Pikes Peak. 

Though winter came on, and the cold was great, he con- 
tinued his journev, but turned southward. After suffering 
intensely from cold and hunger, he and his companions 



Foreign and Domestic Policy. 207 



Barbary 
.States. 



unknowingly crossed into Spanish territory. The Spaniards Hardships, 
discovered them and took them prisoners. They were 
carried to Santa Fe, but after some time they were re- 
leased, and returned to the United States by way of 
Texas. 

177. War with Barbary States. (1801-1804.) — There War with 
had been much trouble with the Barbary States ; their 
vessels were engaged in piracy, and these pirates attacked 
American shipping, seized the cargoes, destroyed the 
vessels, and sold the crews into slavery. For many years 
the United States, like some of the nations of Europe had 
paid a yearly tribute to escape injury to her commerce. 

The pirates became more and more exacting in their 
demands, until in 1 801 the Dey of Tripoli, incensed at the 
rejection of his demand for increased tribute, declared war 
against the United States. This war dragged on until 
1804, when the government sent a larger naval force to 
the Mediterranean and forced Tripoli to make a treaty of 
peace, the most satisfactory ever wrung from a Barbary 
state up to that time. Not until 181 5, however, were 
these pirates suppressed. 

178. Rotation in Office; Naturalization; Ohio admitted. 
(1802-1803.) — The practice of rotation in office was fol- 
lowed during the Confederation. Many in the Democratic- 
Republican party approved of it. Jefferson at first removed 
few of the Federal officials whom he found in office ; but, 
long before his first term had closed, more than half the 
important offices were held by new men. In spite of the 
words in his inaugural, he appointed only men of his own 
party, and by 1809 there was scarcely a Federalist in the 
service. 

In 1802 a new naturalization law was passed, requiring 
a residence in the country of five years before an alien 



Rotation in 
office. 



2o8 History of the United States. 

Naturaiiza- could becomc a citizen of the United States.^ In the 
^'""- same year internal taxes were done away with, but be- 

cause of the Tripolitan War the duties on imports were 
increased. 
Ohio ail- Ohio, the first state formed out of the Northwest Terri- 

e(.,i Oj. |-Qj.y^ ^j^jj |-j^g seventeenth of the Union, was admitted in 
the year 1803. Its growth was remarkable, for, though the 
first truly American settlement was that of Marietta in 
1788, the population of Ohio in 1800 was about forty-five 
thousand.^ So favorable were the conditions of growth 
that in 1820 this state took its place as fifth in point of 
population, and from the census of 1840 until that of 1890 
it was surpassed only by New York and Pennsylvania.^ 
Duel be- 179- Hamilton and Burr. (1804-1807.) — In the summer 

tween Ham- of 1804 the country was startled by the news that 
Burr Alexander Hamilton had been killed in a duel by Aaron 

Burr, the Vice-President."* The prominence of the men 
increased the horror felt in regard to such a barbarous 
custom. 

Burr had already become unpopular and distrusted by 
his party, and so had not been renominated for Vice- 
Burr's con- President. He now collected a force of men, either 
spuacy. fQj. ^^Q purpose of setting up a government of his own 

within the Louisiana Territory, or of attacking the Spanish 
possessions. In 1807 he was arrested on a charge of 
treason, and was taken to Richmond, Virginia, for trial 
before Chief Justice Marshall ; but the prosecution failed 
for want of evidence, as well as for want of jurisdiction. 

1 This period of residence is still required (1901). - 45,365. 

3 In the census of 1890 Illinois took the third place, and Ohio the fourth. 

■* Burr was an ambitious, unprincipled man. In hope of being chosen 
governor of New York, he made advances toward the Federalists. He was 
defeated in the election, niainlv through the efforts of Alexander Hamilton. 



1 



Foreign and Domestic Policy. 209 

Disgraced and ruined, Burr disappeared from public view ; 
he died in neglect and poverty in 1836. 

180. Jefferson reelected; Public Improvements. (1805.) Jefferson 
— Jefferson was renominated for President in 1804, with •"eelected, 
George Clinton of New York as candidate for Vice-Presi- 
dent. The Federalists nominated Charles C. Pinckney 
of South Carolina and Rufus King of New York. In 
accordance with the twelfth amendment of the Con- 
stitution, ratified September 25, 1804, the electors cast 
separate ballots for President and Vice-President. Jef- 
ferson and Clinton were chosen by a very large majority, 
the Federalists receiving only 14 out of 176 electoral 
votes. 

At the beginning of Jefferson's second term everything 
seemed in a highly prosperous state ; the country was grow- 
ing fast in wealth and population, and the national debt 
was being rapidly paid. 

The President suggested in his inaugural that an amend- Public im- 
ment should be made to the Constitution to provide for the provements. 
just division among the states of the surplus revenue to 
be applied to objects of public improvement, such as 
" rivers, canals, roads, arts, manufactures, education, and 
other great objects within each state." Congress, how- 
ever, believed that the power to appropriate money for 
public improvements was given or implied in the Constitu- 
tion, and it exercised this power in voting money in 1806 
for a national road west from Cumberland in the state 
of Maryland; (See map, p. 260.) 

In view of the vast sums voted for public improvements 
in late years, and the tendency to seek national aid in 
almost every enterprise, it is interesting to remember that 
the legality of such measures was once seriously called in 
question. In 1807, Congress passed a bill in accordance 



2IO History of the United States. 



Slave trade 
prohibited, 
1808. 

Napoleon. 



Great 
Britain 
and France. 



" Orders in 
Council." 



with the Constitution (Art. I., sect. 9), prohibiting the 
foreign slave trade after January i, 1808.^ 

181. Affairs in Europe; Napoleon. (1804-1807.) — In 
1804 Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of France, 
and the war with Great Britain was carried on more ac- 
tively than ever. For a time the United States had profited 
greatly by the war, for, being a neutral power, her ships 
could trade with all nations. In this way much of the 
carrying trade of the world fell into her hands, bringing 
wealth to her citizens. 

Great Britain, in order to weaken the power of Napo- 
leon, resolved to put a stop to neutral trade. In 1806, 
she issued a proclamation declaring that all the ports in 
Europe between Brest and the mouth of the river Elbe 
were closed, or blockaded, and warning all vessels not to 
attempt to enter them. Napoleon retaliated by his famous 
Berhn Decree, which declared the British Isles to be in a 
state of blockade, forbade France or any of her allies to 
trade with them, and ordered the confiscation of all British 
merchandise. 

England, in 1807, met Napoleon's decree with her " Or- 
ders in Council," by which she declared all ports blockaded 
from which the British flag was shut out, and forbade all 
vessels to trade with France or any of her allies. This 
limited American commerce to England and Sweden. Na- 
poleon again retaliated with his Milan Decree, in which 
he declared any vessel a lawful prize which obeyed the 
English "Orders in Council." 

182. Injuries to American Commerce. (1807.) — Between 
France and England American commerce suffered greatly. 
If a vessel went to Europe without touching at an English 

1 Notwithstanding this law, it is estimated that aliout fifteen thousand 
negroes were secretly brought into the country every year. 



Foreign and Domestic Policy. 211 

port and paying dues or taxes on her cargo, she ran the injuries to 
risk of being taken by English men-of-war ; while, if she ^"^^"^an 

'^ ■> '=> commerce. 

followed this course, she might be seized by the French, 
should she attempt to enter any Continental port. 

England claimed the right to stop all vessels in order Impress- 
to find out if there were any British sailors on board ; if "^^"*- °^ 

, . , . sailors. 

any were found, they were seized, or mipressed, as it was 
called — taken on board the war vessel, and made to serve 
in the British navy. England had long claimed this right, 
and Jay, in 1794, had vainly urged her to give it up. 

English impressments became more frequent, and Eng- 
lish officers more and more overbearing. At length (1807) 
the British frigate Leopard stopped the United States 
frigate Chesapeake, off Chesapeake Bay, and by force com- Cht-sapcakc 
pelled her commander, who was in no condition to fight, o^^'^age. 
to give up four of his men, declared by the British captain 
to be British citizens. This gross indignity was resented 
by all Americans, and almost brought on war. The act 
was disavowed by Great Britain, but it was not until 1811 
that reparation was offered and accepted. 

183. Embargo. (1807-1809). — Jefferson soon issued a The Em- 
proclamation warning British cruisers not to enter Ameri- °^^g°' ^ °7- 
can ports ; and called an e.xtra session of Congress to decide 
what should be done. Greatly averse to war, for which 
he knew the country was not prepared, the President 
advised an embargo. Congress acted promptly on this 
suggestion, and passed the Embargo Act of 1807. 

The act forbade the departure of any vessel for any for- 
eign port ; foreign vessels were forbidden to load in Ameri- 
can ports ; and vessels in the coasting trade were required 
to give bond that they would not trade outside the United 
States. This experiment was disastrous. " American ship- 
ping ceased to exist, American commerce was annihilated, 



2 12 



History of the United States. 



American seamen were forced to seek employment under 
the British flag, and British ships and British commerce 
alone occupied the ocean." 

The first opposition to this measure came from New 
England, whose citizens were largely interested in com- 
merce. They saw their chief means of support destroyed 
at a blow ; and, after vain attempts to get this act repealed, 
thev gradually turned their attention to other pursuits. 
Manufacturing, in time, became their chief interest, making 
them to a large degree independent of the sea. 

In the southern and agricultural states the effect of the 
embargo came more slowlv, but was severely felt, for it 
was found that a foreign outlet for crops was essential to 
prosperity. In 1809 Congress was compelled to modify 
its former action by what is known as the Xon-intercourse 
Act. This act removed all restrictions on trade except 
with England and Erance. 

184. Robert Fulton (^1807"); Madison, President (^1809) ; 
Tecumseh (i8ii\ — During Jefferson's administration one 
of the greatest inventions of modern times was made. 
Robert Fulton, born in Pennsylvania, of Irish parentage, 
had been a portrait painter, a civil engineer, and an 
inxentor. He now turned his attention toward the steam- 
engine, and devised a steamboat. With the pecuniary 
help of Robert R. Livingston of New York, he built 
a steamboat at Paris, Erance, which was apparently a 
failure. 

F"ulton was not discouraged, but made another trial in 
1807, this time at New York. The Cleruioiit, as the vessel 
was called, started from New York for Albany amid the 
jeers of the lookers-on. The crowd soon applauded, how- 
ever, for the experiment was a success, the Clcnnont keep- 
ing on at the rate of five miles an hour. 



Foreign and Domestic Policy. 



213 




Though others, notably John Fitch in Pennsylvania in John Fitch. 
1788, had been able to propel vessels by steam, to Fulton 
belongs the credit of in- ,^?i^-te. 



venting the first really 
practical steamboat. Had 
Fitch had the encourage- 
ment and the financial 
support which Fulton re- 
ceived, he might have 
anticipated the later inven- 
tion. 

In spite of the unpop- 
ularity of the Embargo 
Act, the Republicans in 
the Presidential election 
of 1808 elected their can- 
didates, James Madison 
of Virginia and George 
Clinton of New York, by 
a large majority of elec- 
toral votes. Madison has 
been called the " Father 
of the Constitution," from the large share he took in bring- 
ing about the Constitutional Convention, the prominent 
position he held in that body, and his advocacy of the 
adoption of the document. He was a man of wide acquire- 
ments, particularly in legal and political science. He was, 
however, better fitted to plan than to carry out, and his 
lack of executive abilit)- was made very evident during 
his first term as President. 

In 181 1 a war broke out between the Indians of Indiana Indian wars, 
Territory and the United States. It was believed that '^"• 
British agents had excited the redmen and had helped 



%-S!^J^£> \4l'P\ 



J.-vMES Madison. 

James Mauison was boni in Virgini.a, March 
16, 1751. He graduated at Princeton College, 
1772. He was a member of the Continental Con- 
gress, 1780-17S4. He was an active member of i„_f^ 1 
the Constitutional Convention, 1787, and it is to 
his notes that we are indebted for most of our 
knowledge of its proceedings. He was an active 
member of Congress, 1789-1797; was Secretary 
of State during the two terms of Jefferson; and 
President, 1809-1817. He died 1836. 



James 
Madison 



President, 
1S08. 



2 14 History of the United States. 

them. The Indians, in the absence of Tecumseh, their 
chief, were totally defeated by General William Henry 
Harrison at Tippecanoe, near the site of the present city 
of Lafayette, Indiana. 

Louisiana was admitted as a state in 1812. Many 
opposed this action, partly on the ground that the country 
was "already too extensive for a republican form of 
government." 

SUMMARY. 

Jefferson was inaugurated 1801. His policy was to pay the debt as 
soon as practicable ; keep out of foreign politics ; and to introduce as 
much simplicity as possible into methods of government. 

The great event of his administration was the Louisiana Purchase. 
Lewis and Clark were sent to explore the Louisiana territory and the 
Oregon country, and Pike the southern part of the purchase. 

A naval war with the Barbary States put an end to tribute being paid 
them. Congress began to appropriate public money for internal im- 
provements. Owing to wars in Europe, Jefferson induced Congress to 
lay the Embargo, which injured the American trade more than it hurt 
the foreign trade. 

Fulton made a successful demonstration of the steamboat 1807. 
Madison was elected President 1808. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page xli. 



CHAPTER X. 

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 

REFERENCES. 

T. W. Higginson, Larger History of the United States, pp. 360-380; 
A. B. Hart, Source-Book, Chap. xiii. ; C. C. Coffin, Building of the 
Nation. 

185. Declaration of War. (1812.) — The majority of 
the people, except in New England, were eager for war 
with Great Britain. Madison, in his message to Congress 
of June I, 181 2, set forth the grievances of the United 
States. These were : the impressment of American sea- 
men ; violation of neutral rights on the American coast by 
the British cruisers ; the British " Orders in Council " ; 
and inciting the Indians against the United States. 

On June 18, 18 12, Congress passed an act declaring war War with 
against Great Britain. Only five days later England ^"''^^^ 

, r 1 A • Britain, 

repealed the " Orders in Council, so hurtful to American jgjj. 
commerce. It is unlikely that the declaration would have 
been withheld even if Congress had known of England's 
purpose, for the party in power was eager to fight ; 
besides, there was no assurance that the impressment of 
seamen would be given up. So extensive was this impress- 
ment that at one time the names of six thousand men who 
had been thus seized were on file in the Department of 
State. The extent of the injury done to commerce is 
shown by the fact that between 1803 and 18 12, on vari- 
ous pretexts, more than nine hundred vessels had been 
captured by British cruisers. 

215 



2i6 History ot the Inited States. 

i86. The United States ill-prepared for War. (1812.) — 
The country was ill-prepared for war with any nation, es- 
{lecially with Great Britain, whose navy numbered about 
one thousand vessels. The United States navy consisted 
of twelve moderate-sized vessels and some almost useless 
gunboats. The land forces were ridiculously inadequate, 
undisciplined, miserably equipped, and officered by incom- 
petent men. 

Though the navy was small, the vessels were the best of 
their class afloat, and were well armed, while the officers 
and men" were skilful and well trained by experience in 
the Tripi^litan War. Those two facts are enough to explain 
the British successes on land and the American victories 
on the water. The country j-)lunged rashly into a war 
which, like most wars, resulted in little that could not have 
been gained by patient negotiation. 

187. American Failures ; Perry's Victory. (1812-1813.) 
— Congress quickly authorized military preparations. The 
plan of operation was to attack Canada and defend the 
coast. Henry Dearborn, an officer of the Revolution and 
Secretary of War under Jefferson, was made senior major- 
general. To General William Hull, the governor of Michi- 
gan Territory, another veteran of the Revolution, was 
intrusted the conduct of the invasion of Canada on the west. 
He soon surrendered Detroit, the " key of the west." without 
a blow in its defence. With it the whole of Michigan Terri- 
tory fell into the hands of the British.^ (See map. p. 221.) 



1 Hull was tried by court-martial for this act, found guilty of cowardice, 
and was condemned to be shot. He was, however, pardoned by President 
Madison in consideration of his services during the Revolutionary War. Hull 
published a defence in 1824. Many believe that his sentence was too severe, 
and some think that it was altogether unjust, asserting that he was made to 
suffer for the shortcomings of others. 



War with (^reat Britain. 217 

An attempt to invade Canada by crossing the Niagara Canadian 
River was a failure. Dearborn, early in 181 3, personally campaign 

-^ -^ indecisive, 

led an expedition against \ ork, now Toronto ; but, after 

destroving some supplies and unwisel}' burning the gov- 
ernment buildings, he retired from Canada, and soon after 
resigned his position. General William Henry Harrison, 
to whom had been given command of the army of the 
West, tried to recover Detroit, but was unsuccessful. 




Detroit IN 1811. 

From Robert E. Robert's " City of the Str.iits." 

In the fall of 1S13 Captain Oliver H. Perry, who had Pem-'s vic- 
built a small navv on Lake Erie, completely defeated the ^^"'' ^^f;^^ 

, . Erie, 1S13. 

British naval force near Sandusky, thus openmg the way 
for Harrison's armv to advance again upon Detroit, capture 
it, and pass into Canada. Soon after Harrison met the com- 
bined Indian and British forces near the river Thames, and 
routed them in battle. In this action Tecumseh, the great 
Indian chief, was killed. Harrison's victory restored Michi- 
gan and the Xorthwest to the United States, and put an end 
to the war in that part of the country. (See map. p. 221.) 
The skill of the American naval oflficers and the excel- 
lence of the American seamen and vessels were as mani- 
fest on the ocean as on the Great Lakes. During 1812 
and 181 3 the British were greatly surprised at the number 
of American naval victories. 



21 8 History of the United States. 



The success of the Americans at sea ahnost made up for 
the disastrous failures on land. While in some instances the 
advantage of size was in favor of the Americans, their suc- 
cess was mainly due to their superior seamanship and dis- 
cipline. The people of the United States were greatly 

^_^ elated over these 



victories ; several 
of the sayings of 
the naval captains, 
such as, " Don't 
give up the ship," 
and " We have met 
the enemy, and 
they are ours," be- 
came watchwords 
during the w a r. 
One of the most 
successful frigates 
was the Coiistitii- 
//<w, which received 
the name of " Old 
Ironsides." 

i88. The Creek 
War; Jackson. 

(I 8 I 3-1 814) — 
During the year 




I'HE Constitution." 



Launched in 1797. In August, 1812, she captured the 
frigate Gitcrriere in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in December 
the British frigate Java off the coast of Brazil, and in the 
following February, The Hornet and The Peacock, two 
other British vessels, had to yield to her. In 1833, it was 
decided to destroy her, as she was unseaworthy. Oliver 
Wendell Holmes' famous poem, "Old Ironsides," aroused l8l3,incited bv the 
such feeling that the old ship was saved. She was repaired • n c ■-r' 

and went to sea again in 1834. To-day she is in the Boston innUCnCe 01 i C- 

^'"^ ^^'^- cumseh and British 

and Spanish emissaries, the Creek Indians in south- 
western Georgia and in Alabama rose against the United 
States. Led by a chief named Weathersford, a half- 
breed, they surprised and took Fort Mims, near the 



War with Great Britain. 219 

junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers. The gar- 
rison and most of those who had taken refuge in the fort, 
including many women and children, in all over four 
hundred, were cruelly put to death. (See map, p. 221.) 

After two campaigns the Indians were conquered, the 
whites showing no quarter, and seemingly trying to surpass 
the redmen in cruelty. A great number of the Creek 
Indians were killed, and the survivors were forced to give 
up most of their lands and move farther west. Andrew 
Jackson was the chief commander in these campaigns, and 
his success in this Indian war gave him a high reputation 
for military skill. 

189. American Successes; British Plans. (1814.) — Taught American 
by their reverses, the Americans set about reorganizing successes, 
their armies, and under the instructions of a young officer, 
Winfield Scott, and others, the troops greatly improved in 
discipline and coniidence. Several victories over the 
British in Canada were the results of this training. Chip- 
pewa, Lundy's Lane, and Fort Erie, all in the neighbor- 
hood of Niagara Falls were the chief successes ; but as 
the United States troops had to retreat across the river 
Niagara, no real advantage was gained. Later the 
British invaded the United States by way of Lake 
Champlain, but were defeated at the naval battle of 
Plattsburg. (See map, p. 221.) 

The success of the forces allied against Napoleon com- United 
pelled him to abdicate ; he was banished to Elba, and •'States 
peace was declared in Europe. England was now able blockaded. 
to send more men and more vessels to America. So many 
ships were sent that the whole coast from Maine to Florida 
was blockaded, and American vessels found it a hard matter 
to get in and out of ports. 

The United States had almost no vessels at sea, and 



220 History of the United States. 

American most of the naval operations were carried on by privateers. 

privateers. Xhese were very hurtful to English commerce. It is esti- 
mated that over twenty-five hundred English merchant- 
men in all were captured during the war by American 
privateers. 

The plan of the Et^glish had been to invade the coun- 
try from three points : on the north ; on the Atlantic 
coast ; and on the south. The attack from the north 
had been so far a failure. A part of the British plan 
was to make attacks at various places on the Atlantic sea- 
coast in order to keep the Americans in a state of con- 
tinual fear and uncertainty. In carrying out these schemes 
Stonington in Connecticut, Lewes in Delaware, Havre de 
Grace in Maryland, and other places were plundered. 
Maine, as far as the Penobscot River, was seized and 
held by the British until the end of the war. 

British IQO. Capture of Washington. (1814.) — The chief attack 

capture y^^^ th.^|- niadc upou the citv of Washington late in the 

Washington, r d \ 'n • i i 

,v^, siunmer 01 1514. A strong rieet accompanied by an army 

of about four thousand five hundred men under General 
Ross, appeared in Chesapeake Bay in July. 

The forces were landed at Benedict, near the mouth of 
the Patu.xent River and marched toward the capital. No 
resistance was made until Bladensburg, a short distance 
from Washington, was reached. Here a force of about 
six thousand men, consisting of a few regular troops and 
marines with the militia, was hastily drawn up to defend 
the capital. The militia were without training, the au- 
thority was divided, the officers were incompetent, and the 
battle speedily ended in a rout. 

The British entered Washington and burned the Capitol 
and most of the government buildings. So hasty was the 
flight of the Americans, that Mrs. Madison, the wife of the 




THE MAR IX THE SOUTH 



Reference Maps for the War of 1812. 
221 



222 History of the United States. 



British 
repulsed at 
Baltimore. 

Southern 
Campaign. 



Andrew 
Jackson. 



President, gathered up some of the silver in her reticule 
as she fled from the White House, and the British " ate 
up the very dinner, and drank the wine, etc., . . . pre- 
pared for the President's party." 

191. British repulsed at Baltimore. (1814.) — The loss 
from a money point of view was large, but it was noth- 
ing in comparison with the loss of public records, which it 
was impossible to replace. The burning of the Parliament 
House in York (Toronto) by General Dearborn (sect. 187) 
offered the only justification for this act of the British. 
There was, however, this difference ; the one was done on 
the responsibility of the general, the other was done under 
strict orders from the British government. After burning 
the city, the British forces retreated. (See map, p. 221.) 

An attack on Baltimore was successfully repelled at 
North Point, a few miles below the city, and a bombard- 
ment of Fort McHenry by the l-Jritish fleet was a failure.* 

192. Southern Campaign ; New Orleans ; Repulse of the 
British. (1814-1815.) — The new attempt of the British 
was in the South. Spain, though nominally at peace with 
the United States, was friendly to England, and there had 
been in consequence more than one conflict between the 
Spaniards and the American forces. The British had 
occupied Pensacola, but Jackson had driven them from 
it and handed it over to the Spaniards. He hastened to 
the defence of New Orleans, which the British were sure 
to attack. 

Jackson's army was composed largely of frontiersmen, 
well trained in border conflicts, but knowing little of mili- 
tary tactics and discipline. The British were men who 

1 During this bombardment, Francis Scott Key, a Baltimorean, who had 
gone to the British fleet to negotiate for the release of prisoners and was 
detained by the British, wrote the song "The Star-Spangled Banner." 



War with Great Britain. 223 

had been in Wellington's armies, and were under the com- 
mand of skilful officers. Jackson showed the greatest 
energy and forethought in his preparation for defence ; 
he built barricades of cotton bales, and earthworks, and 
called upon all citizens to aid him; among those who re- 
sponded were many free negroes. 

On the 8th of January, 181 5, the British made their British 
great attack. They were repulsed with heavy loss. The repulsed at 
general in command was killed, and about twenty-five Qrieans, 
hundred men were reported as killed, wounded, or miss- 181 5. 
ing. On the American side eight were killed and thirteen 
wounded. 1 The British forces abandoned the expedition. 

The battle of New Orleans did not in any way affect 
the treaty of peace, for that had been signed at Ghent on 
the day before Christmas, two weeks before. So slow 
was communication that the welcome tidings did not reach. 
New York until February 1 1, and it was nearly four weeks 
before news of Jackson's success was received at Washing- 
ton. 

The victory at New Orleans restored confidence to the 
Americans, and had a marked effect in raising their mili- 
tary reputation in Europe. 

193. Peace of Ghent. (18 14.) — As early as 181 3 Russia Peace of 
had offered to act as mediator between the United States <^hent, 1S14. 
and Great Britain ; the offer had been twice repeated with- 
out avail. Early in 18 14 President Madison appointed five 
commissioners to go to Europe for the purpose of treating 
with England, but for some time after their arrival the 
prospects for peace were gloomy. The success of the 
allied armies against Napoleon, the capture of Paris, and 
the abdication of the French Emperor, while releasing 

' Jackson officially reported a loss, in these operations, of seventy-one 
killed, wounded, and missing. 



224 



History of the United States. 



Treaty 
ratified. 




many troops which could be sent to America, at the same 

time took away any pretext for the impressment of sailors 

and for the obnoxious " Orders in Council." 

Peace Late in the summer of 1814 the Enghsh and American 

negotiations, commissioners met at Ghent, now in Belgium, and after 
1S14. , f . 

long negotiations agreed 

s^^^Lyii^ upon a treaty of peace 

which was speedily approved 
by the British government 
and sent to America for rati- 
fication. In this treaty every- 
thing was restored as far as 
possible to the state which 
had existed before the war ; 
not a word was said about 
the impressment of sailors 
or the "Orders in Council"; 
and the important questions 
relating to the navigation of 
the Mississippi and the New- 
foundland fisheries were left to future negotiation. Both 
parties, however, agreed to do their best to put an end to 
the slave trade. 

While the English were ready for peace, the Americans 
were eager for it. Congress quickly ratified the treaty, 
and the war came to an end. With the exception of the 
naval glory, the Americans had gained little or nothing ; 
they had lost millions of dollars in military expenses and 
in the utter prostration of commerce, and many thousands 
of lives had been sacrificed. There is little doubt that a 
better treaty could have been made with England before 
the war than that which was made after it. 

194. The Hartford Convention. (1814.) — In New Eng- 



^J\ 



Facsimile of the Signatures upon 
THE Definitive Treaty of Peace. 

From the original in the State Department, 
Washington. 



War with Great Britain. 225 

land, though she had borne more than her full share of Hartford 
the CQSt and had furnished more men than were called Convention, 
for, the war was, from the first, unpopular, especially among 
the Federalists. The many defeats, the destruction of 
trade, and the apparent hopelessness of the conflict made 
the opposition very strong. 

At the instance of some Federalists a convention was 
called to discuss the condition of the country, particularly 
of the eastern states. Delegates from Massachusetts, Con- 
necticut, and Rhode Island, and from parts of Vermont 
and New Hampshire, numbering in all twenty-six, met at 
Hartford, Connecticut. They held secret sessions for 
three weeks, and then, after preparing a paper for publi- 
cation, adjourned, subject to call. 

The members were all Federalists, and their opponents 
made the secrecy of the proceedings an occasion for spread- 
ing the belief that the convention had plotted secession. 
The real intentions of the leaders in the movement have 
never been fully explained and no complete report of its 
proceedings has been published. Seven amendments to 
the Constitution, resembling the Virginia and Kentucky 
Resolutions of 1798 and 1799, and the South Carolina 
Nullification Act of 1832, were recommended. Before 
the committee which had been appointed to confer with 
the government reached Washington, peace had been de- 
clared. The whole movement brought nothing but politi- 
cal ruin to all engaged in it, and was a final blow to the 
Federalist party. 

195. War with Algiers. (1815.) — The United States War with 
had not quite done with fighting, however ; for the Dey of Algiers, 
Algiers had considered the war with England an opportu- 
nity to declare war on the United States ; and he had 
seized several American vessels. In the summer of 18 15 



1815. 



2 26 History of the United States. 



Treaty with 

Algiers. 



Bank of the 
United 

States. 



an expedition under Commodore Decatur was sent to 
Algiers. 

After the capture of two Algerine ships the submissive 
Dey signed a treaty of peace on the deck of Decatur's 
ship, agreeing to release all captives, pay indemnities 
for past seizures, and give up forever any claim on the 




The Stephen Decatur Medal. 

United States for tribute or presents; he promised, in 
addition, not to reduce prisoners of war to slavery. De- 
catur had turned his attention to Tunis and Tripoli, and 
compelled these states to promise to observe their former 
treaties. No further trouble was experienced from the 
Barbary States. 

196. Charter of a New Bank of the United States. (1816.) 
— The finances of the country were in a bad way. The 
national debt was about $127,000,000, more than $80,000,- 
000 of which had been the cost of the war ; trade was for 
the time almost ruined, no gold or silver money was to be 
seen, and business of every kind was depressed. In order 
to restore specie payments and improve the finances, a 
new Bank of the United States was chartered by Congress 
in 1 8 16 for twenty years. 



War with Great Britain. 



227 



The bank was to have branches in different parts of the Bank of the 



United 
Slates. 




country, and the public funds were to be deposited in it 
and its branches. These deposits, however, could be 
withdrawn when the Secretary of the Treasury thought 
best, but he was to give Congress his reasons for such 
action. The capital of the bank was fi.xcd at 5^35,ooo,ooo; 
the United States was a large 
contributor, and was repre- 
sented in the board of direc- 
tors. 

The first United States 
bank, suggested by Hamilton 
(sect. 158), had been closed on 
the expiration of . its charter 
in 181 1 ; Hamilton's political 
opponents felt themselves 
obliged in 18 16 to follow his 
example when they found 
themselves in somewhat simi- J'^^'^' ^^°^''"'^- 

. A 171 James Monroe was born in Virginia, 

lar circumstances. Whatever April 28, .758. He entered William and 

may have been its later repu- ^'-y CoUege. but Mt to join theRevo.u- 

J I tionary army when he was eighteen, and 

tation, there seems to be no ^'="<=<i "^'^^^ '^'■'^'^''- ^^^ ^'^^ ^ member of 

the Virginia Legislature and opposed the 
doubt that for some years the adoption of the constitution. He was 

d-i-» 1 r .1 TT -i 1 United States Senator, Envoy to France, 

Bank of the United Governor of Virginia, Envoy to France 

States did good service.^ 

197. Election of Monroe. 
(1816.) — James Monroe was 
nominated 2 as the successor of Madison, with Daniel D. james 

1 The bank was not at first well managed ; but under new officers soon 
became a useful agency in the financial affairs of the country. 

- At this time the candidates for President and Vice-President were nomi- 
nated by a joint meeting of the United States Senators and members of the 
House of Representatives. This meeting was called a " caucus." The mem- 
bers of each party in Congress held their own caucus. 



again, where he took part in the Louisiana 
Purchase. He was Minister to Great 
Britain, Secretary of State for six years, 
and President 1817-1825. He died July 
4, 1831. 



Monroe. 



228 



History of the United States. 



Tompkins, of New York, as Vice-President. Monroe was 
probably the best man that could have been selected. 
At the election he received an overwhelming majority of 
the electoral votes. The F'ederalists had nominated Rufus 
King of New York, but did not go to the trouble of put- 
ting any one forward as candidate for Vice-President. 
From this time the Federalist party ceased to exist under 
that name, though many of the Democratic-Republicans 
were really Federalists in their views, and were waiting a 
new issue to form a new party. 



SUMMARY. 

War was declared against Great Britain in 1812. The grievances of 
the United States were : impressment of American seamen ; the British 
Orders in Council ; and inciting Indians against the United States. 
The people of the United States were unprepared for war. The army 
was weak and ill-trained, and while the navy was good it was very 
small. 

The Americans were often unsuccessful on land, but victorious on 
water. The British captured Washington and burned most of the 
public buildings. They were repulsed near Baltimore. Owing to the 
large navy of Great Britain the coast of the United States was closely 
blockaded. 

The greatest success of the Americans was at New Orleans. The 
Treaty of Peace was signed at Ghent, 181 4. Dislike of the war called 
forth the Hartford Convention of discontented Federalists. 

The United States was successful in bringing Algiers to terms. 
Monroe was elected President 181 6. The Federalist party ceased to 
exist. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page xlii. 



CHAPTER XI. 

THE THIRTY YEARS' PEACE. 

REFERENCES. 

T. W. Higginson, Larger History of the United States, pp. 381-430; 
A. B. Hart, Source-Book, Chap. xiv. ; C. C. Coffin, Building the Nation ; 
H. C. Wright, Stories of American Progress. 

198. Increase of National Feeling (1815) ; "Era of Effects of 
Good Feeling." — The War of 1812 had not been without the War of 
L^ood results. It had greatly increased the' national feel- 
ing ; it had started the manufacture of many articles which 
had hitherto been imported ; and it had given the country 
a position among the great nations of the earth. Very 
few, cither at home or abroad, looked any longer upon the 
Union as an experiment. 

The beginning of Monroe's term of office, therefore, 
marks an epoch in the history of the United States. In 
the thirty years of peace following the War of 181 2, the 
great subjects which claimed the attention of the people 
were those of internal policy, such as the tariff, internal 
improvements, — national roads, canals, railroads, — public 
lands, education, and slavery. Party lines for a time "Era of 
seemed to disappear, and Monroe's Presidency has there- ^"^";^ 
fore been called the "era of good feeling." ^' '' 

Monroe seems to have taken Washington as his model 
and to have followed his example whenever he could do 
so. Like him, early in his term of office he made an 
extended tour through the states. Nominally for the pur- 

229 



230 History of the United States. 



Monroe's 
tours. 



pose of inspecting the defences of the seaboard, the jour- 
ney really was to heal, as far as practicable, party ani- 
mosities. 

Travelling was slow in those days ; three months and 
a half were spent in visiting the eastern and middle 
states. Monroe was received everywhere with enthusi- 
asm, the old Federalists for the moment being almost as 
full of zeal as the President's own party. Jefferson's words, 
" We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans," seemed 
for the time to be literally true. Monroe's second tour 
(i8i9)was made in the southern states. A Presidential 
tour now is no uncommon thing, but in Monroe's day it 
meant a great deal, and the effect upon the people was 
marked. 

199. Cession of Florida ; General Jackson. (1819.) — 
Spain owned Forida, but it could hardly be said that she 
governed it. There were but few settlements or forts ; the 
country was really held by several tribes of Indians, the 
chief of whom were the Seminoles. Runaway slaves from 
Georgia and Alabama found it a safe place of refuge, and 
adventurers saw in it an attractive field for their lawless 
operations. During the War of 18 12 there was continual 
trouble, which lasted after peace had been made. Spain 
was either indifferent to complaints or helpless to keep 
order, and there was almost incessant border warfare. 

In 18 1 7 General Andrew Jackson was sent to take com- 
mand of the United States forces in the South. In his 
instructions he was allowed to pursue a flying enemy 
across the boundaiy, but he was not to attempt to take 
any Spanish post without direct orders from Washington. 
In the conduct of the campaign, however,. he acted with- 
out regard to orders. He accused the Spanish command- 
ers of aiding the Indians, — probably a charge true in some 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 231 

instances, — and seized several of the towns and forts, 
among them Pensacola. 

Two British subjects were seized, tried by court martial, 
and promptly hanged, though the evidence against them 
was of a doubtful character. Thus in a very short time 
Jackson had defied the rules of international law, and 
brought the country to the verge of war with Spain and 
h^ngland. 

Pensacola was soon restored to Spain ; but as it was evi- Spain cedes 

dent that the Floridas would continue to be a troublesome ^'""'^^' 

•11- 1819. 

possession. Spam became willmg to enter into negotia- 
tions for their cession to the United States, and in 18 19 
a treaty for the cession was signed at Washington. Spain 
ceded all the Floridas to the United States.^ In return, 
the United States gave up all claims against Spain, and 
agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against 
Spain to the amount of five million dollars. This treaty 
was not ratified by both countries until 1821. 

200. Protection to Home Industries. (1816-1817.) — One 
effect of the War of 18 12 had been to shut out luiglish 
manufactures, and in consequence to stimulate the manu- Manufac- 
facture of cotton and woollen goods in the United States. '""^^^'^^ 
Now that peace was made, the English merchants poured 

1 The United States in 1810 had taken possession of part of West Florida, 
claiming that it belonged to the Louisiana Purchase ; in 1812 the rest was 
seized. Spain in the treaty ceded the whole of Florida and gave up all claims 
to territory north of the forty-second parallel of latitude as far as the Pacific 
Ocean. This made the claim of the United States to Oregon much stronger. 
The western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase was also fixed by this treaty. 
Omitting particulars, the boundary may be described as following the Sabine, 
Red, and Arkansas rivers, to the forty-second parallel of latitude, and thence 
to the Pacific Ocean. In agreeing to these boundaries the United States lost 
Texas, a part of which she had previously claimed under the Louisiana treaty, 
but whose worth was not realized in 1819. (See map. Territorial Growth, 
between pp. 396-397.) 



232 History of the United States. 

their goods into the United States, underselling American 
manufacturers, who were unable to compete in prices. 
Indeed, it was alleged that the English merchants sent 
their goods over with the avowed purpose of breaking 
down any competition in America, and in order to do this 
were willing for a time to sell below cost. 

Petitions for an increase of duties were made to Con- 
gress, and in 18 16 a new tariff act was passed raising 
the rates of duty. In 18 17 the "American Society for 
the Encouragement of American Manufactures " was 
formed. Now more than ever protection was made a 
definite policy. Before this time revenue had been the 
object of every iinancial measure ; since this time protec- 
tion has often been made the first object in tariff legisla- 
tion, and revenue the second ^ (sect. 156). 

In 1 8 16 a number of southern men, among them Cal- 
houn, supported a moderate protective policy ; but before 
long they were led to believe that such a policy was against 
the interests of the South, particularly of the cotton-pro- 
ducing states, and in a few years most southern men 
became strong opponents of protection (sect. 218). 

201. Agreement relative to the Great Lakes. (1817.) — 
In 1 81 7 Great Britain and the United States agreed that 



1 Protection, or a protective tariff, is a tax laid upon imported goods at 
such a rate that it will prevent their sale, and so encourage the manufacture 
of similar goods at home. The advocates of protection claim that those 
engaged in manufacturing will buy of the farmers, thus giving them a home 
market for their products; and that there will be a greater diversity of 
interests in the country, making it to a great extent independent of foreign 
nations. The advocates of free trade claim that it is best for each country 
to produce that for which it is best fitted by nature ; that manufactures will 
spring up as soon as the country is ready for them ; that protection benefits 
a few at the expense of the many : and that a policy of free trade will tend 
to peace between nations. 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 233 

the naval force of either power on the Great Lakes should Agreement 
be limited to two vessels on the upper lakes, to one vessel '■^garding 

'■ ^ . the Great 

on Lake Ontario, and one on Lake Champlain ; each ves- Lakes, 
sel not to exceed one hundred tons' burden, and to be 
armed with but a single small cannon. This was but a 
police force to keep order and insure the collection of 
revenue. It was also agreed that no vessel should be 
built or armed on the Great Lakes for war purposes. 

202. Internal Improvements. (1806-1819.) — In 1806 internal im- 
Congress had granted an appropriation for laying out a P^'ovements. 
national road from Maryland to Ohio, the first instance 

of the kind (sect. 180). Madison and Monroe both vetoed 
bills making appropriations for the construction of roads at 
the national expense, on the ground of unconstitutionality. 
They thought that such works should be undertaken by 
the government under proper restrictions, and they had 
suggested amendments to the Constitution to give Con- 
gress the power. Many believed that the power to make 
internal improvements was implied in the Constitution ; 
others, that the whole matter rested with the states, and 
that the national government had nothing to do with it ; 
many also disapproved on principle giving Congress such 
l)ower. The need of better means of communication be- 
tween different parts of the country was so great that the 
matter was kept before the people. 

203. Erie Canal. (1817-1825.) — The roads were so 
bad at the time of the War of 181 2 that suppHes for the 
army in the Northwest were carried at a heavy cost. It 
was clear that some less costly method of transportation 
must be found between the East and West. To meet 

this necessity, De Witt Clinton of New York proposed DeWitt 
that a canal should be made from Lake Erie to the Hud- Clinton, 
son River near Albany. 



2 34 History of the United States. 

Erie Canal. Such a Canal would have to pass through forests, over 
rivers and valleys, and cross hills by means of numerous 
locks. No wonder that it seemed a foolish enterprise, and 
that it was called in derision " Clinton's Ditch." 

Clinton, with confidence and indomitable perseverance, 
carried the work to its completion. Begun on the 4th of 
July, 1817, it was finished in the fall of 1825. In Octo- 
ber of that year, a fleet of canal boats left Buffalo for 




Map of the Erie Canal. 



New York. Their progress through the canal was a 
triumphal procession ; shouts of welcome, ringing of 
bells and booming of cannon greeted them on the way. 
The little fleet of boats was towed from Albany to 
New York, and thence to Sandy Hook, where Clinton 
emptied into the sea the water which had been brought 
in a gayly decorated barrel from Lake Erie. This was 
to show that the waters of " our Mediterranean seas " are 
joined with the Atlantic by means of the Erie Canal. 
The arrival of the boats in New York was the beginning 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 235 

of a great celebration which lasted for several days. New Erie Canal. 
York City Hall was illuminated with over two thousand 
lamps and wax candles, and a grand display of fireworks 
was made. 

Extending over three hundred and sixty miles through 
the very heart of the state, the Erie Canal became the 
means of carrying a vast amount of merchandise ^ to and 
from the sea. Towns and villages grew up along its 
course. It stimulated in a wonderful manner the growth 
of the whole state through which it passed ; and this 
explains in great measure the fact that the city of New 
York soon surpassed Philadelphia, previously the largest 
city in the Union, in commercial prosperity and in popu- 
lation. 

The canal gave the farmers in the West the opportunity 
to send their crops to a good market, and to get their sup- 
plies at a reasonable cost. It furnished the people of the 
seaboard flour and country produce at a much lower price 
than formerly, and gave the New York merchants and 
manufacturers a larger market for their wares. 

204. Missouri, Slave or Free? (1818-1820.) — In 18 19 New states 
the number of states in the Union was twenty-two. With ^""^ ''^^ 
the exception of Louisiana, admitted in 18 12, all the states ()uestion 
added to the original thirteen had been formed out of ter- 
ritory within the limits as fixed by the treaty with Great 
Britain at the close of the Revolution. Of the thirteen, 
seven were free and six were slave states ; by the admis- 
sion of the nine new states the number of slave and free 
states had become equal, and were therefore equally rep- 

^ Before the opening of the canal, it cost over one hundred dollars to send a 
ton of goods from Albany to Buffalo ; after the canal was opened, the cost was 
less than fifteen dollars per ton. Until the introduction of railroads, the Erie 
Canal carried a large number of passengers. 



236 History of the United States. 

resented in the United States Senate. In the House 
of Representatives, on the other hand, the representation 
from the free states was larger, owing to the much more 
rapid growth in population.^ 
(Miio River Heretofore the Ohio River had been the dividing line 
1'^"^ , between freedom and slavery ; all new states admitted 

boundary 

between north of it were free, and all south of it were slave states, 
free and Lute in 1818 the territory of Missouri applied to Congress 
slave states. ^^^ ^^^ admitted into the Union. At once the question was 
forced upon the country : Should the vast domain lying 
west of the Mississippi be slave territory or free.'' If it 
should be free, the overthrow of southern influence in 
Congress would result. 

Louisiana had been admitted as a slave state ; it was 
south of the Ohio, and slavery was an established insti- 
tution when the Louisiana Purchase was made. But the 
northern part of the proposed state was on a line with 
Indiana and Ohio, while the southern boundary, 36° 30', 
was almost exactly that of Kentucky and Virginia. Geo- 
graphically, therefore, the territory was debatable ground. 
Jefferson, now in private life, wrote, " From the battle of 
Bunker Hill to the treaty of Paris, we never had so 
ominous a question." (See map.) 
North and 205. Missouri Compromise. (1818-1820.) — The South 

South at j^^,|(j |-|.,.jj- Congress had no right to interfere with slavery, 
that it was a question which the individual states should set- 
tle for themselves. The North held that Congress had 
full power over the territories, and could make condi- 
tions which a territory must observe in order to become 
a state. 

Loss of equality of representation in the Senate meant a 
probable loss of political supremacy; possibly an end to the 

1 See tables, Appenilices IV'. -VII. 



variance. 



238 History of the United States. 

extension, if not to the existence of slavery, an institution 
which the South believed was essential to its prosperity. 
The South, therefore, stubbornly resisted the admission of 
Missouri as a free state. 

The anti-slavery feeling had greatly increased in the 
North, and to many the question was no longer a political 
one ; it was a matter of right and wrong. There seemed 
no way to put an end to slavery in the South ; but it might 
be kept out of new states. 
Missouri The Struggle continued until 1820, when, largely through 

Compro- |-|^g efforts of Henry Clay of Kentucky, Speaker of the 

mise, 1820. . 1 1 1 • 1 

House 01 Representatives, an act was passed under which 
Missouri was to be admitted to the Union. This was the 
famous Missouri Compromise Bill. Its main provision, 
suggested by Jesse B. Thomas of lUinois, was, that Mis- 
souri was to be a slave state, but that in future slavery 
should be forever prohibited in all other territory of the 
United States lying north of the line of 36° 30' north 
latitude. (See map, p. 237.) 

This act for the first time fixed by law the division 

of the country into a free North and a slaveholding 

South. Almost at the same time the South permitted 

Maine to enter the Union as a free state, having refused 

to allow its admission until the Missouri question was 

settled. 

Monroe 2o6. Monroc reelected. (1820.) — There was no serious 

reelected, opposition to the rcelectioii of Monroe and Tompkins. 

Monroe received the vote of all the Presidential electors 

except that of one in New Hampshire, who gave his vote 

for John Quincy Adams, on the ground, it is said, that no 

one but Washington should receive a unanimous vote. 

Daniel D. Tompkins was reelected Vice-President. 

207. Spanish-American Republics. (1810-1822.) — The 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 239 

wonderful growth of the United States had not been Spanish- 
unobserved by the European colonies in America. From ^t^encan 
1 8 10 the Spanish colonies one after another began 
to rebel, and then to throw off the yoke of the mother 
country. As early as 18 16 Henry Clay had "put the 
question whether the United States would not have openly 
to take part with the patriots of South America " ; in 18 18 
he had urged the recognition of the Spanish-American 
republics ; in 1822 arrangements were made for opening- 
diplomatic relations with " independent nations on the 
American continent." Spain was unable to put down the 
rebellions in her colonies, but there were signs that some 
of the European powers were inclined to give her aid. 
After Napoleon's final overthrow, Russia, Austria, and 
Prussia, joined later by France and Spain, had formed 
themselves into what they called the "Holy Alliance." The " Holy 
Nominally fur the purpose of "preserving peace, justice, ^""^"'^'^•" 
and religion in the name of the gospel," its real aim 
was to prevent revolutions, and to put down anything like 
a rebellion. Thus a rising in Naples was put down by Aus- 
trian forces, and an attempt at a liberal government in Spain 
was crushed by France in 1823. England, for reasons of 
her own, opposed the plans of the " Holy Alliance," although 
not acting in concert with the United States. 

208. Monroe Doctrine. (1823.) — It was now feared that 
the Holy Alliance would aid Spain to recover her colonies, 
and also that France would try to set up a kingdom in the 
new world. 

In a message to Congress in 1823 the President an- Monroe 

nounced, (i)that the United States would remain neutral ^°'^*""^' 

. 1823. 

in the political affairs of Europe, but that any attempt by 

European governments to extend their system to any part 

of North or South America, or to oppress or control 



240 History of the United States. 



Monroe 
Doctrine. 



Internal im- 
provements. 



Protective 
tariff. 



independent American states, would be regarded as " the 
manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the 
United States," and (2) "that the American continents, by 
the free and independent condition which they have 
assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered 
as subjects for future colonization by any European 
powers." These statements are known as the " Monroe 
Doctrine." Little of this "Doctrine" was new; for 
Washington, Jefferson, and others had already stated the 
principles laid down in the first part. The authorship of 
the second part is attributed to John Quincy Adams,^ the 
Secretary of State. 

These statements had a marked effect in Europe; plans 
of European interference in American affairs were laid 
aside, and England soon followed the example of the 
United States and recognized the Spanish-American repub- 
lics as independent states. 

209. New National Issues. (1824.) — Monroe was the 
last of the Revolutionary statesmen. Before the close of 
his second term there had come to the front a new genera- 
tion of men, who were to decide new questions, and to 
avert new dangers. 

In the Congress to which was addressed the message 
containing the " Monroe Doctrine," two subjects, already 
referred to, began to be national issues: (i) Internal Im- 
provements at the national expense; and (2) a Tariff for 
Protection. A bill creating a protective tariff was passed 
by a small majority. This is known as the " Tariff of 
1824." A bill providing for surveys for a national system 
of canals was also passed. 

1 Monroe consulted Jefferson, who replied : " Our (irst and fundamental 
maxim should be: never to entangle ourselves in the broils of Europe; our 
second, never to suffer Europe to intermeddle with cis-Atlantic affairs." 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 



241 



210. John Quincy Adams chosen President by the House. Presidential 
(1825.) — The time now drew near for choosing a succes- noirimations. 
sor to Monroe, but the issues of the " tariff and internal 
improvements " had not been long enough before the 
country to be distinctly party issues, and the choice turned 
upon men rather than measures. The contest became so 
personal that this election was called " the scrub race for 
the Presidency." 

From 1804 to 1820 candidates for the office of President 
had been nominated by a caucus of the members of Con- 
gress ; in the latter year, as there was no opposition to 
Monroe and Tompkins, no caucus had been held. Early in 
1824 an attempt was made to return to the old but unpop- 
ular plan ; and a few members of Congress met and nom- 
inated William H. Crawford of Georgia, for President. 
Crawford was a man of much experience in political 
affairs, had held various offices, and was now Secretary 
of the Treasury ; but his nomination was not looked upon 
with great favor. 

The legislature of Tennessee presented Andrew Jack- 
son as its candidate ; Kentucky followed with Henry Clay ; 
Massachusetts, with John Quincy Adams. John C. Cal- 
houn of South Carolina was supported for Vice-President 
by the majority of advocates of the several candidates for 
the Presidency. 

It was not surprising that no candidate received a ma- john Quincy 
jority of the electoral votes ; the choice for President, Adams 
therefore, in accordance with the Constitution, fell to the ?, ° „" ^^ 

' the liouse 

House of Representatives. Clay, standing fourth on the ofRepresen- 
list in respect to the number of votes received, was ineligi- ^^''^^s, 1825. 
ble (Constitution, Amend. Art. XH.). As was natural, the 
friends of Clay joined with those of the other " loose con- 
structionists " and chose Adams, though Jackson had re- 



242 



History of the United States. 



National 
Republicans 




John (^iiin 
Adams. 



ceived a larger electoral vote.^ Calhoun, having received 
a majority of the electoral votes, was declared Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

At once there was a cry of 
" corrupt bargain," which was 
not lessened when Adams an- 
nounced that he would appoint 
Clay Secretary of State. The 
Jackson and Crawford factions 
joined in opposition to Adams 
and Clav, whose followers 
united, soon calling them- 
selves National Republicans, 
and afterward Whigs. In 
many i)articulars this new 
party differed little from the 
old Federalists. Their op- 
ponents, first called Jackson 
men, or Jacksonians, before 
long took the name of Demo- 
crats. 

211. John Quincy Adams; 

his Character. (1825.) — No 

„ .J o c c- man ever came to the office 

eight years; President, 1825-1829. From 

1831 to T848 he was a member of House of of President bcttcr prepared 

Representatives, and was known as the . r • i ■ 

"oM man eloquent." He was active in OV cduCatlOU lOr itS dutlCS 

support of the risht of petition and of 4.1, ,., T ^U., r\.,: \ J , 

aniislavery. He\lied lu the Capitol. ^haU Johu OuUlCy AdaUlS. 

Febriuary 23. ,84s. Hig father, Johu Adauis, one 

1 Jackson and Crawford were both strict constructionists of the Constitu- 
tion, while Clay and Adams believed in a liberal or loose construction of that 
instrument. A " strict constructionist " holds that all powers must be ex- 
pressly granted in the Constitution in order to be legal : a " loose construc- 
tionist " holds that in the Constitution there are many powers implied but not 
expressed, and that the document must be understood liberally. 



John Quinly Ahams. 

John Qimncv Adams was born in 
Massachusetts, July 11, 1767. He studied 
at the University of Leyden, in Hol- 
land, and when only fourteen was private 
secretary to the United States Minister 
to Russia. He graduated at Harvard 
College, 178S, and studied law. He was 
Minister to Holland when twenty-seven: 
afterward Minister to Prussia. He was 
■y United States Senator, one of the commis- 
sioners who negotiated the Treaty of 
Ohent, 1814; then Minister to Great 
Britain. He was Secretary of State for 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 243 

of the most prominent men of the country, had given 
his son every advantage of social and poHtical position. 
Somewhat haughty in his manner, impatient of other 
men's views, taking little pleasure in society, he was not 
poiHilar ; he had few personal jxilitical friends. He was 
an "accidental President," and not the choice of the peo- 
ple. He shone most when in the opposition in the House 
of Representatives, and his fame rests chiefly on his work 
after he ceased to be President. 

212. Lafayette's Visit to America. (1824-1825.) — Dur- Lafayette 
ing the last year of Monroe's administration Lafayette ^'*'*^ . 

•' • 1 1 TT • 1 <^ 1-1111 r - America, 

visited the United btates, which he had not seen for forty 1824-182?. 
years. Modestly declining the use of a public vessel 
offered by the United States, he sailed in a private ship, 
and landed at New York late in the summer of 1824. 

Lafayette was treated as the guest of the nation ; during 
his stay every expense was provided for, and every wish, 
so far as practicable, was anticipated. The peoi)le looked 
upon him as a representative of the Revolution, and so, in 
rendering honor to the man, there was a gratification of 
national pride. iM'erywhere that Lafayette went his course 
was a triumphal progress, and arches and banners with 
"Welcome Lafayette" greeted him throughout the laiid.^ 

The newspapers of the day are full of the accounts of 
the receptions and dinner-parties given to him. A ban- 
quet at the White House was given by the President, 
John Ouincy Adams. There were present ex-Presidents 
Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe, all of them old friends 
of the chief guest. 

' Josiah Quincy, in his " Figures of the Past," tells uf an enthusiastic lady, 
who may be taken as fairly representing the popular feeling, who said, " If 
Lafayette had kissed me, depend upon it, 1 would never have washed my face 
again as long as 1 lived." 



244 History of the United States. 

Lafayette left the country after a visit of a year. Be- 
sides the good wishes of the American people, he had 
received from Congress, in recognition of his services to 
the country as an officer of the Revolutionary army, the 
gift of $200,000 and a township of land in Florida. More 
might have been his, had not his modesty made him de- 
cline other gifts offered him by states and by individuals. 
He sailed for France in a new ship of the navy, named in 
his honor Brandyzuine, from the battle in which he had so 
greatly distinguished himself (sect. 119). 
Signs of 213. Changes in the United States. (1825.) — Nearly fifty 

progress in years had passed since Lafayette had first come to Amer- 

the United . , , i • i i • , 

States ^^^ • great were the changes which met his eye as he re- 

visited the scenes of his early manhood. The population 
in 1777 was three millions: it was now (1825) about 
eleven millions : then there were thirteen small colonies ; 
now there were twenty-four states : then the settlements 
occupied only the country lying along the coast ; now 
there were states a thousand miles inland, and the country 
extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Texas and the Rocky 
Mountains, and from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico : then 
he was aiding a few rebel colonies to resist a strong 
mother country ; now he was the guest of the United 
States, one of the great powers of the earth. 

The progress in agriculture, commerce, and manufac- 
tures had fully kept pace with the political and territorial 
growth. The United States was the great producer of 
cotton and grain for Europe ; her flag was seen in every 
port ; and her citizens were celebrated for their inventive 
skill. Steamboats plied regularly where only the canoe 
of the Indian or of the hunter had been seen. To one 
coming from discontented Europe the land seemed indeed 
a land of peace, prosperity, and freedom. 




11. l>. Servo3a,£iig'r, N.Y. 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 245 

214. Adams Unpopular ; Internal Improvements. (1825.) Adams 
— John Ouincy Adams, though one of the best Presidents unpopular. 
the country has ever seen, was not a popular one. Many 
persons thought that the place rightly belonged to Jack- 
son, who had the largest popular and electoral vote, and 

that Congress should have followed " the will of the 
people " and chosen him. Indeed, Adams was hardly in 
his seat before Jackson's supporters began to get ready 
for the next campaign. Not a few of these were office- 
holders under Adams ; but he refused to remove them, 
for he would not in any way make use of the public ser- 
vice for his personal advantage. 

Adams, in his inaugural address, boldly recommended Internal im- 
the appropriation of money for " internal improve- pfo^ements. 
ments." In his first message to Congress he went still 
further, recommending appropriations for national observ- 
atories, a university, and scientific enterprises of various 
kinds, as well as for public roads, canals, and defences. 

The country was not ready for such liberal views. The 
North was divided upon the question, while the South be- 
lieved in the narrow or strict view of the Constitution. A 
number of bills, however, were passed by Congress in aid 
of internal improvements, but they fell far short of the Presi- 
dent's recommendations, and it was many years before his 
views were adopted to any great extent. 

215. Pan-American Congress proposed. (1825- 1826.) — Pan- 
The South American republics, encouraged by Monroe's 
declaration, invited the United States to send delegates to 
a congress of American states to be held at Panama for 
the purpose of forming an alliance for self-defence, and 
deliberating on matters of common interest. After much 
opposition, two delegates, nominated by the President, 
were confirmed by the Senate ; but owing to the death of 



American 
congress. 



[ndians. 



246 History of the United States, 

one of them and the delay of the other, the congress was 
held without the presence of a representative from the 
United States. The attendance at Panama was small; the 
congress, without accomplishing anything, adjourned to 
meet in Mexico in 1827; but this meeting never took place. 
Difficulties 2i6. Difficulties wlth the Crecks. (1802-1825.) — About 
with the |;i-|jg time treaties were made with various Indian tribes. 
Jefferson had proposed that all the tribes east of the 
Mississippi should be gradually removed to lands within 
the Louisiana Purchase, but until Monroe's term very 
little had been done toward bringing it about. Several 
treaties had been made on this basis. 

Much difficulty had arisen in regard to the Creeks and 
Cherokees in the state of Georgia. When Georgia ceded 
to the United States her claim on western territory, the 
United States agreed to pay the Indians for their lands 
within the state. Though the agreement was made in 
1802, it had not been carried out, and Georgia in 18 19 
demanded its fulfilment. However, but little was done. 
In 1825, some of the Creek chiefs, on their own author- 
ity, ceded the lands of their tribe to the United States, and 
agreed to move beyond the Mississippi. The Creeks re- 
fused to abide by this treaty, and put to death the chiefs 
who had made the agreement. The state of Georgia 
attempted to take possession of the lands ; President 
Adams interfered, and for a time it seemed as if there 
would be a petty war. Finally a new treaty was negotiated 
with the Creeks, who gave up almost all their land and 
agreed to move beyond the Mississippi. The Cherokee 
question, however, was still unsettled and came up later 
(sect. 228). 

217. Anti-Masonic Party ; Death of Adams and Jefferson. 
(1826.) — In 1826 William Morgan, a Freemason, under- 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 247 

took to publish a book revealing the Masonic secrets. Disappear- 
After various adventures he suddenly disappeared, and f"^,^.°^ 

•' \ William 

no certain trace of him was ever discovered. This mys- Morgan, 
terious disappearance gave rise to the belief that he had 
been murdered by the Masons. The excitement against 
them was great, and led to the formation of an anti- Anti- 
Masonic party, which for a long time had considerable '^^^^'^n''^ 
power, especially in the states of New York, Pennsylvania, 
Vermont, Ohio, and Massachusetts. In 1832 the party 
was strong enough to nominate a Presidential candidate, 
but soon after disappeared from the field of politics. 

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, though they had Death of 
quarrelled when the former became President,' had long ^"^^^i^ and 

^ . ° Jerlerson, 

since made up their differences and become warm friends, juiy 4, 1826. 
often writing to each other and discussing in an amicable 
way events of the early years of the repubhc. On the 4th 
of July, 1826, they died, almost at the same hour, each 
thinking that the other was still alive. So remarkable a 
coincidence made a great impression upon the public, and 
gave occasion for the delivery of Daniel Webster's well- 
known oration. 

218. Era of Ill-feeling ; Protective Tariff of 1828. (1824- Party 
1829.) — If Monroe's administration had been the " era of politics. 
good feeling," that of Adams was quite the reverse. At 
no time in the history of the country had political feeling 
run higher or abuse been more violent. The questions of 
the tariff and internal improvements were fairly before the 
country as party issues ; but to these was added a personal 
element which intensified discussions to an extraordinary 
degree. It seemed as if nothing was too bad to be believed 
of an opponent, and stories were repeated over and over 
again, and believed in spite of repeated denial and proof 
of their falsity. 



248 History of the United States. 



The Tariff. 



Protective 
tariff' act, 
182S. 



The 

" American 

System." 



The tariff of 1824 (sect. 209) had been passed by a very- 
small majority. Meanwhile public opinion in the middle 
states north of the Potomac River had been steadily grow- 
ing in favor of a protective tariff ; this is true not only of 
the manufacturers, but of the farmers also. The eastern 
states, however, were divided in sentiment from the fear 
that the shipping interests might be injuriously affected 
by a protective tariff. 

South of the Potomac, particularly in the cotton-grow- 
ing states, public opinion was strongly opposed to pro- 
tection. After much discussion a protective tariff act 
passed both houses of Congress by small majorities in 
1828, and became a law. This act greatly offended ^ the 
people of South Carolina and Georgia, and in those states 
many public meetings were held in which it was denounced 
in strong language as " a gross and palpable violation of 
the Constitution " ; some speakers even threatened a 
dissolution of the Union unless there should be " an 
unconditional repeal of the protecting laws." 

On the issues of a protective tariff and internal improve- 
ments at the national expense, called by Henry Clay the 
" American System," the old Democratic-RepubHcan party 
divided ; those supporting Clay and the " American 
System" took the name of National Republicans, while 
their opponents were known as Democrats. 

219. Election of Jackson. (1828.) — The candidates for 
President in the election of 1828 were Adams and Richard 
Rush, nominated by the National Republicans ; and Jack- 
son and Calhoun nominated by the Democrats. Adams 
and Rush were overwhelmingly defeated. The cause of 
Adams's defeat was not wholly the tariff or the question 
of internal improvements. 

1 This was known as the " Tariff of Abominations." 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 249 

A change had come over the country. Up to this time Jackson 
men with training in alYairs had been candidates for the ^^'^*-~^^'^' 
office of President ; now a widespread notion prevailed 
that there was danger of an aristocracy, and it was beheved 
that Jackson represented the cause of the people. Jackson 
was a great military hero, and there was a very general 
feeling that he had been unjustly set aside when Adams 
was chosen (sect. 210) by the House of Representatives 
in 1825. Jackson was carried into office on a wave of 
popular enthusiasm. 



SUMMARY. 

The two terms of Monroe are known as the "Era of Good Feeling." 
Monroe was elected the second time with scarcely any opposition, only 
one electoral vote being cast against him. 

There was great increase of national feeling. Florida was bought 
from Spain, 1819. Protection to home industries first became a distinct 
issue during Monroe's administration. 

Internal improvements at the national expense also became an im- 
portant issue. The Erie Canal was opened, 1825. The Missouri Com- 
promise regarding slave and free territory was adopted 1821. The 
Monroe Doctrine was proclaimed. 

In the Presidential election of 1824 there was no choice and the 
election was thrown into the House of Representatives, which chose 
John Quincy Adams. 

Lafayette visited America, 1824-1825, and was received with enthusi- 
asm. Adams upheld appropriations for internal improvements. Diffi- 
culties with the Indians in Georgia led to their removal to the Indian 
Territory. 

Jackson was elected President in 1828 by a large majority. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page xlii. 



CHAPTER XII. 



THE THIRTY YEARS' PEACE {continued-). 



Andrew 
lackson. 




Andrew Jackson. 

In 1830. Age 63. After the portrait by R. W. 
Earl in the U. S. National Museum. 

Andrew Jackson was born on the borders 
of North and South Carolina, March 15, 1767. 
He was of Irish parentage. His militarj* career 
began as a boy in the Itevolutionary War. He 
was taken prisoner by the British, and harshly 
treated. He tried his hand at several trades, 
and then studied law. He went to Tennessee, 
and before long was made a judge. He was 
elected to the House -of Representatives and 
then to the Senate. He was a general of the 
militia, and in a campaign against the Creek 
Indians was very successful He was ap- 
pointed to a generalship in the regular army, 
and sent into the field. At the battle of New 
Orleans he repelled the British attack, and won 
great renown. He was sent against the Semi- 
noles in Florida, and carried on the campaign 
with great vigor and in his own way. He was 
governor of Florida in 1821. He was President 
for two terms, 1820-1837. His political career 
is elsewhere described. He died June 8, 1845. 

250 



REFERENCES. 

T. W. Higginson, Larger His- 
tory of the United States, pp. 
431-455; A. B. Hart, Source- 
Book, Chap. XV. ; H. C. Wright, 
Stories of American Progress ; 
E. E. Hale, Stories of Inven- 
tions. 

220. Andrew Jackson. 
(1829.) — With the inaugu- 
ration of Andrew Jackson 
a new era begins in the 
history of the country. 

Born in 1767, Jackson 
was now sixty-two years 
old ; ill health and expo- 
sure caused him to look 
much older. He was a 
man of strong convictions ; 
always sure he was right, 
and rarely to be moved by 
argument. He never for- 
got a friend or forgave an 
enemy, and he regarded 
every, one who differed 
from him not only as his 
personal enemy, but also as 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 251 

the enemy of his country. He was a thoroughly honest 
man, and undoubtedly beheved that he was going to put an 
end to- a vast amount of corruption when he took charge of 
the executive office. 

221. Removals from Office. (1829.) — ■ In his inaugural Removals 
address Jackson said, " The recent demonstration of public ^^^^ °'^c'^- 
sentiment inscribes on the list of executive duties, in char- 
acters too legible to be overlooked, the task of reform." 

He renewed the charges made against the late administra- 
tion, though Adams had been unusually successful in his 
appointments, and had not allowed any one to suffer on 
account of his political opinions. 

It is now possible calmly to review the history of those 
times of excitement, and it is generally acknowledged that, 
in economy and purity, the administration of John Ouincy 
Adams has not been surpassed. Jackson, however, be- 
lieved not only that there was corruption among the office- 
holders, but also that it was his duty to reward with offices 
those who had been active for the cause he represented. 
This system was comparatively new in national politics, but 
was well known in some of the states, notably in New York. 

222. "The Spoils System." (1829-1831.) — Previous "The Spoils 
to Jackson, with the exception of Jefferson, ^ the Presidents System." 
had removed only a few from office, and those for good 
reasons. Jackson made a clean sweep of all the offices 

of value. It is estimated that during his first year of 
office his appointments, including the changes made by 
his subordinates, were about two thousand. For a period 
of about fifty years the rule was, to use the phrase of 
Marcy, senator from New York, " to the victors belong 
the spoils " ^ (sect. 395). 

1 Jefferson removed more than all the others put together. See sect. 178. 

2 William L. Marcy was senator from New York, 1831-1833. In a speech 



252 History of the United States. 



Jackson a 
self-made 



A bill was passed in 1820 limiting to four years the 

terms for which many office-holders were appointed. This 

measure, designed to correct abuses which had crept into 

Rotation in the scrvice, brought about the far greater evil of rotation 

office. jn office. Before 1820, with a few proper exceptions, offices 

had been held during good behavior. 

Daniel Webster clearly pointed out at the time the evils 
likely to follow such a method as that adopted in 1820. 
It is not just to lay all the responsibility of the " spoils 
system " upon Jackson, but he was the first President 
who distinctly made public office a reward for party ser- 
vices. 

223. Jackson a Self-made Man ; the ** Kitchen Cabinet." 

(1829.) — Jackson was the first President who was, in the 

^- s - - - ._ fullest sense of 

the term, a self- 
made man. He 
possessed great 
courage, indomi- 
table will, and 
wonderful perse- 
verance. He had 
perfect confi- 
dence in himself 
and was regard- 
less of consequences. His abilities were of no low order; 
had he enjoyed opportunities for education and cultiva- 
tion in his youth, his career would have been marked with 
fewer errors. 

As it is, no figure in American history, with the possible 
exception of Abraham Lincoln, stands out with more marks 

in the U. S. Senate, 1S32, he said: "They see nothing wrong in the rule that 
to the victors belong the spoils of the enemy." 




First Home of Andrew Jackson. 

From " Historic Towns of the Southern States." 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 253 

of originality than that of Andrew Jackson. His personal 
manners, particularly toward women, were courteous and character of 
dignified, though his previous life had been spent mostly Jackson, 
on the frontier, and he had been accustomed to a rough- 
and-ready way of deciding matters. 

Before he was thirty -two he had been country store- 
keeper, lawyer, district attorney, judge, congressman, and 
senator. Jefferson, who as Vice-President presided over 
the Senate, relates that in that body Jackson " could never 
speak on account of the rashness of his feelings. I have 
seen him attempt it repeatedly, and as often choke with 
rage." 

Jackson's first Cabinet was a weak one, Van Buren, 
Secretary of State, being the one able man in it. Jack- 
son did not, however, rely upon his Cabinet for advice, but 
rather on a few of his special favorites, some of whom 
held positions in the departments. It was not long before 
it was found that the way to the President's good will lay " Kitchen 
through these men, who, in consequence of their subordi- Cabinet." 
nate positions and their influence, became known as the 
" Kitchen Cabinet." 

224. The United States Bank. (1816- 1832.") — The 
Bank of the United States had been up to 1829 a non- 
political institution, its directors giving their attention 
strictlv to the legitimate business of such a corporation. 
The new order of things brought a conflict with the Presi- 
dent over an appointment in one of the branches of the 
Bank. 

Jackson, though at first he does not seem to have had Jackson and 
any special feeling against the Bank, became its most 
determined enemy. In 1832 the directors resolved to ask 
Congress for a renewal of the charter (sect. 196), though 
it was four years before the old one expired. Congress 



^54 



History of the I'nited States. 



Presidential 
campaign. 



Jackson re- 
elected, 
1832. 



" Removal 
of deposits,'' 



after a long discussion granted the request, but Jackson 
vetoed the bill, and it was not passed over his veto. 

225. Jackson reelected ; ** Removal of Deposits." 
(1833-) — The Presidential election was to be held soon 
after Jackson's veto of the bill for the renewal of the charter 
of the Bank, and he and his opponents were willing to 
make that question the issue of the campaign. ,.^^ 

The National Republicans, under the leadership of Clay 
and Webster, supported the Bank as an institution neces- 
sary for successfully carrying on the financial work of the 
government, and valuable as furnishing a uniform and safe 
paper currency. They also upheld the " American Sys- 
tem " (sect. 218) as beneficial to the country at large. 

Jackson attacked the Bank as a monopoly using its influ- 
ence in a way hurtful to the country ; as failing to do what 
was expected of it, and as being unconstitutional. Not- 
withstanding the popularity of Clay, and the strength of 
the position of the National Republicans on many points, 
the cry of " monied monopoly," and the confidence of the 
people in Jackson carried the day, and he was reelected 
by a very large majority of the electoral vote. He naturally 
took this as an approval of his policy. 

Jackson now directed that government money should no 
longer be deposited in the Bank or its branches. This 
action is generally spoken of as "the removal of depos- 
its." The Secretary of the Treasury did not, however, agree 
with Jackson, and refused to obey the order ; he was accord- 
ingly removed, as well as his successor, who also declined 
to obey his chief. On the removal of this second man. the 
Attorney-General, Roger B. Taney, was appointed to the 
vacant post, and immediately carried out Jackson's wishes. 

226. Calhoun proposes Nullification. (1831-1832.) — A 
tariff for protection had become year by year more and 



The Thirtv Years' Peace. 




more objectionable to the people of the southern states, 
particularly to those of South Carolina. Jackson did not 
like the tariff, but it 
was a law of the coun- 
try and he intended to 
enforce it. 

A large number of 
persons believed that 
the national govern- 
ment rested upon the 
consent of the indi- 
vidual states ; in other 
words, that the Union 
was a confederacy of 
states, rather than a 
union of the people. 
Calhoun, the great 
leader of the southern 
party, apparently did 
not wish the states to 
secede except as a last 
resort ; he supported 
what is called " Nullification." which is very nearly what 
had been laid down in the \^irginia and Kentucky reso- 
lutions of 1 798-1 799. He claimed that as the states had 
never given Congress the power to pass a law creating 
a protective tariff, they had a right to pronounce such 
a law null and void. In 1832 a new protective tariff was 
adopted. 

227. Nullification 1^1832^ ; Compromise Tariff (,1833V 
— Meanwhile a convention was held in South Carolina 
which declared that the tariff law was null and void, and 
that should the national government attempt to collect the 



John C. Calhoun. 

John C. Calhovs vk-as bom in South Carolina, 
M.irch iS, 17S2. He graduated at Yale College and 
studied 'law. He wras a member of the House of Rep- 
tesentati>-es, iS:i, where he actively supported the 
vi-ar with Great Britain. He was Secretary of War, 
1817-1825: Vice-P'resident of the United States, 1825- 
1S39, and again, iSr9-iS3;, when he resigned to be- 
come Senator from South Carolina. He was Secretary 
of State, 1844-1845. He is known as the great up- 
holder of the doctrines of Xullification and State Sov- 
ereignty. He died March 31. 1830. 



" Nullifica- 
tion." 



256 History of the United States. 



Nullification 
in South 
Carolina. 



Jackson's 
proclama- 
tion. 



Compromise 
tariff bill. 



Cherokees 
in Georgia. 



duties by force, it ought to be resisted. The Legislature of 
the state confirmed the action of the convention ; claimed 
the right to secede from the Union, and prepared to resist 
by arms any attempt to enforce the law. 

On the receipt of this news Jackson issued his Nullifica- 
tion Proclamation, approved by almost every one at the 
North, and sent a naval force to assist, if necessary, in 
collecting duties at Charleston. Jackson, in his proclama- 
tion, said to the people of South Carolina : " The laws of 
the United States must be executed . . . my duty is emphati- 
cally pronounced in the Constitution. Those who told you 
that you might peaceably prevent this execution deceived 
you ; they could not have been deceived themselves. . . . 
Their object is disunion. But be not deceived by names. 
Disunion by armed force is treason." Every one knew that 
Jackson meant what he said ; South Carohna delayed action. 

The matter soon came up on the floor of Congress. The 
President was authorized to use force if necessary, but 
through the influence of Henry Clay, a compromise tariff 
bill was passed under which duties were to be reduced 
gradually until 1842, when a uniform rate would be reached 
which would practically amount to a tariff for revenue only. 
Both sides claimed a victory — the North, because the 
President had been authorized to use force, and complete 
free trade had not been secured ; South Carolina, because 
she had not given up the principle of state rights, or state 
sovereignty, as it is correctly termed. 

228. Cherokees in Georgia. (1830-1838.) — The diffi- 
culties with the southern Indians had been partly settled 
by the removal of the Creeks beyond the Mississippi 
(sect. 216). The Cherokees, however, still remained in 
Georgia, and the Seminoles in Florida. Both were un- 
willing to change their abodes. 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 257 

Jackson was an old Indian fighter, with no sympathy 
for the Indians, and when the state of Georgia tried to get cherokees 
possession of the lands of the Cherokees, he made no i" Georgia, 
objection, neither attempting" to carry out the treaties of 
the United States with the tribe, nor enforcing a decision 
of the Supreme Court in favor of the Cherokees. On this 
occasion he is reported to have said, "John Marshall [the 
Chief Justice] has made his decision ; now let him en- 
force it." 

The discovery of gold within the Indian reservation Indians re- 
hastened the action of the state authorities, who proceeded "^oved to 
to divide the land of the Indians and dispose of it by ^itory 18-8 
lottery. Finally the United States commissioners forced 
a treaty from the Indians, in accordance with which the 
tribes received a large sum of money for their lands ; in 
1838 they were driven from their homes at the point of 
the bayonet, and were moved under the supervision of 
military forces to the place they now occupy in the Indian 
Territory. 

On the journey, which took about five months, nearly 
four thousand, about one-fourth of the whole number, 
perished. The Cherokees were civilized, many somewhat 
educated, and by their treaty with the government they 
had the right to rule themselves. On the other hand, as 
Jackson pointed out, an independent government could 
not be permitted to exist within a state. The fault seems 
originally to have been on the part of the United States 
in making such a treaty, but the Indians were the sufferers. 

229. << Black Hawk War"; the Seminoles ; Osceola. "Black 
(1832-1842.) — In developing the lead mines of Illinois ^^wkWar," 
and Wisconsin, the lands of the Indian tribes of the Win- 
nebagoes and of the Sacs and Foxes were overrun. This 
led to what is known as the Black Hawk War (1832), 



258 History of the United States. 



" Black 
Hawk War.' 



Seminoles. 



Osceola. 



Material de- 
velopment 
of the 
United 
States. 



from the name of the noted Indian chief who was a 
leader in it. At the close of the war, in which the young 
Abraham Lincoln took part, the Indians agreed to a treaty 
by which they gave up about ten million acres of land in 
return for regular supplies and a yearly payment of money. 

The Seminoles, who lived in Georgia and in Florida, 
had refused to be removed west in accordance with the 
arrangements made by the United States. Florida was 
a great refuge for runaway slaves whose capture there 
became almost impossible. The Seminoles refused to give 
up these refugees and frequently intermarried with them. 

The principal Seminole chief, Osceola, a half-breed, had 
married a woman who also was a half-breed ; she, although 
born in Florida, was claimed as a slave by a Georgian, who 
had owned her mother, and was seized and carried away 
into slavery. Osceola vowed revenge. An Indian war 
was the result. Osceola, captured by treachery, was 
placed in confinement, first at St. Augustine, Florida, and 
then at Charleston, South Carolina, where he died. 

The war dragged on for seven years (i 835-1 842), with 
great loss of life on both sides ; it was marked with many 
incidents of greater cruelty and horror than is usual even 
in Indian warfare. After costing the. United States about 
thirty millions of dollars, the Seminoles were subdued by 
General Zachary Taylor. Later, most of the surviving 
Seminoles were removed to the Indian Territory. 

230. Material Development. (1837.) — " The reign of 
Andrew Jackson," as it has been sometimes called, marks 
an epoch not only in the political history of the country, 
but also in material, intellectual, and social matters. From 
this time may be dated the practical employment of many 
things which have had a vital influence upon the develop- 
ment of the country. 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 



259 



. The successful application of steam to the loom had 
greatly stimulated manufactures ; the invention of Fulton 
had been greatly improved, until now the rivers were 
crowded with steamboats laden with grain, cotton, and 
other products ; and the SavaiinaJi, crossing the ocean in 
18 19, had shown that steam could be used in ocean 
navigation. 

The means of land transportation, however, had been Land trans- 
changed but little since colonial days. In Pennsylvania po'tation. 



'liter. Ii _l«i. I' ^^- 



fftli ! 



■n4-<^ a 



fcr.7pv__. Aril \\ m )/ m ■-? a 



-aVI. W 



m 







"CONESTOCA" Wagon and Stage Coach. 



and western Maryland, where the roads were compara- 
tively good, there was an extensive wagon trade carried 
on with the interior by means of " Conestoga " wagons, "Conesto- 
as they were called — large vehicles, with covers of canvas, 8^" wagons, 
or of strong white cotton cloth, drawn by four, six, or even 
eight horses. Farm products of all kinds were brought in 
these wagons to Philadelphia and Baltimore, and goods 
needed by the country people were carried back. This 
wagon trade was one of the great sources of the wealth 
of Philadelphia, and helped to make Baltimore one of the 
great flour markets of the world. A few inns with their 



26o 



History of the United States, 



long stable vards. where the wagoners used to '"put up,"' 
are vet to be seen in Philadelphia and Baltimore. 

In general, however, except where there was river or 
canal communication, or where the " National Road " 




ROITE OF THE NaIIO.NAL KOAP. 



offered its smooth surface, there was comparatively little 
intercourse between different parts of the country. This 
was particularly true of the East and the West. There 
was small inducement to seek new homes in the West, in 
spite of the great fertility of the land ; for not only was it 
difficult to reach that country, but once there, the products 
of the farm could not be sent to a market in the East, or 
even elsewhere, unless the farm was near a canal or a 
navigable stream. 

231. Effect of Steam and Electricity. (^1837.) — To this 
difficulty of intercourse was due the great ignorance which 
was common in the eastern states in regard to the western 
country. The vastness of the territory of the United 
States was believed by many sober-minded men to be a 
great evil ; these thought it was a question worthy of 
consideration where a dividing line between the United 
States and a new western nation should be placed. A 
republican form of government was thought by these 
persons to be impracticable for a large country. 

Their fears were not groundless. The ability of the 
Anglo-Saxon race is great, and its genius for self-govern- 



The Thirtv Years' Peace. 



261 



ment is unsurpassed; but these would hardly have been Effect of the 
enough to hold the nation together, had it not been for the application 
successful application of steam and electricity, through ^le'ctncitv 
which the means of transportation and communication 
have been so improved as to bring East and West, North 
and South closer together. Xew York and San Francisco 
are nearer neighbors now than Xew York and Boston 
were in 1S20. 

232. Railroads. (1837.) — Within a few years after the Railroads, 
opening of the Erie Canal the canals in the United States 
were more than a thousand miles in length. There were 
many canals projected which were never begun, and many 
begun which were never finished. This was partly because 
more were built than were needed, but chiefly because a 
better means of transportation was found — the railroads. 



BOSTON iXT WORCESTER RAILBOAD. 




GOOD FOR TUI> TRIP OX L.T 
No.. .^l^^ J E RCSSELL, CoiuTr. 



HRST ^p^p^te^ CU5S 
BOSTON" AXI) WORCESTER RAH ROAD 



An Early Railroad Ticket. 



The first railroad in the United States seems to have 
been one at Boston in 1 807 ; it was used in grading a 
street ; another early one was that at Quincy. !Massachu- 
setts. It was about two miles long, and consisted of iron 
strips nailed on two parallel wooden timbers. It was 
used to carry stone for buildinji Bunker Hill Monu- 



262 History of the United States. 

ment ; this was in 1826. In 1827 a railway was built at 
Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania ; on this the cars were drawn 
up by horses, and descended by gravity on their return. 

The first passenger railway was the Baltimore and Ohio. 
This road was begun July 4, 1828. Charles Carroll of 
Carrollton, then ninety-one years old, and the last survivor 
of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, threw 
out the first spadeful of earth, saying, as it is reported, 
" I consider this among the most important acts of my life, 
second only to that of signing the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence, if second to that." In the same year a locomotive 
built by George Stephenson, the great English engineer, 
was imported from England and used by the Delaware and 
Hudson Canal Company, on a road in connection with their 
mines. 

A few years later successful locomotives were con- 
structed in the United States, and the American machinists 
very soon adapted them to the existing conditions of 
country and roadbeds. The American people were not 
slow to see the possibilities of railways, and built them 
rapidly. There were two or three miles of track in 1826 ; 
in 1837 there were fifteen hundred miles in actual working 
operation, and many more miles were under construction. 
From that time to the present there has been no cessation 
of building, until many parts of the country are covered 
with a network of roads, and long lines stretch over the 
land in all dire(?tions, joining the Atlantic and Pacific 
Oceans, the Great Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. 

By means of the railroad the East and West have been 
united politically as well as socially ; it has made govern- 
ment by the people possible over a wide expanse of country ; 
without it the United States could not have become the 
great nation which it is. The railroad not only made 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 



263 



communication easy in the old states, but it also made Effect of 
possible the rapid and profitable settlement of the great 'he railroad. 
West. By it the country was opened to the settler ; it 
carried him to the edge of civilization, and then took back 
his crops cheaply, securely, and rapidly to a good market. 
Wherever the railroad went, there villages and towns and 
cities sprung up, and where water communication has been 







Fort Dearborn and Kinsie Mansion, Chicago, 1832. 

present in addition to other natural advantages of posi- 
tion, as is the case with Chicago, the growth has been 
unparalleled.^ 

233. Reapers ; Coal. (1833-1837.) — But it was not only Reapers. 
railroads and steamboats that aided in developing the coun- 
try. The broad fields of the western farmer suggested the 
need of better means for cultivating and gathering in the 
crops. In 1833 Obed Hussey of Cincinnati patented a 
reaping-machine, which, did fairly good Work, and in 1834 
Cyrus McCormick of 'Chicago patented another reaper, 
which closely resembled those now in use. Improved 
ploughs, harrows, drills, and other implements soon fol- 
lowed. 

1 Chicago in 1 830 consisted of a single fort ; in 1900 it had more than a 
million and a half inhabitants. 



264 History of the United States. 

. Anthracite or hard coal had been known since 1768, but 
it was Httle used until 1820, when a satisfactory method 
of burning it became generally known. An abundance of 
cheap fuel in close proximity to the iron mines, vastly 
increased the production of iron ; the coal and iron of Penn- 
sylvania have made her one of the wealthiest states of the 
Union. It was discovered that coal could be used on the 
locomotives and steamboats, and after 1837, it almost en- 
tirely took the place of wood ; its great steam-producing 
power, as well as its economy of space, bringing it into 
general use. 

234. Matches; Gas; Water; Propellers. (1820-1838.) — 
In 1838 friction matches began to be used ^ — a small mat- 
ter apparently, but one which has added greatly to the 
comfort of the household. Gas, as a means of lighting 
dwelling-houses and streets, had been introduced into most 
of the large cities and towns, and waterworks were taking 
the place of wells, not only to furnish purer water for 
drinking, but also to supply a means of extinguishing 
fires.^ 

In 1836 the screw propeller, instead of side-wheels, as 
a means for propelling a vessel, was successfully intro- 
duced by John Ericsson, a Swedish engineer who had 
emigrated to this country. Economy in fuel and in 
space, and also in power from the fact that the propeller 
under ordinary conditions is always under water, gradually 
brought this invention into use ; it has displaced side- 
wheels in ocean navigation, and has revolutionized the 
navies of the world. 



i Friction matches were invented in England about 1832. 

2 Schuylkill water was brought into Philadelphia in 1812, Croton water into 
New York in 1842, Cochituate water into Boston in T845. The first city in 
the United States to be lighted by gas was Baltimore, in i8l6. 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 265 

235. Asylums for the Blind, Insane, and Deaf-Mutes. Asylums. 

(1837.) — Kut it was not in material matters alone that 
the country was advancing. In 1832 the first asylum for 
the blind in America was opened, and their education 
was begun in earnest. They were soon taught to read 
books with raised letters, printed especially for them, 
and to do many other things of which they had hitherto 
been thought incapable. Asylums for deaf-mutes had 
already been estabhshed, while great improvements had 
been made in care and treatment of the insane. Prison 
reforms were studied and various methods for better- 
ing the condition of the prisoners were discussed and 
adopted. 

236. Education; Newspapers. (1833-1841.) — ^ Marked Education. 
improvements were made in the common school system. 

This was particularly the case in the newer states, where 
every effort was made to secure the best methods and the 
best instruction possible. In Massachusetts two normal 
schools for the training of teachers were founded in 1839, 
the first of a long series of similar institutions. In the 
South, though the University of Virginia, with one or two 
other colleges, had a good reputation among institutions 
of higher education, the elementary schools were few and 
seldom good. 

Newspapers were established, lower in price and more Newspapers. 
convenient in form. Their character was changed also; 
more energy was displayed in conducting them, and the 
discussions of topics were more independent. Of the New 
York daily papers the Sun, founded in 1833, the Herald, 
in 1835, and the Tribune, in 1841, were examples of the 
new style. 

237. Literature; Oratory. (1837.) — Up to about 1830 
\ the native Hterature of America had been largely political 



266 History of the United States. 



Daniel 
Websiter. 




Literature, or theological ; most books on other subjects were either 
reprints of English works or importations. The North 
Avicrican Review was established in 1815 ; and the works 

of a few native writers, as 
William Cullen Bryant, 
Charles Brockden Brown, 
Washington Irving, James 
Fenimore Cooper, and Fitz- 
Greene Halleck, gave a 
promise for the future. Be- 
fore the end of Jackson's 
second term Whittier, Long- 
fellow, Holmes, Poe, Haw- 
thorne, Emerson, Prescott, 
and George Bancroft began 
their career as authors. 

In oratory Daniel Web- 
ster has never been sur- 
passed in this country ; his 
speech in the United States 
Senate in 1830, in answer 
to Robert Y. Hayne of 
South Carolina, is a mas- 
terpiece of oratory. John 
C. Calhoun of South Caro- 
lina* was another great ora- 
tor ; his power lay chiefly 
in the skill with which he 
could arrange his argu- 
ments ; and as an opponent 
Henry Clay, he was greatly dreaded. Henry Clay, the third great orator 
of those days, had a wonderful personal influence and a 
persuasive voice, which seemed to carry all before him. 



John C. Cal- 
houn. 



Daniel Webster. 

Daniel Webster was born in New 
Hampshire, June i8, 17S2. He was edu- 
cated at Phillips Exeter Academy and at 
Dartmouth College, where he graduated 1801. 
He taught school and studied law. He soon 
acquired a high reputation. He was a mem- 
ber of Congress 1813-1S17. In 1818 he re- 
moved to Massachusetts, and became the 
leader of the bar. He was Congressman 1823- 
1827, and had gained great fame as an orator 
from his speeches at Plymouth and Pmnker 
Hill, and on Adams and Jefferson. He was 
chosen Senator 1827, and was continuously 
in the Senate until 1841, when he accepted 
the office of Secretary of State. He was 
Senator again in 1845-1850, and Secretary 
of State 1850-1852. He was known as the 
"Great E.xpounder of the Constitution." 
He is universally regarded as one of the 
greatest orators of America. He died Octo- 
ber 24, 1852. 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 



267 



238. Temperance Reform. (1826-1837.) 



Among other Temperance 

reforms that were taken up earnestly was that of tem- ^^ "'^'"' 
perance. In 1826 the American Temperance Society 
was organized at Bos- 
ton. This society was 
the first to proclaim the 
doctrine of total absti- 
nence, for hitherto mod- 
eration in drinking had 
been the point urged 
by speakers on temper- 
ance. The new society 
was active in spreading 
its doctrines by means 
of public lectures and 
in other ways, so that 
numerous similar or- 
ganizations were soon 
formed. The Washing- 
tonian movement was 
started at Baltimore in 
1840; it was primarily 
an effort to aid in the 
reformation of drunk- 
ards, and from the mem- 
bers of the society a 
pledge of total absti- 
nence was required. 




Henry Clay. 

Henry Clay was born in Virginia, April 12, 1777. 
He had only a limited school education. He studied 
law, and when about twenty removed to Kentucky, 
where he rose rapidly in his profession. He was mem- 
ber of the State Legislature; twice sent to the United 
States Senate to fill vacancies, and in 1811 entered the 
House of Representatives, of which he was imme- 
diately chosen Speaker, an honor which has never 
been bestowed on a new member since. He was an 
active supporter of the war with Great Britain, and 
it was largely due to his influence that Congress 
passed the declaration of war. He was one of the 
Peace Commissioners in 1814. He was Secretary of 
State under John Quincy Adams, and again Senator. 
He was thrice an unsuccessful candidate for the Pres- 
idency. He is known as the " Great Pacificator," 
and the "Great Compromiser" from his skill in ar- 
ranging compromise measures. He was one of the 
most popular political leaders that the country has 
known. He died June 29, 1852. 



239. Rise of the Abo- 
litionists. — The antislavery movement, which might Abuhtionists. 
perhaps be more properly called the rise of the Abo- 
litionists, began about this time. It has been seen 
already that the early statesmen of America, almost 



268 



History of the United States. 



Early views 

regarding 

slavery. 



without exception, disapproved of slavery and looked 
forward to its abolition in the not far-distant future. It 
has also been seen (sect. 159) that the invention and em- 
ployment of Eli Whitney's cotton-^in had changed the 
feeUng toward slavery in the southern states. The pur- 
pose of those persons in the free states who had taken 
any interest in the matter had been to confine slavery 
within the limits it already occupied, and to prevent its 
extension ; even the antislavery men had done little more 
than support a scheme of gradual emancipation, or of 
colonization in Africa. 



William 

Lloyd 

Garrison. 




^T C'aittcg is til tl^t; 



Headino of Garrison's "The Lii!eraior." 

In 1 83 1 William Llovd Garrison began in Boston the 
publication of a paper called TJic Liberator, in which he 
advocated immediate and unconditional emancipation. 
Garrison was an agitator rather than a reformer, as is 
shown bv his denunciation of the Constitution, calling it 
a "covenant with death and an agreement with hell." He 
was soon joined bv others, who formed with him the New 
England, and still later, the American Antislavery So- 
ciety. Other societies followed rapidly. The work of 
spreading their opinions by means of lectures and speeches, 
and by the circulation of a mass of literature through the 
mails was vio'orouslv carried on. The Abolitionists in- 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 269 

sisted upon being heard, and the effect produced was alto- 
gether out of proportion to their numbers. 

240. Nat Turner Insurrection ; ** Incendiary Publica- Nat Turner 
tions." (1831-1836.) — It was a time of unrest, and many insurrection, 
things were taking place which caused much misgiving. 
In 183 1 an insurrection of the slaves in Virginia, led by 
a negro called Nat Turner, though it was soon put down, 
alarmed the South greatly, and called the attention of the 
whole country to the slavery question. 

The South insisted that abolition documents should be Abolition 
kept out of the mails, and Jackson himself, in 1835, recom- flo^^ments 

'■ "^ and the 

mended in his message to Congress that the circulation ^ails. 
through the mails of " incendiary pubhcations intended to 
instigate the slaves to insurrection " should be prohibited 
under severe penalties. Many postmasters, on their own 
responsibility, threw out such matter as they deemed 
incendiary, and their action was unrebuked by the Post- 
office Department. 

The Abolitionists soon began to petition Congress on Abolitionists 

the subject of abolishing slavery in the District of Colum- P^^'^'o" 
. Congress. 

bia. After a heated discussion, the House of Representa- 
tives resolved to receive no communication whatsoever 
in respect to slavery, regardless of the fact that such action 
attacked the right of petition. For the support of this 
constitutional right, an able champion in the House of 
Representatives was found in John Quincy Adams, who, john(,)uincy 
in spite of ridicule, scorn, and vituperation, insisted on 
presenting petitions until in 1844 the "gag resolutions," 
as they were called, were repealed. 

It is now clear that the Abolitionists, desi)ite much that 
was objectionable, were right on the main question, though 
for the moment they probably injured rather than benefited 
( the slaves. 



Adams. 



270 History of the United States. 



Effects of 
the abolition 
movement. 



Foreign 
affairs. 



Death of 
Chief Justice 
Marshall. 



Debt of 
United 
States paid, 
1835- 



They succeeded in bringing the subject before the free 
states, and the Northern people began to realize, as they 
never had done before, the inconsistency of slavery with 
the principles of the American system of government, and 
with the economic conditions which prevailed in the coun- 
try. On the other hand, the agitation naturally tended to 
unite the South more strongly than ever. Few, however, 
saw the inevitable outcome as clearly as did John Quincy 
Adams, who wrote at this time, " Slavery is in all proba- 
bility the wedge which will ultimately split up this Union." 

241. Foreign Affairs; Appointment of Chief Justice; 
Surplus Revenue. (1829-1837.) — Jackson's administration 
of the foreign affairs of the United States was very suc- 
cessful. France was forced by his firm attitude to settle 
spoliation claims of long standing, and other nations fol- 
lowed her example.^ 

John Marshall, who had been Chief Justice of the 
United States since 1801 (sect. 168), died in 1835,^ and 
Jackson nominated as Marshall's successor Roger B. 
Taney of Maryland. Taney had been in Jackson's cabinet 
first as Attorney-General and then as Secretary of the 
Treasury (sect. 226). The Supreme Court about this time 
became Democratic in its political views, and remained so 
for nearly thirty years. 

In 1835 not only had all the debts of the United States 
been paid, but owing to the tariff and to the large re- 
ceipts from the sale of public lands, there was on hand 
a great and growing surplus. The United States pre- 
sented the almost unique spectacle of a country out of 

1 It is an interesting circumstance that Great Britain played the part of me- 
diator in the troubles with France. 

2 The Liberty Bell (sect, in) is said to have been cracked July 8, 1835, 
while it was being tolled for Marshall's death. 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 



271 



debt, and having so much money as not to know what to 
do with it. A bill was passed in 1836 for distributing the 
surplus revenue among the states, according to population, 
and under this law the sum of $28,000,000 was divided. 

242. Van Buren elected; his Policy. (1837.) — In ac- 
cordance with Jackson's wish, Van Buren was nominated 
in 1836 to succeed him as 
President, and Richard M. 
Johnson as Vice-President. 
The Whigs, as the Anti- 
Jackson men now called 
themselves, made no regu- 
lar nominations, but di- 
vided their vote among 
William Henry Harrison, 
Daniel Webster, Hugh L. 
White of Tennessee, and 
others. 

Van Buren was easily 
elected ; no one candidate 
receiving a majority for 
Vice-President, Johnson 
was chosen by the Senate 
in accordance with the 
constitutional provision. 
Thus " having beaten all his enemies, and rewarded all 
his friends, Jackson retired from public life to his home in 
Tennessee." 

Martin Van Buren, was a descendant of one of the old 
Dutch families. His experience in political matters was 
wide. He announced his policy to be the same as that 
of Jackson, saying his aim would be " to tread in the foot- 
steps of his illustrious predecessor." 




AlARiiN \'AN Buren. 

Martin Van Bui;en was born in New York, 
December 5, 17S2. He studied law and rose to 
eminence in hi? profession. He was State Sena- 
tor, United States Senator, governor of New 
York, Secretary of State under Jackson, 1829- 
1831; Vice-President, 1833-1837; President, 1837- 
1841. He was twice candidate for reelection, but 
was defeated. He was a shrewd political leader 
rather than a statesman. He died July 24, 1862. 



Distributiuii 
of surplus. 



Vail Buren 
elected Pres- 
ident, 1836. 



Jackson 
retires to 
private life. 

Van Buren's 
policy. 



272 History of the United States. 

"Pet Banks." 243. *' Pet Banks " ; Panic of 1837. — When Jackson had 
ordered the cessation of the deposits in the United States 
Bank, certain banks in the different states were chosen 
as places of deposit, good care being taken to choose those 
banks whose directors were in harmony with the President. 
Hence they were called "pet banks." 

As a result of this system of deposit, a large amount of 
money was thrown upon the open market, and as has 
always been the case under such circumstances, speculation 
began, first in land, then in almost everything. Soon there 
was not money enough to meet the demand, and the banks 
began to issue bills, with but little gold or silver to redeem 
"Wildcat them. New banks were formed on little or no capital, 
banks.' paper money was issued with little or no specie back of it. 

Persons took the bills of these " wildcat banks " as long as 
they could get others to take them. All this had hap- 
pened late in Jackson's second term. 

When it appeared that the government was losing 
money by accepting, in payment for public lands, bank- 
bills which often turned out to be worthless, Jackson 
Specie issued through the Secretary of the Treasury the " Specie 

Circular. Circubr," which directed the government agents to receive 
nothing but gold in payment for lands sold. As a large 
part of speculation was in public land, the effect of this 
order was quickly felt. Purchase of land was greatly cur- 
tailed, and there being no use for the " wildcat " bank-bills, 
they came back to the banks for redemption ; and the 
banks failed. Owners of land hastened to offer it for sale 
but nobody wished to buy ; prices went down rapidly, and 
soon a panic existed in all branches of trade. 
Panic of The panic of 1837 was one of the worst commercial crises 

1837. the country has ever known ; it lasted for more than a year, 

and bore upon all classes of the community. Even the 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 273 

national finances were affected. So greatly did the receipts 
fall off that not only did the Secretary of the Treasury 
have to suspend the payment of the surplus ordered to be 
divided among the states, but the fourth instalment was 
never paid. Van Buren had to call a special session of 
Congress to devise means for raising funds to carry on 
the government. This was done by authorizing the Treas- 
ury Department to issue notes to the extent of ^10,000,000. 

244. State Enterprises; Repudiation. (1837.) — The state 
spirit of expansion was not confined to individuals ; states enterprises 
had undertaken the construction of canals, railroads, and 

other public works. To pay for these they issued bonds, but 
in consequence of the panic they could not raise money to 
pay their obligations. In some instances the money had 
been squandered, in some the agents of the states had 
proved unfaithful, in others the works had been projected 
upon a scale that was unprofitable. 

Taking advantage of the eleventh amendment to the 
Constitution, which forbids a state to be sued by individuals, 
some of the states refused to pay their debts. Such action 
is called " repudiation." When better times came, some of Repudia- 
the states, among them Pennsylvania, which had failed to ^'°"- 
pay the interest on the debts, paid up their old- indebted- 
ness. Others have never done so. 

Many of these state obligations were held in Europe, 
and American credit suffered severely ; for some time 
it was almost impossible to place any loans whatever 
abroad; in 1842 even the United States government found 
itself unable to place a loan in Europe, so low had Ameri- 
can credit fallen. 

245. Sub-Treasury established. (1840.) — To remedy 
the difficulties that had occurred through Jackson's system 
of " pet " banks, Van Buren proposed the Sub-Treasury 



274 History of the United States. 



Sub-Treas- 
ury system 
established, 
1840. 



Uprising in 
Canada. 



Abolition 
riots. 



system,^ which would allow the government to manage its 
own finances and sever all " connection between the gov- 
ernment and the banks of issue." In accordance with this 
plan all money received by the government agents was to 
be paid over to officers called Sub-Treasurers, who were 
to be required to give heavy bonds for their honesty and 
good behavior. These officers were to pay out the money 
on requisition from the Treasury Department. 

The Whigs, one of whose cardinal doctrines was the 
reestablishment of a United States Bank, opposed the 
Sub-Treasury plan, and ably led by Clay and Webster, 
succeeded in postponing its adoption until 1840. Repealed 
in 1 84 1, it was again adopted in 1846, and is still in force. 

246. Canadian Uprising. (1837-1838.) — In 1837-1838 
there was an uprising in Canada against the British gov- 
ernment. Many persons in the United States, particularly 
along the border, sympathized with the Canadians, and 
meetings were held, and money and arms contributed in 
aid of the cause. The President issued a proclamation 
warning American citizens not to interfere in Canadian 
affairs, and sent General Scott to the border to watch the 
course of events. This action prevented what had threat- 
ened to prove serious trouble with Great Britain. 

247. Riots; Abolition Movement, (i 834-1 840.) — Mean- 
while the Abolition movement had grown. But on various 
grounds there was much opposition to it in the North, 
manifested as early as 1834 by a riot in New York, and in 
the same year by one in Philadelphia. In 1835 a meeting 
of the Women's Antislavery Society at Boston was broken 
up by a mob, and Garrison, who was present, was dragged 
through the streets with a rope around his body, but was 
rescued and put in jail for protection. 

1 Also called the Independent Treasury System. 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 275 

In 1837 Elijah P. Lovejoy, the publisher of an antislavery Lovejoy 
paper, was shot and fatally injured in front of his office in • 
Alton, Illinois, after the roof of the building had been set 
on fire by a mob. In Philadelphia, in 1838, the office of 
the Pennsylvania Freeman was destroyed by a mob, and 
Pennsylvania Hall, in which the office was situated, was 
burnt. The poet Whittier, who was editor of the paper, 
lost all his books and papers, and narrowly escaped being 
mobbed. 

In the South the action of the Abolitionists naturally Rewards 
created much excitement ; Georgia in 183 1 offered a reward °P'^f."^ ^""^ 

' ^ '^ . . . abolitionists. 

of ^5000 for the apprehension of Garrison ; in Louisiana a 
vigilance committee offered $50,000 for the delivery of 
Arthur Tappan, a prominent member of the party; while 
Mississippi offered $5000 for the arrest of any one circu- 
lating the Liberator or like papers. In 1839 the Aboli- 
tionists divided, many of them being unwilling to follow 
Garrison in his extreme views. In 1840 the "Liberty 
Party " was formed. 

248. "Tippecanoe and Tyler too." (1840.) — As is not William 
unusual, the national administration had to suffer for events Henry 

•11 -T-i -en Harrison. 

for which it was not responsible. The panic of 1837 was 
a severe blow to Van Buren and his party. Another 
threatened panic in 1839 completed the work; though 
his party stood manfully by him and renominated him 
for the Presidency, he was defeated by the Whigs, whose 
candidates were William Henry Harrison, the hero of 
Tippecanoe (sect. 182), and John Tyler of Virginia. 

This political campaign was the first of the style, since 
so familiar, having processions, songs, torchlights, mass 
meetings, etc. In ridicule of Harrison some one said, 
" Give him a log cabin and a barrel of hard cider, and he 
will be satisfied." This was in allusion to Harrison's fron- 



276 



History of the United States. 



Harrison 

elected, 

1840. 



Death of 

Harrison. 



tier life. So far from accomplishing its purpose, the cry 
was immediately taken up as a watchword, and miniature 
log cabins and barrels of hard cider were seen every- 
where. So, like Jackson, on a wave of enthusiasm, "Tip- 
pecanoe and Tyler too " were triumphantly elected. The 

Liberty Party had nomi- 
nated candidates, but they 
received an insignificant 
vote. 

249. Harrison dies ; 
Tyler's Course. (1841.) — 
Harrison, born in 1773, was 
already an old man ; much 
of his life had been passed 
on the frontier, where he had 
seen hard service, though he 
was not unfamiliar with po- 
litical life, having been a 
member of the House of 
Representatives, governor 
of Indiana Territory, etc. 
How he would have filled 
the office of President can- 
not be known ; for worn out 
by the many demands upon 
his strength, chiefly the re- 
sult of the throng of office- 
attack of illness and died 
exactly one month after his inauguration. In accordance 
with the Constitution the Vice-President assumed the duties 
of President. 

John Tyler of Virginia, the first Vice-President who 
had succeeded to the Presidency, had been nominated in 




William Henry Harrison. 

William Henry Harrison was born in 
Virginia, February o, 1773. He was the son 
of Benjamin Harrison, governor of Virginia, 
and a signer of the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence. He was educated at Hampden-Sidney 
College, and entered the army when he was 
eighteen. He was governor of Indiana Ter- 
ritory, 1805-1813. On November 7, 1811, he 
defeated the Indians at Tippecanoe. He was 
appointed brigadier-general in the regular 
army, 1812. He was member of Congress, 
1817, and Senator, 1824. He was elected 
President, 1840, and died April 4, 1841, ex- 
actly one month after his inauguration. 

seekers, he sank under an 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 



277 




order to gain Southern votes. He was Democratic in his 
opinions, though opposing Jackson's views on nullification. 
The Whigs bitterly repented the policy which gave them 
their "accidental President." Harrison had called an 
extra session of Congress to consider what should be done 
to improve the financial state of 
of the country. At this session, 
the Whigs soon passed a bill for 
the establishment of a new Bank 
of the United States; to their 
dismay Tyler vetoed it, and their 
majority was not large enough to 
override the veto. After consul- 
tation with the President, they 
passed another bill framed to 
meet his objections, but he vetoed 
that also. Upon this, all the 
Cabinet resigned, except Webster, 
who doubtless would have also 
resigned had he not been carry- 
ing on negotiations with Great 
Britain. There was now open 
war between Tyler and the party 
which had elected him. 

250. Treaty with Great Britain ; 
Extradition. (1842.) — Daniel 
Webster, whom Harrison had ap- 
pointed Secretary of State, immediately after his entrance 
upon office turned his attention to certain difficulties with 
the British government. These had long been unsettled. 
They were the northwest boundary between the United 
States and the British possessions, which had never been 
clearly defined ; the right which England still claimed to 



John Tyler 

President, 

1841. 



John Tyler. 

John Tyler was born in Vir- 
ginia, March 29, 1790. He was son 
of John Tyler, governor of Virginia. 
He studied law. He was a member 
of Congress, 1816-1821; governor of 
Virginia, 1825-1827; and United 
States Senator, 1827-1836. Elected 
Vice-President in 1840, he became 
President in 1841, on the death of 
Harrison. He returned to private 
life in 1845. He was President of 
the Peace Conference in 1861, and 
the same year was elected a mem- 
ber of the Confederate Congress. 
He died January 18, 1862. 



Treaty with 
Great 
Britain, 
1842. 



2/8 



History of the United States. 



Ashburton 
Treaty. 



New boun- 
dary line. 



Extradition 
of criminals. 



Right of 
search. 



Slave trade. 



search vessels in order to impress sailors; and the right 
of search for the suppression of the slave trade. Added 
to these old questions were new ones raised by the recent 
Canadian rebellion in 1837. Lord Ashburton, a member 
of the well-known Baring family, represented the Enghsh 
government, and the treaty agreed upon is known from 
him as the Ashburton Treaty. 

By the terms of the treaty a new boundary line between 
Maine and New Hampshire on the one side and Canada on 
the other was agreed upon, and the claims of Massachu- 
setts and Maine were settled by a money payment to them 
by the United States. As New England thought Great 
Britain was favored, and Great Britain that New England 
had the advantage, the settlement was probably fair to 
both nations. 

Besides the boundary question, the Canadian difficulties 
were arranged, and provision was made for the return, by 
either country, of criminals fleeing from justice. This last 
clause covered only a few of the grosser crimes, but it was a 
good beginning ; for the principle had been only partly 
recognized before. This action led the way in alarming 
that the arrest of criminals and the lessening of crime are 
matters of international welfare. The right of search was 
passed over, but a declaration by Webster that sailors in 
American ships would " find their protection in the flag 
which is over them," was taken to mean that the United 
States would fight if an attempt was made to renew the 
practice in vogue before the War of 18 12. 

In regard to the right of search for the suppression of 
the slave trade, it was agreed that each nation should keep 
vessels cruising off the coast of Africa, and should work 
in harmony for the putting down of that traffic. By this 
negotiation war was averted, disputes of long standing 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 279 

were settled, and honorable arrangements entered into for 
the prevention of crime and for the arrest of criminals. 
Great credit is due to Webster for his course in this mat- 
ter. He resigned his position as Secretary soon after the 
treaty was signed. The next Congress had a Democratic 
majority, and the Whigs' short lease of power was over. 

251. Dorr War; Anti-Renters. (1840-1842.)^ — ^ When Rhode 
Rhode Island entered the Union, she continued to be gov- Inland and 

11 I 11 1-11 ii^iiTT the suffrage. 

erned by the old colonial charter granted by Charles II. 
(sect. 19). It was liberal for the age in which it was 
granted, as is shown by the fact that it lasted for two hun- 
dred years. Under it the General Assembly of the state, 
at the suggestion of the king, had restricted the suffrage 
by imposing a property qualification, except in the case of 
the eldest sons of voters. The result was that only about 
one-third of those who in other states would have had the 
privilege of voting had that right in Rhode Island. The 
representation in the Assembly, having remained unchanged 
since 1663, was also very unfair. 

From time to time petitions to enlarge the basis of suf- 
frage were made to the Legislature by the disfranchised 
class, but these proved unavailing. In 1841, the discon- 
tented citizens called a convention to prepare a new 
constitution, claiming this procedure as a right belonging 
to free Americans. The proposed constitution was sub- 
mitted to a popular vote, to be cast regardless of the 
legal provisions regulating the suffrage. A convention 
called by the order of the Legislature also prepared a new 
constitution, which was submitted to legal voters and re- 
jected by them. The reformers declared their document 
accepted, and so at the time for the election of state officers, 
each party elected a set of officials. 

The reformers chose Thomas W. Dorr governor, and 



28o 



History oi the United States. 



in Rhode 
Island. 



Dorr War" he in May, 1842, proceeded to enter upon the duties of 
office. The legal governor and his party denounced Dorr 
and his followers, appealed to the President of the United 
States, and called out the militia. The President increased 
the garrison of the fort at Newport, and sent the Secretary 
of War to watch the affair. 

When Dorr found that it was possible that the United 
States forces might be arrayed against him, and that his 
small bodv of troops was melting away, he fled ; returning 
to the state in 1S44, he surrendered himself, was tried for 
treason, and condemned to life imprisonment. He was, 
however, released the next year ( 1 845 ), under an amnesty 
bill of the Legislature. 

Taught by experience, the Legislature had called a new 
convention, in which non-voters under the law were allowed 
to be represented ; a new and more liberal constitution was 
drawn up, and afterward (1842) adopted by a popular vote 
in which votes of men who were to be enfranchised were 
received; thus the "Dorr \\'ar" came to an end without 
bloodshed.^ 

In New York some of the descendants of the old Dutch 
patroons (sect. 35) still held the lands granted to their an- 
cestors, and claimed from the tenants the old annual dues 
of produce. A growing dissatisfaction with this arrange- 
ment had existed among the tenants, who at last, about 
1840, refused to pay rent. The militia v.ere called out to 
aid in its collection, and this is known as the " Helderberg 
War." In 1847 and in 1850, a political faction known as 
the " Anti-Renters " made its appearance. Finally the 
matter was compromised — the owners offered to sell their 



Anti- 
Renters in 
New York. 



1 In iSSS an amendment to the constitution of the state greatly enlarged 
the suffrage, and in 1S93 more restrictions were removed. All that the Dorr 
party desired, and more, has now been obtained. 



The Thirtv Years' Peace. 



281 





rights at a fair valuation, the tenants bought them, and 
this relic of feudalism passed away. 

252. Telegraph ; Anaesthetics. 1^1827-1844. ^ — Activity 
of thought was not only manifested in social and political 
matters, but also in the field of 
science. Samuel F. B. Morse, 
an American artist, having 
given his attention to elec- 
tricity as a means of transmit- 
ting messages over wires, took 
out a patent for a system de- 
vised by him for this purpose 
in 1837. Money was lacking, 
but after long efforts an ap- 
propriation of thirty thousand 
dollars was made during the 
closing hours of a session of 
Congress, to assist him in test- 
ing the invention. With this 
money a line was set up in 
1S44 between Baltimore and 
Washington, which are forty 
miles apart, and his plan proved f""" Eurc.pe.be conceived 

electric telesiaph, and for 

an entire success. The first 
message was, " WTiat hath God 
wrought ! " ^ 

The telegraph, in connection 
with steam, has to a wonder- 
ful degree changed the way of 
doing business. The merchant now has the prices of the 
markets of the world before him every morning, and can 
buv and sell during the same dav in places with which, 
less than fiftv vears ago. it took months to communicate. 

* Numbers xxiii. 23. 



S.F.B. Morse 
and the 
Telegraph. 



Samuel F. R Morse. 

From " Prime's Life of Morse." 

SAMrEL FiXLEY Breese Morse was 
bom in Massachusetts. .April 37, 1791- 
He graduated at Vale College, iSio. and 
went to Europe to study painting under 
Benjamin West and Washington Allston, 
and became a portrait painter of consid- 
erable merit. la iSj^, on a voyage home 
the idea of an 
several years 
worked at his invention to perfect ii. 
Tbough his claim to priority h.^s been 
questioned. Morse undoubtedly pro- 
duced the most pracrical instrument. 
He received many medals of honor fiom 
European monarchs. and also about 
$So,cco, He also seems to have been 
the first to suggest an Atlantic ttle- 
graph. He died April 2, 1S72. 



Telegraph 
line between 
Baltimore 
and Wash- 
ington, I S44. 



282 



History of the United States. 



Anesthetics. Another discovery of a very different nature from that 
of Morse, but one which has been of great benefit to man- 
kind, was made in Boston, Massachusetts. It was found 
that deep sleep and insensibihty to pain could be produced 
by the inhalation of the vapor of ether, and, that while a 
patient was in this condition surgical operations hitherto 
most painful could be performed upon him safely, without 
pain and even without his knowledge. 

The honor of this great discovery has been claimed by 
two physicians, William T. G. Morton and Charles T. Jack- 
son, and the exact amount of credit due to each is difficult 
to determine. Drugs which produce the effects described 
are called anaesthetics. 

Mormons. 253. The MormoHS. (1830-1844.)— The restlessness of 

the age was shown in the rise of new sects and of socialistic 
organizations. Among the former were the Mormons, or 
" Latter-Day Saints." The founder, Joseph Smith, of 
western New York, professed to have received a revelation 
that in a certain hill he would find a book written upon 
gold plates, and giving a history of the former inhabitants 
of America and a revelation of the Gospel. With these 
plates he stated that he had found " two stones in silver bows 
which had been prepared for the purpose of translating 
the book." This work he published in 1830, under the 
title of the Book of Mormon.^ 

He and some associates began to gather a little church 
about them. They accepted the Bible, but declared that 
the Book of Mormon was a supplement to it, and held 
that future revelations supplementary to the Bible and to 
the Book of Mormon might be made. As they must come 

1 It has been said that the Book of Mormon was written by a man named 
Solomon Spaulding, of Conneaut, Ohio, about iSio, and that a copy of the 
manuscript fell into Smith's hands. 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 



Missouri. 



through the Prophet, or the head of the church, and were 
to be imphcitly obeyed, the head of the Mormon church 
practically held absolute power. 

Smith and his followers soon moved to Ohio, and thence Mormons in 
to Missouri, being compelled to leave on account of the 
failure of a bank in which Smith was interested. Here 
they continued to gather adherents, until, becoming obnox- 
ious to the people of Missouri for various reasons, chief 
among which, without doubt, was their attitude on anti- 
slavery, they were forced to recross the Mississippi River 
into Illinois. 

Obtaining a tract of land and a liberal charter from the 
Legislature, they began to build a city, Nauvoo, on the 




" ' SOUTH FORTS NORTH FORT 

Fort, Great Salt Lake City, 1848. 

banks of the river. In 1843 a revelation was made, pro- 
claiming polygamy legal and even praiseworthy. The 
population of Nauvoo had now become about fifteen thou- Nauvoo. 
sand, and Smith declined to have the state laws executed 
within his bounds. It was not long before there was a 
collision between the Mormons and the state authorities, 
and Smith and his brother, having surrendered to the gov- 
ernor, were placed in jail for safe keeping, but a mob 
overpowered the guard and shot the prisoners. 

254. Mormons in Utah. (1846-1848.) — As the oppo- 
sition to the Mormons did not lessen, Brigham Young, 
a very able man, who had been chosen as Joseph Smith's 
successor, determined to lead his followers to Utah, in 



Mormons in 
Utah. 



284 History of the United States. 



Mormons. 



Texas. 




the far West, where they could carry out their laws and 
customs in peace. It was two years before the migration 
was completed, but in 1848 the whole band was settled in 
Utah, beyond the Rocky Mountains, and near Great Salt 

Lake, where they founded Salt 
Lake City. They named their 
new state Deseret, which means, 
according to their interpretation, 
"The Land of the Honey Bee." 

For many years the Mormon 
government was autocratic. The 
additions to their numbers were 
chiefly made from Great Britain, 
Norway, and Sweden, gathered 
by missionaries frequently sent 
out. The Mormons were very 
industrious ; they soon built a 
handsome city, and brought the 
surrounding country under rich 
cultivation. 

255. The South and Texas. 
(1827-1836.) — By the treaty of 
1 8 19, by which the United States 
acquired Florida, the western 
boundary of Louisiana was fixed 
at the Sabine River (sect. 199). 
The South, wishing to extend 
slavery, or at least wishing to keep pace with the increase 
of power in the non-slaveholding states, saw a promising 
field in Texas, which had become a part of Mexico. 

In 1827 and in 1829 the United States government had 
offered to buy Texas from Mexico, but the offers were de- 
clined. Many American settlers, chiefly from the southern 



Samuel Houston. 

Samuel Houston, or as he called 
himself, Sam Houston, was born in 
Virginia, March 2, 1793, but was 
taken to Tennessee in early child- 
hood. He studied law, was elected 
congressman in 1823, and governor 
of Tennessee in 1827, In 1829 he 
resigned his office, and leaving civil- 
ized life, lived for two or three years 
among the Cherokee Indians. In 
1832 he removed to Texas and was 
one of the most active in helping to 
throw off the rule of Mexico. He 
was the first President of Texas, and 
after the annexation. United States 
Senator. He was governor of Texas, 
1859, and was opposed to secession. 
He died July 26, 1863. 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 285 

states, had migrated into Texas, taking their slaves with 
them. When Mexico, in 1824, abolished slavery, these 
settlers kept their slaves as before. 

In 1836 the Texans revolted from Mexico, set up an Texas a 
independent state of their own, and expelled the Mexican republic. 
forces. Of the fifty-seven signers of the Declaration of 
Texan Independence, fifty are said to have been from the 
southern states of the Union. In 1836 under General 
Sam Houston the Texans defeated the Mexicans in the 
battle of San Jacinto. Santa Anna, the Mexican dictator, 
was forced to recognize the independence of Texas — a 
recognition that the Mexicans disclaimed. 

256. Texas Annexation Pushed. (1837-1844.) — Owing Texas inde- 
largely to the disordered state of Mexican affairs, Mexico, P^ncient. 
though steadily refusing to acknowledge the independence 
of Texas, made little or no effort to subdue her. In 
1837 the United States, and not long after, England, 
France, and Belgium, recognized Texas as an indepen- 
dent power. An inefficient government soon brought 
the new state almost to bankruptcy, and annexation to 
the United States, which many persons think was in- 
tended from the first, became a matter of as great 
interest to Texas and her creditors as to the southern 
slaveholders. 

In 1837, Texas, through her minister at Washington, Applies for 
made application for admission to the Union. A propo- admission to 

, • rr • T • J, t^ ^ 1 r the Union. 

sition to this effect was rejected m the Senate, and tor 
some time no formal action was taken. Texan annex- 
ation, however, was pushed in every possible way by land 
speculators and politicians ; by the former, because they 
wished to take advantage of the large advance in land 
values should Texas be admitted as one of the United 
States ; by the latter, because they wished to increase the 



286 History of the United States. 



Texas. 

Annexation 
urged. 



Polk and 
Dallas nomi- 
nated, 1844. 



territory open to slavery, and the representation of the 
South in the Senate. 

It was a difficult undertaking, for neither the Whigs nor 
the Democrats of the North were in favor of it, and of 
course the small Liberty party was violently opposed 

to any such scheme. Van 
Buren, the most prominent 
man in the Democratic 
party, came out against the 
plan, and in consequence, 
through the influence of 
the southern members of 
the party, failed of nomi- 
nation as candidate for the 
Presidency. 

257. Polk elected ; Admis- 
sion of Texas. (1844-1845.) 
— The Democratic conven- 
tion, sitting in Baltimore, 
chose James K. Polk as 
candidate for President ; 
Silas Wright, who was nom- 
inated as Vice-President, 
declined, and George M. 
Dallas was chosen in his 
place. ^ Clay, the Whig candidate, also opposed annexa- 
tion, but in his anxiety to gain southern votes published 
declarations which displeased the Liberty party and some 




James Knox Polk was born in North 
Carolina, November 2, 1795. He removed to 
Tennessee, 1806 He graduated at the Uni- 
versity of North CaroHna in 1816. He was a 
member of Congress from Tennessee for sev- 
eral terms, and was twice Speaker of the 
House. He was elected governor of Ten- 
nessee, and in 1844 was chosen President of 
the United States. He died June 15, 1849, 
three months after leaving office. 



^ The nomination of Polk was the first news sent over Morse's telegraph 
just completed. Silas Wright was in the same way informed of his nomina- 
tion, and declined it. The convention refused to believe the reply, and ad- 
journed to the following day, until a messenger sent to verify the tidings could 
return. 



The Thirty Years' Peace. 287 

northern Whigs. In the election which followed he lost 
thereby the great state of New York by a small majority, 
and with New York, the election. 

The result of the election was taken as approving an- 
nexation ; and accordingly, in the last hours of Tyler's 
administration, Congress passed a joint resolution in favor 
of admitting Texas. Tyler signed the document and at Texas admit- 
once sent off a messenger to Texas with the news ; the '^"'' '^45- 
proposition was accepted by Texas July 4, 1845, and in 
December of the same year she was formally admitted to 
the Union. 

The passage of a resolution which required only a 
majority of votes, instead of a treaty which would have 
required a two-thirds vote in the Senate was a shrewd 
political device. Texas was the last slave state admitted. 
She is the only truly independent state that has ever 
entered the Union as a state, no others, not even the 
original thirteen, having ever exercised the power of 
negotiating treaties, sending ambassadors, or making 
war. 

258. Polk's Measures. (1845.) — James K. Polk, of Character of 
Tennessee, had been Speaker of the House of Representa- ^"^'■^• 
fives for four years. So the cry of the Whigs, " Who is 
James K. Polk ? " had little to justify it. He was a man 
of excellent private character, but narrow in his political 
views, and a strong partisan. Tenacious of his ends, he 
was generally successful in carrying out what he had 
planned. The four great measures which he placed 
before himself were; (i) reduction of the tariff; (2) re- 
estabhshment of the Sub-Treasury; (3) settlement of the 
Oregon boundary question ; and (4) the acquisition of 
California. 



288 History of the United States. 



SUMMARY. 

The inauguration of Andrew Jackson began a new era in American 
history. '"The Spoils System" in politics began to be carried out 
during his term of office. Jackson was opposed to the Bank of the 
United States. Nullification in South Carolina was checked by him. 
Much trouble was experienced from the Indians in Georgia, in the West, 
and in Florida, where the Seminole War was carried on for several years 
at great expense and loss of life. 

The material development of the country was very marked. Rail- 
roads were first brought into general use; reapers were invented; the 
propeller invented ; asylums for the blind, deaf-mutes, and the insane 
founded ; normal schools for the training of teachers established ; and 
enterprising newspapers set up. Reforms of various kinds were begun, 
especially temperance and the abolition of slavery. 

To succeed Jackson, Van Buren was chosen. His administration 
was marked by the great commercial panic of 1837. To follow Van 
Buren, the Whigs elected William Henry Harrison. He died after 
being one month in office, and John Tyler, the Vice-President, became 
President. He was really a Democrat, and soon quarrelled with the 
Whigs. 

A treaty Vvith Great Britain settled the northeast boundary and 
provided for the extradition of criminals. Among the important inven- 
tions were the telegraph and anaesthetics. The Mormons grew in num- 
bers under Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, and moved to Utah. 

Texas was annexed in 1845. James K. Polk was chosen President 
in 1844. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X.. page xliii. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

THE MEXICAN WAR AND SLAVERY. 

REFERENCES. 

A. B. Hart. Source-Book. Chaps, xvi.. xvii. ; H. C. Wright, Chil- 
dren's Stories of American Progress, Chaps, xiv.-xvi. 

259. War with Mexico. (1846.) — With the annexation 
of Texas, the United States succeeded to a quarrel with Texan 
Mexico. Texas claimed the Rio Grande as her south- claims. 
western boundary, while Mexico insisted that the Nueces 
River was the true division line. President Polk sent an 
envoy to Mexico ; but the Mexicans would have nothing to 
do with the envoy, and he returned from a fruitless errand. 

Meanwhile, General Zachary Taylor, with a small body 
of troops, had been ordered to Corpus Christi, on the 
border of the disputed territory, and a little later to ad- 
vance to Fort Brown (Brownsville), on the Rio Grande. Mexican 
The Mexicans naturally looked upon this as an invasion ^^'^"^ begun, 
of their country, and ordered a body of troops across the 
river ; an engagement soon followed, and the Mexican War 
was begun. This was April 24, 1846. 

President Polk, as soon as the news reached him, sent a 
message to Congress, in which he said, " Mexico has passed 
the boundary of the United States, has invaded our terri- 
tory, and shed American blood upon the American soil." 
"War exists, and notwithstanding all our efforts to avoid it, 
exists by the act of Mexico herself." Congress responded 

289 



290 History oi' the United States. 



promptly by declaring that war existed " by the act of 
Mexican Mexico," authorizing a call for fifty thousand volunteers 
begun, ^j^^ expenditures for military supplies, and appropriating 
large sums to meet the expenses.^ 

It was in relation to this message and two later ones in 
which the President reasserted the charge that Mexico had 
invaded "our territory" and shed "the blood of our citi- 
zens on our own soil," that Abraham Lincoln, in the House 
of Representatives, introduced in 1847 his " Spot Resolu- 
tions," calling upt)n the President to indicate the exact 
spot where this had taken place, and to inform the House 
whether the " citizens " had not been armed soldiers, sent 
there by the President's own orders. 

260. Mexican Campaign; New Mexico. (^1846-1847.) — 
The whole campaign embraced four })rojects : ( 1 ) an attack 
upon Mexico from the north — this was intrusted to General 
Zachary Taylor; (2) an attack upon the city of Mexico — 
this was led by General Winficld Scott ; (3) an attack 
upon New Mexico, including what is now known as Ari- 
zona — this was made under the direction of General 
Stephen W. Kearny ; (4) an attack ujion California by 
the fleet of American vessels which had been sent there 
in anticipation of war with Mexico. All these plans were 
carried out. 

General Taylor, against heavy odds so far as numbers 
were concerned, defeated the Mexicans at Monterey, and 
at Buena Vista (Februarv 27, 1S47); but the government, 



Mexican 
campaign 



General 
Taylor. 



' It iias been saiil thai " the United Slates tried in vain to get a payment of 
what was due her citizens." The justice of these claims was very doubtful at 
best, and Mexico had done her utmost to pay them, the disordered condition 
of the country making it almost impossible to collect a revenue. When she 
thought she saw the meaning of the Texas negotiations, it was not unnatural 
that she should cease to make payment. 



The Mexican War and Slavery. 291 

having determined to attack the capital, withdrew many of 
his men, and he was forced to cease operations. Before 
lon<;, feeling' himself ill-nsed by the administration, he re- Taylor 
signed his position. The United States, however, con- resigns, 
tinned to hold northern Mexico. 







Mai' of thk Mexican War. 



The expedition against New Mexico was entirely sue- New Mexico 
cessful. By the summer of 1846 the region was controlled seized, 
by United States forces, and Kearny, leaving part of his 
troops to retain it, set off for California ; but before he 



292 



History of the United States. 



California 
occupied. 



General 

Scott's cam- 
paign. 



Mexicans 
driven back. 



arrived, news was received that it was alreadv in the pos- 
session of the United States. 

261. California Captured. (1845-1846.) — In the winter 
of 1845 Captain John C. Fremont, then on a third exjilor- 
ing expedition west of the Rocky Monntains. passed into 
California and took up the cause of the American settlers, 
who claimed to be oppressed by the Mexican o-overnor. 
An independent o-overnment was set up. and through the 
cooperation of Fremont with Commodores Sloat and 
Stockton, who had captured almost without a struggle the 
ports of Monterev, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, the 
whole of California, a possession of incalculable value, fell 
into the hands of the United States. 

262. Scott's Campaign ; City of Mexico Captured. 
(^1847. "> — It being clear that the Mexicans would be dirti- 
cidt to overcouic. it was dctcrmincti to attack the capital 
by a new route. A large naval force with twelve thousand 
troops sailed for \'era Cruz, the port of the city of Mexico. 
After a bombardment of foin" davs. \'era Cru/, with the 
fort of San Juan de Ulloa, the strongest fortification in 
Mexico, surrendered. 

About the middle of April, 1847, General Winheld Scott 
began his march to the city of Mexico from the very 
point and over nearly the route adopted so long before 
by Cortez. His discipline, skill, and intelligence, and the 
excellence of his troops, proved superior to the much 
larger numbers and great natural advantages of the 
Mexicans. 

The onlv serious resistance the American army met on 
its wav was at Ccrro Gordo, about fifty miles from \'era 
Cruz. Here, after a short conflict, the Mexicans under 
Santa Anna were driven back, and the victinious army 
continued its march. After several sharp battles in the 




MAP SHOWING THE 
TERRITORY ACQUIRED 

FROM MEXICO 

AS THE RESULT OF 

THE MEXICAN WAR 



117 



Longitude West 



froiu GreeiiM-ich 



The Mexican War and Slavery. 293 

immediate neighborhood of the city of Mexico, that city 
sm-rendered September 14, 1847, and the war was practi- 
cally over. 

263. Terms of Peace with Mexico. (1848.) — It was by Peace, 1848, 
no means easy to agree upon terms of peace. The one 
thing upon which the Mexicans of all factions were united, 
was that territory should not be given up ; while territory 
was exactly what the United States had fought for. More- 
over the United States held some of the fairest provinces 
of Mexico, and had no intention of returning them. 

After many fruitless negotiations, and a revolution in Terms of 
Mexico, a treaty was arranged in February, 1848, at Gua- P^^'^^- 
dalupe Hidalgo,^ a little place near the capital. By its 
terms the United States was to pay Mexico ^15,000,000, 
satisfy claims of American citizens against her to the 
amount of about $3,500,000, and receive in return the 
territory comprising New Mexico and Upper California. 
The Rio Grande was recognized as the boundary of 
Texas. By this treaty 522,568 square miles of territory 
was added to the United States.^ 

The total cost to the United States of the Mexican War Cost of the 
was in the neighborhood of $100,000,000, besides the loss ^^'^• 
of life, which, while small on the battle-field or from wounds, 
was large from disease. Though successful in every en- 
counter, the country had little cause for pride, for her 
successes were won in a questionable war against a weak 
and divided enemy. 

1 Guadalupe Hidalgo (Gwah-dah-loo'pa Hee-dahl'go). 

- In consequence of a difficulty regarding the exact boundary, a treaty was 
negotiated with Mexico, through James Gadsden in 1853, lay which 45,535 
square miles south of New Mexico were purchased from Mexico for the sum 
of ^10,000,000. This tract is usually called the Gadsden Purchase. Texas 
had added 371,063 square miles, making the total of these additions 939,166 
square miles, so that again the United States had acquired more than the 
area of the original thirteen states. 



294 History of the United States. 

There was at the time much opposition to the war, 
though not sufficient to prevent it.^ While it has been far 
better that the large territory acquired should be under 
American control, there is little reason to doubt that it 
would soon have come under the rule of the United States 
through settlement, or purchase, or in some way less ques- 
tionable than that which was followed. 
Oregon. 264. Oregon. (1815-1846.) — It was not only the south- 

ern boundaries which were in dispute. The northeastern 
boundary difficulties with Great Britain had been settled 
in 1842, but at that time it had not seemed practicable to 
enter upon the question of the northwestern boundary, 
which was also in dispute. It was accordingly left for 
future negotiation, both countries maintaining a joint occu- 
pancy of the country west of the Rocky Mountains under 
an arrangement dating from 18 18, and renewed from time 
to time. Very little was known in the eastern states of 
the character of the Oregon country. Many able men 
thought its possession of little moment and were quite 
ready to yield it to England. ^ 

There was, however, in not a few states of the union 
much interest in the Oregon country, and a goodly number 

1 Lowell's " Biglow Papers," first series, express this feeling very clearly. 
General Grant said that the Mexican War was " one of the most unjust ever 
waged by a stronger against a weaker nation." " Personal Memoirs," i. 53. 

2 Senator McDufiie, of South Carolina, said as late as 1843: "What is the 
nature of this country? Why, as I understand it, seven hundred miles this 
side of the Rocky Mountains is uninhabitable; a region where rain seldom 
falls; a barren sandy soil; mountains totally impassable. Well, now, what are 
we going to do in this case? flow are you going to apply steam? Have you 
made anything like an estimate of the cost of a railroad from here to the Colum- 
bia? Why, the wealth of the Indies would be insufficient. Of what use will 
this be for agricultural purposes? Why, I would not for that purpose give a 
pinch of snufi for the whole territory. I thank God for his mercy in placing 
the Rocky Mountains there." 



The Mexican War and Slavery. 295 

of persons were ready to try their fortunes on the Pacific 
coast. The first band of emigrants went out from Massa- Missionaries 
chusetts in 1832. The American Board of Commissioners to Oregon. 
for Foreign Missions in 1836 sent out to the Oregon Ind- 
ians missionaries, among them Dr. Marcus Whitman. In 
the years following other missionaries, both Catholic and 
Protestant, were sent. A small band of emigrants went in 
1 84 1, a larger one the next year, and in 1843 a band of 
more than eight hundred persons emigrated to the distant 
country. Isolated from the rest of the population, these 
emigrants showed themselves good examples of the ear- 
nest, self-reliant, self-governing American pioneer. 

In the Presidential campaign of 1844, one of the Demo- "Fifty-four 
cratic cries had been, " Fifty-four forty [54° 40'] or fight," ^';"^^y ""^ 
that latitude being the southern boundary of the Russian " 
possessions, and one which would exclude Great Britain 
altogether from the western coast of the continent. It 
was folly to suppose that England would agree to such 
terms without a conflict.^ In his inaugural, Polk took a 
warlike tone which, though probably meant for politi- 
cal effect, stimulated the emigration already begun. In 
1845, about seven thousand American citizens were 
actually living within Oregon, while the British occupancy 
was limited to a few forts and stations of the Hudson's 
Bay Company. 

By the Plorida treaty of 18 19 the parallel of 42° north 
latitude had been agreed upon as the northern boundary 
of the Spanish possessions, and to this line Mexico ex- 
tended without question ; the disputed territory was there- 
fore between 42° and 54° 40'. Of this the United States 
claimed all, while Great Britain claimed to a point some- 
what south of the Columbia River. 

1 The United States already had offered to compromise on the line of 49°, 



296 History of the United States. 

Neither the United States nor Great Britain had an in- 
Boundary disputable claim, and so a compromise was the natural as 
line agreed ^^jj ^^ ^^^ fairest settlement ; this was agreed upon. The 
line of 49° north latitude, already the boundary from the 
Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains was settled on 
as the line to the coast, but England was to retain Van- 
couver Island. This peaceful settlement " was at once 
just, honorable, and fortunate." ^ 
Sub-Treas- 265. Sub-Trcasurles reestablished ; Tariff ; Polk's Suc- 
^'■-^'- cess. (1846-1848.) — The Sub-Treasury system had been 

abolished in 1841, and the government had since availed 
itself of private banks. At the first session of the new 
Congress an improved system, though essentially similar 
to the old one, was devised, and a bill establishing it was 
promptly passed. This is still in force (1901). 
Tariff of Polk in his first message advised a revision of the tariff 

1846. so as to reduce duties and make a tariff for revenue only. 

After a considerable struggle Congress passed a bill known 
as the Tariff of 1846; this was only a moderately protec- 
tive measure, and until 1861 the country was more nearly 
upon a free trade basis than during any period since 18 16. 
Under this tariff all duties were ad valorem. 

It will be seen that in less than three years Polk had 



1 The claims of the United States to Oregon rested (i) on Gray's visit to 
the Columbia River in 1792 (sect. 174); (2) on Lewis and Clark's explora- 
tions (sect. 174) ; (3) on the Louisiana Purchase ; (4) on the Spanish treaty 
of 1819 ; (5) on the retrocession by England of Astoria, an American post, 
after the War of 1812 ; (6) the American settlements south of the 49° parallel. 
The treaty was proclaimed in force August 5, 1846. From the coast the 
boundary line was to follow "the middle of the channel which separates the 
continent from Vancouver Island." A question having arisen as to the true 
channel, the matter was not settled until 1 871 (see sect. 371). The Oregon 
country thus confirmed to the United States embraced the present states of 
Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Montana and Wyoming. 



fornia. 



The Mexican War and Slavery. 297 

accomplished the main objects he had set before himself 
on entering office (sect. 258), and he might well feel satis- 
fied with his success. The tariff had been reduced, the 
Sub-Treasury had been reestablished, the Oregon ques- 
tion had been settled, and California had been acquired. 

266. Gold in California. (1848.) — No one suspected the GoldinCaii 
great value of California. It was known to be of excep- 
tional fertility ; this, together with the splendid harbor of 
San Francisco, was enough to make it highly desirable in 
American eyes. Scarcely, however, had the treaty with 
Mexico been arranged when news was brought of the 
discovery of gold.^ 

At once (1849) there was a rush to the gold fields. Rush to the 
There were at that time two ways to get there, — around ^° ^^ ' 
Cape Horn, and by the route overland. By. these two 
routes men hastened to the new El Dorado. Of the two, | 

the overland route was perhaps the more dangerous, for ' 

the path lay across vast plains, unoccupied except by herds 
of buffalo and hostile Indians, while the Mormons were jj 

directly in the track, resenting the invasion of their terri- '• 

tory, and doing all in their power to harass the slowly 
moving trains of emigrants. So great was the loss of 
life among the cattle, and, indeed, among the emigrants 
themselves, that it was said that the trail could be kept 
by following the line of whitening bones. 

A third route, by ship or steamer to the Isthmus of 
Panama, thence across the isthmus and by water to San 

1 The discovery was made by a man named Marshall, during the construc- 
tion of a mill-race in the valley of the American River, for the sawmill of a 
Swiss immigrant, Captain Sutter. Gold was actually discovered in January, 
1848, before the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been signed, but news 
travelled so slowly in those days that the fact was not fully appreciated in the 
eastern states until December, whtn Presitlent Polk, in his annual message, 
confirmed the reports and gave them great publicity. 



298 



History of the United States. 



Emigrants 
in Califor- 



Slavery and 
the new ter- 
ritory. 



" Wilniot 
Proviso." 



Francisco, was soon opened, and became the favorite way 
of reaching California until the Pacific railroad offered a 
pleasanter and more rapid means of travel. 

Notwithstanding the hardships, in less than two years 
there were fully one hundred thousand emigrants within 
the bounds of California. Most of the emigrants were 
from the free states, and this fact had an important influ- 
ence upon the after history, not only of California, but 
of the whole country. 

267. Wilmot Proviso. (1846.) — The acquisition of so 
much territory again brought up the question of slavery, 
and in a way that demanded an answer. Texas had been 
admitted as a slave state, but all the other territory had 
been free under Mexico. Should this new territory be 
free or slave under the United States.'' As a rule south- 
ern men would not settle where they could not take their 
slaves with them. The North would resist any proposi- 
tion to make slave territory of that which was already free. 
If the Missouri Compromise of 1820 were applied to the new 
country, the line of 36° 30' would divide California nearly 
in halves ; but this satisfied neither the Northerners, whose 
principles it violated, nor the Southerners, who would thus 
be shut out from some of the most desirable lands. 

While the question of obtaining territory from Mexico 
was being debated in Congress, David Wilmot, a Demo- 
cratic member of the House from Pennsylvania, proposed 
an amendment to the bill, providing that slavery should be 
forever prohibited in any territory that might be purchased 
from Mexico. This is known as the "Wilmot Proviso," 
and though it passed the House of Representatives (1846), 
it failed in the Senate. It was, however, a political watch- 
word in the next two or three Presidential campaigns.^ 

^ Hannibal Hamlin (afterward Vice-President), in the absence of Wilmot, 
introduced for him the proviso in the House of Representatives. 



The Mexican War and Slavery. 299 



Zachary 
Taylor. 



268. Presidential Candidates ; Free-soil Party ; Whigs Presidential 
elect Taylor. (1848.) — In this state of affairs the time no^ina- 

J ^ ^ tions, 1848. 

for nominating candidates for the Presidency came round. 
Clear-headed men saw that now there was a distinct issue 
before the country, but the leaders of both of the great 
parties dodged the question, and each nominating conven- 
tion refused to commit itself in regard to slavery. The 
Democrats chose Lewis 
Cass of Michigan, as can- 
didate for President, and 
William O. Butler of Ken- 
tucky for Vice-President. 
The Whigs, following the 
course which had been so 
successful in 1840, nomi- 
nated Zachary Taylor of 
Louisiana, with Millard 
Fillmore of New York for 
Vice-President. Taylor 
was a slaveholder, but was 
believed to be opposed to 
the extension of slavery. 

A number of Whigs and 
northern Democrats who 
supported the Wilmot Pro- 
viso, dissatisfied with the 
action of the conventions ^""^^"f- 

in regard to slavery, resolved to form a new party. A 
convention of these, held at Buffalo, formed the " Free- 
soil Party " ; the old Liberty party joined them, and the 
convention nominated Martin Van Buren and Charles 
Francis Adams. 

In the election which followed, thovigh this party did not 




Zachary Taylor. 

Zachary Taylor was born in Virginia, No- 
vember 24. 1784. He was educated in Kentucky, 
his father having removed to that state m 1785. 
He entered the United States army in 1S08, and 
took part in the various Indian wars and showed 
himself to be a skilful officer. His victories in 
the Mexican War made him the Whig candidate 
for President, and he was elected. He died in 
office, July 9, 1850. He was a man of sterling 
character, and was known as " Old Rough and 



300 History of the United States. 



Taylor 
elected, 



California 
sets up a 
government. 



Death of 

Taylor, 

1850. 



Questions 
before Con- 
gress. 



get a single electoral vote, it succeeded in dividing the 
Democrats in New York, with the result of giving that 
state to the Whigs, and thereby electing Taylor and Fill- 
more, who received a majority of electoral votes in both 
the free and the slave states. 

It was because of Taylor's military success alone that 
he was chosen as a candidate. He himself acknowl- 
edged that he had never voted in his life, and had no 
political training whatever ; and many stories were told to 
show his lack of acquaintance with political affairs. He 
was a man of integrity, and proved to be a far better chief 
officer than some who had had greater opportunities. 
His death, which occurred after he had been sixteen 
months in office, was an undoubted loss to the country. 

269. Calif ornia sets up a Government. (1849.) — With the 
emigrants to California went a large number of ruffians, 
thieves, and villains of all descriptions, and the condition 
of that country was a lawless one. The order-loving men 
among the emigrants, disgusted at the dilatoriness of Con- 
gress, which had provided no government for them, set up 
in 1849 a government of their own, and, by the advice of 
President Taylor, applied to Congress for admission as a 
state. A clause in the proposed constitution prohibiting 
slavery aroused opposition to the measure among the 
southern members of Congress. During the discussion of 
the question the President died, and the Vice-President, 
Millard Fillmore, assumed the duties of the Presidential 
office. 

270. Difficult Questions before Congress. (1849-1850.) — 
Texas claimed that her western boundary was the river 
Rio Grande to its source. This claim took in territory 
which had always been considered a part of Mexico. But 
the Texans, supported by the South as a whole, persevered 



The Mexican War and Slavery. 301 

in their claim. Should these claims of Texas be allowed ? 
Should Cahfornia come in as a free state ? Should New 
Mexico and Utah be organized as territories with or with- 
out slavery ? These were the questions before the Con- 
gress of 1 849- 1 8 50. 

Another matter was also forcing itself into notice. The Fugitive 
South complained that the old fugitive slave law of 1793, ^^^^^s- 
for the return of runaway slaves to their owners, was not 
enforced, and was inadequate. The North on its side com- 




MEDAL presented 13Y CONGRESS TO HENRY CLAY. 



plained of the slave trade in the city of Washington, de- 
claring it to be a disgrace to the country. It was now 
evident that the question of slavery had got into politics 
and would stay there until some settlement could be made. 

271. Compromise of 1850. — Extremists on both sides Compromise 
demanded secession as the only remedy,, while the moder- °f '^5°- 
ate men of both sides believed that some arrangement like 
the Missouri Compromise could be made. Henry Clay 
had come forward in 1820 as the "Great Pacificator"; 
now through his influence a committee of the Senate pre- 



302 



History of the United States. 



pared the "Omnibus Bill," so called because it provided 
for so many different things. 

The bill was a compromise measure designed to settle all 
existing troubles. Its different provisions were taken up 
separately, and finally passed one by one with little modifi- 
Compromise cation. This arrangement is known as the Compromise of 
of 1850. 1850. The chief points were (i) that California should be 

admitted as a free state ; (2) that New Mexico and Utah 
should be organized as territories without reference to 
slavery ; (3) that Texas should give up some of her claims 
to the lands in dispute, but should receive $10,000,000 for 
so doing ; (4) that the slave trade in the District of Colum- 
bia should be forbidden, though slavery itself should be 
allowed ^ ; (5) that a new and more stringent fugitive slave 
law should be enacted. 
Webster's 272. Webstcr and the Fugitive Slave Law. (1850.) — The 

"Seventh of debate in Congress over these measures was long and 
March bitter. Daniel Webster, in a speech on the 7th of March, 

1850, defended the compromise and attacked the Aboli- 
tionists as disturbers of the country, at the same time 
apologizing for slavery. This speech caused a great sen- 
sation all over the country. Though his motive for mak- 
ing it has never been clearly explained, it was probably 
the fear of secession. Whatever the motive, Webster's 
great influence was gone. Many of his former friends 
looked upon him as a renegade, and even southern men 
distrusted him. He died in 1852, without regaining his 
former prestige.^ 

273. California admitted ; the Fugitive Slave Law. 



Speech." 



1 This, while yielding something to the antislavery sentiment, would allow 
members of Congress and others to bring their slaves to the capital without 
question. 

2 See Whittier's poems, " Ichabod," 1S50, and "The Lost Occasion," 1880. 



The Mexican War and Slavery. 303 



(1850.) — There seems to be little doubt that the Com- 
promise of 1850 was acceptable to the majority of the people 
both north and south. What they wished for was peace. 
California was admitted as a free state September 9, 1850, 
and the other provisions of the compromise were carried out. 

The new fugitive slave law, however, aroused much 
feeling when it became more fully understood. Its pro- 
visions were rigid. The whole matter was put under the 
charge of United States officials. The fugitive was not 
permitted to testify ; cases were to be decided without a 
jury by a United States commissioner or judge, from 
whose decision there was to be no appeal by habeas corpus 
or otherwise ; the simple affidavit of the alleged owner or 
his agent was sufficient, on proof of identity, to send the 
fugitive back into slavery ; on slight evidence the case could 
be removed from the state where the alleged fugitive was 
captured to the state from which it was claimed that he had 
fled ; all persons were rec^uired to aid in the capture of the 
runaways should the marshal call on them for help ; ob- 
structing the arrest of fugitives, or concealing them, or in 
any way aiding their escape, was punishable by heavy fine 
and by imprisonment. 

At once there arose a cry from the North that such 
a law was " unjust, unconstitutional, and immoral." As a 
political measure the law was very unwise, for nothing that 
had been done previously had so tended to force the subject 
of slavery on the attention of the people of the North. It 
was not long before many of the northern states passed 
" Personal Liberty Laws," designed to obstruct as much 
as possible the execution of the obnoxious law. Meanwhile 
the Antislavery party was rapidly increasing. 

274. Census; Great Increase of Immigration. (1850.) — 
The census of 1850 showed that the population had 



California 
admitted, 
1850. 



Fugitive 
slave law. 



Opposition 
in the North. 



" Personal 

Liberty 

Laws." 



304 History of the United States. 

increased more than one-third over that of 1840. In every 
United way the country was growing ; manufactories were rapidly 

States in increasing in the eastern and middle states, railroads were 
stretching out farther and farther west, and commerce, both 
foreign and along the coast was extending, the United 
States being surpassed in tonnage by Great Britain only. 
The outlook for the country from a material point of view 
was highly promising. 

A great famine in Ireland in 1847 ; a number of political 
revolutions in Europe, which forced many to leave their 
homes ; the news of the discovery of gold in California ; 
and the stories of the freedom of America; — all corn- 
Immigration, bined to cause a vast increase of immigration. From a 
yearly average for the preceding twenty-five years of less 
than one hundred thousand the number had grown to more 
than three hundred thousand in 1850. It was a significant 
fact that, with the most trifiing exceptions, all these immi- 
grants settled in the free states and territories, 
inveniiuns. 275. Inventors. (1839-1846.) — Political quarrels and 
struggles did not choke the spirit of invention and enter- 
prise which is now recognized as an American characteris- 
tic. It was, however, only after years of discouragement 
and toil that Elias Howe, Jr., of Massachusetts, in 1846 
Sewing- patented his sewing-machine. The great feature of his 
machines. invention was the position of the eye in the point of the 
needle ; it was this that made his machine successful, and 
all subsequent improvements have retained this feature. 
It was not until 1854 that Howe fully established his claim 
and reaped the reward of his ingenuity. 

In 1839 Charles Goodyear and Nathaniel Haywood 
of Connecticut discovered that sulphur mixed with india- 
rubber at a high temperature would result in a composition 
that can be worked into almost any shape. This process 



The Mexican War and Slavery. 305 

of treating rubber with sulphur is known as vulcanizing, Rubber, 
and was patented in 1844. Many great improvements 
have since been made, and rubber is now extensively used 
in the manufacture of a great variety of articles. 

276. Postage (1845) I Department of the Interior (1849). 
— Previous to 1845 the postage on letters was charged 
according to the number of sheets and the distance the 
letter was carried, the amount due being collected on 
delivery.^ 

In 1845 a new law was passed, reducing the postage to Postal rates, 
five cents for all distances under three hundred miles and 
ten cents for greater distances, the charge to be according 
to weight, a half-ounce being taken as the unit. In 1847 
postage stamps of these denominations were issued and the 
modern system of postal administration was fairly begun. 
In 1 85 1 the postage on letters was again reduced, a uniform 
charge of three cents per half-ounce or fraction thereof 
being established, regardless of distance, except in the 
cases of the extreme West and the Pacific coast.^ In 1875 Interna- 
the International Universal Postal Union, with headquar- *'°"^' Postal 

11 • Union. 

ters at Berne, began operations, and now almost all nations 

1 Postage rates were fixed by act of Congress in 1792, and afterward modified 
in 1816 and at other times. In 1843, for a distance not over thirty miles, the 
rate for a single sheet was six cents ; from thirty'to eighty miles, ten cents ; 
eighty to one hundred and fifty miles, twelve and one-half cents, and so on, 
according to distance, the highest rate being twenty-five cents for over four 
hundred miles. Two pieces of paper were charged double these rates. These 
were the inland charges ; ocean postage was proportionally higher. 

2 The postage on papers, books, and printed matter was also (1851) greatly 
lessened. In 1883 the letter rate was reduced to two cents, and in 1885 the 
unit for domestic letter postage was made one ounce. Postal cards, introduced 
by Austria, were first issued by the United States in May, 1873. Ocean post- 
age was also, largely through the efforts of the United States, reduced to five 
cents per half-ounce Cor to speak accurately, per fifteen grammes), and 
that upon printed matter in proportion. 



306 History of the United States. 

have joined it, making uniform international postal rates 
for nearly the whole world. This is one of the greatest 
triumphs of modern civilization. 

In 1849 a new department was added to the e>;ecutive 

branch of the government, called the Department of the 

Department Interior, because everything under its charge is connected 

of the inte- ^yj^-j^ internal affairs. None of the other branches of the 

1101, ic49. government has under its direction a greater variety of 

interests ; among them are the Public Lands, the Patent 

Ofifice, Pensions, the Indians, the Census, and Education. 

The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. 

Most of the duties had previously been performed by the 

Department of State. 

277. New Party Leaders ; Presidential Nominations. 
New party (1852.) — John C. Calhoun died in 1850; Henry Clay 
leaders. g^,-,(-| Daniel Wcbstcr in 1852. New party leaders came 

upon the scene from both the South and the North. 
Among the Democrats were Stephen A. Douglas of 
Illinois and Jefferson Davis of Mississippi ; among the 
southern Whigs, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia; 
while the new Antislavery party gained great strength in 
Congress by the election to seats in the House or Senate 
of Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, Salmon P. Chase of 
Ohio, and William H. Seward of New York. 

A change in the great political parties of the country 
was now inevitable. Slavery must divide the northern and 
southern wings of both Democrats and Whigs. The anti- 
slavery Whigs began to go to the Free-soil party, as did 
also the antislavery Democrats of the North. In the 
South the pro-slavery Whigs tended to unite with the 
Democrats ; thus in both North and South the Whigs 
were losing numbers, while the Democratic losses in the 
North were more than offset by the gains in the South. 



The Mexican War and Slavery. 307 

When the time came to choose a President, the Whigs, 
hoping to win again through military glory, nominated General 
General Winfield Scott, with William A. Graham of North ^cott nomi 

natetL 

Carolina for Vice-President. The Democrats nominated 
Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire for President, and 
William R. King of Alabama for Vice-President. Both 
the Whigs and the Democrats upheld in their platforms 
the Compromise of 1850, including the Fugitive Slave 
Law. The Free-soil convention nominated John P. Hale 
of New Hampshire and George W. Julian of Indiana. In Pierce 
the election the Democrats carried all the states except ^^I'^cted. 
four, though in some the majority was small. ^ 

278. Franklin Pierce ; World's Fairs ; Japan. (1853.) 
— The Free-soil party polled a smaller vote than in the 
preceding election. It seemed as if the Compromise of 
1850 was about to be fairly tested. Though Pierce had 
been in political life for a number of years, and had been 
a brigadier-general in the Mexican War, he had done 
nothing to bring himself before the notice of the country 
at large. He was chosen simply because the convention 
was afraid to nominate one of the party leaders. 

Among the peaceful occurrences of this troubled admin- vvorld's 
istration may be mentioned the American World's P'air, Fair, 1853. 
which was held at New York in 1853. England had 
held in 1851, at London, a grand exhibition to illustrate 
the world's progress in arts and sciences, and to this 
she had invited the world to contribute. It had been a 
great success, and the United States wished to follow her 
example. The New York Fair was of great use in giv- 
ing the American people a knowledge of the products and 
manufactures of other countries. These two fairs were 

^ Ttie four states were Massachusetts, Vermont, Tennessee, and Ken- 
tucky. 



308 History of the United States. 

the pioneers of the numerous expositions which have fol- 
lowed in various lands. 
Japanese Japan, like China, had closed her ports to foreign coun- 

ports tries for centuries. Commodore Matthew C. Perry was 

opened, • r. ■ • 1 i 1 • 

,3^, sent ni 1853 to try to open negotiations, and succeeded m 

1854 in making a treaty with the military ruler of Japan by 
which certain ports were opened. Skilful diplomacy accom- 
plished that which other nations bid attempted in vain. 

279. Pacific Railroad; "Uncle Tom's Cabin." (1853.) 
— The acquisition of Calif orr^a, the discovery of gold 
there, and the prospect of intercourse with Japan, height- 
ened the desire for communication between the Atlantic 
and Pacific oceans by some route shorter than that around 
Cape Horn or that by the way of the Isthmus. With this 
end in view the government sent out, in 1853, an expedi- 
tion to examine the different routes that might seem suit- 
Pacific able for a railroad to the Pacific. A full report of these 
rai roa . various surveys was published by Congress ; it forms a 
valuable account of that part of the country at that time. 
It was not until 1862 that a Pacific railroad was begun, 
and seven years went by before the East and West were 
joined by rails (sect. 366). 
"Uncle In 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe published " Uncle Tom's 
Tom's Cabin," a story of slave life in the South. This book made 
an immense sensation ; within a year of its publication over 
three hundred thousand copies had been sold. It presented 
the subject of slavery in a way that took hold of the public, 
and was largely instrumental in changing the question from 
a political to a moral one. Few books have had so rapid 
and so wide a circulation. It was read all over Europe, 
and has been translated into twenty different languages.^ 

1 Its popularity is still great. It was first issued as a serial story, 1S51-1S52, in 
the Xatioiujl J£rij, an antislavery newspaper published at the city of Washington. 



The Mexican War and Slavery. 309 



280. Kansas-Nebraska Bill. (1854.) — By the Missouri 
Compromise (sect. 205) slavery was not to be allowed out- 
side of the state of Missouri, north of the line of 36° 30'. 
The Compromise of 1850 (sect. 271) had done nothing to 
interfere with this arrangement, for it related only to land 
acquired from Mexico, while the Missouri Compromise 
related to the Louisiana Purchase. It would seem that 
slavery as a national question had been settled, at least 
for a time, by the compromises of 1820 and of 1850. 

In 1854 Stephen A. Douglas, a Democratic senator 
from Illinois, introduced. into Congress what is known as 
the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill," providing for the organiza- 
tion of two new territories west of Missouri and Iowa, both 
within the Louisiana Purchase and north of the line of 36° 
30'. It was further declared that the question of slavery 
in the territories was one to be decided by the inhabitants 
of the territories, and not by Congress ; that Congress, in 
1820, had no right to legislate concerning slavery, and that 
therefore it was still an open question. 

This doctrine, as stated in the bill, was called at the time 
" Squatter Sovereignty," the early settlers being often called 
squatters. Though the northern members of Congress in- 
sisted that this was a breach of faith, and that such a 
result was not thought of in the Compromise of 1850, 
the bill was passed and signed by the President. 

281. American Party. (1852-1856.) — About this time 
a new party was organized, called by its members the 
"American Party," but generally known as the "Know- 
Nothing " party. This name arose from the fact that in 
the earlier days of the organization it was a secret order, 
and its members, when asked any questions about it, always 
answered, " I don't know." As the name American indi- 
cated, it was opposed to everything foreign, its watchword 



" Kansas- 
Nebraska 
Bill," 
854. 



" Squatter 
Sover- 
eignty." 



American 
Party, or 
" Know- 
Nothings." 



3IO History of the United States. 



"Know- 
Nothings." 



Condition 
of the 
South. 



Agriculture 
in the 
South. 



being " America for Americans." The large increase in 
the number of immigrants, and the looseness with which 
the naturalization laws were carried out, made the restric- 
tion of the suffrage to native Americans, and to those who 
had resided for a long period in the United States, a car- 
dinal doctrine of the "Americans." To this was added, 
at first, opposition to the alleged political influence of the 
Catholic Church. 

This party grew rapidly, and at one time it seemed likely 
to become a rival to the Democrats ; but, dodging the 
question of slavery, it tried to make " nativism " a national 
issue. Where so many voters were themselves immigrants, 
it was natural that the attempt failed. The party disap- 
peared after the Presidential election of 1856. 

282. Condition of the South. (1852.) — The southern 
people did not encourage free immigrants, for they were 
afraid that free labor would make the slaves discontented, 
and in the end lead to insurrections. In fact, the slave- 
holder was afraid of anything that might increase the 
intelligence of his slaves, and this was natural; for he had 
found from experience that as a negro gained knowledge 
he became more dissatisfied with his condition. 

The result of this policy was that even agriculture be- 
came less and less profitable ; the cultivation of cotton and 
tobacco claiming in many parts of the South almost the 
whole attention of the planters, while wheat and corn, 
both of which were adapted to the climate, were too often 
neglected. Rotation of crops in many places was not 
observed, and the land was not properly enriched. 

Though the aggregate of the cotton and tobacco crops 
increased, the profits became less, on account of the waste- 
ful and unscientific methods of cultivation employed. The 
plantations were often managed by overseers who had little 



The Mexican War and Slavery. 3 1 1 

or no interest in anything except in getting the largest 
returns year by year, regardless of the effect on the land ; 
the slaves, on their part, wished to do as little work as 
possible, and were apt to distrust improved methods and 
implements ; and some of the planters paid little atten- 
tion to their estates, often spending a large part of their 
time away from home. 

So, though it was not recognized at the time, the South 
was pursuing an unwise policy if she wished to keep abreast 
of the North. A very few, in both North and South, saw 
the real tendency of affairs and spoke out, but they were 
not believed. One thing, however, the southern leaders 
did see clearly, which was that their political power would 
before long be greatly lessened unless something could be 
done to change the course of events. 

283. Representation in Congress ; Cuba. (1850-1852.) — Representa- 
The membership of the House of Representatives is based ^'°" "^ 
upon population ; and as the free states were increasing °^^^ ° 

i ^ ^ ' f Representa- 

faster than the slave states (Appendix VI.), it was simply ^j^^g 
a question of time when the former would have control of 
both branches of Congress. The South had long seen 
this. An examination of the tables of representation in 
Congress (Appendix VII.) will show that from 1820 to 
1848 the representation of the sections of the country in Represenia- 
the Senate were equal. This was due to the fact that ^'"" '" ''^"^ 
a slave state was admitted to balance every free state, but ' "^"^ '^' 
in 1850 this arrangement came to an end by the admission 
of California as a free state. So it was clear that in the 
Senate also the South would lose control if anything 
should divide the Democratic party. For this reason, it 
was a mistake for the Democrats to support the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill, as it could hardly fail to divide the northern 
Democrats. 



Manifesto. 



312 Historv of the United States. 

One way to retain power was to acquire more territory 
which would be open to slavery. For this purpose the 

Cuba. island of Cuba offered great attractions : in it slavery 

already existed ; it was fertile and well adapted to the cul- 
tivation of crops usually raised by slave labor ; and it was 
owned by Spain, a weak and needy power, who might be 
forced, if not cajoled, into disposing of it to a powerful 
neighbor. At first, adventurers tried to seize Cuba, with 
the idea of subsequent admission to the Union. These 
Filibusters, as they were called, were unsuccessful in their 
attempts to seize the island ; a number of them were cap- 
tured, and were promptly executed by the Spanish govern- 
ment.' 

Ostemi 284. Ostend Manifesto. (1854.)— In 1854 the United 

States ministers to lireat Britain. France, and Spain, who 
were respectively James Buchanan. John V. Mason, and 
Pierre Soule, were instructed by President Pierce to meet 
and confer as to the best means of acquiring Cuba. 

They met at Ostend, Belgium, and after some discussion 
issued what is known as the " Ostend Manifesto," a docu- 
ment in which they said that the possession of Cuba was 
a necessity for the United States ; and that if Spain per- 
sisted in refusing to sell the island, the United States 
would be justified in seizing it. This paper occasioned 
considerable comment abroad, but the passage of the 
Kansas-Nebraska Hill and the threatening" aspect of 
home affairs, prevented any further agitation of the sub- 
ject. 

1 The most notorious of the Fililnisters was " General " William Walker, 
who organized several expeditions against the Central American States 
between 1855 and 1S60. After actually succeeding in making himself at one 
time President of Nicaragua, he was at last captured and shot in Honduras, 
in iSoo. The Civil War put an end to filibustering. 



The Mexican War and Slavery. 3 i 3 

285. Troubles in Kansas. (1854-1858.) — The principle Troubles in 
of "squatter sovereignty" having been made the rule for l^'^"sas. 
the new territories, it was evident that the party which 
could secure the greatest number of settlers would decide 
whether the territory, and the subsequent state, should be 
free or slave. Accordingly, as soon as the bill was 
signed, both North and South began to pour settlers into 
the new territories, but especially into Kansas. 

In this struggle the North had the decided advantage, 
for the slaveholders hesitated about taking their slaves 
where there was a risk of losing them. In the eastern 
states great interest was taken in this western emigration, Kansas 
and societies were organized for encouraging and aiding it. tMnigiants. 
In order to avoid Missouri, the emigrants from the free 
states took the roundabout way through Iowa. 

The settlers who opposed slavery were soon in the 
majority ; but as all the settlers Vvrere near the Missouri 
boundary, the pro-slavery party was reenforced by men 
from the latter state, who at every election crossed the 
line and voted more than enough ballots to counterbalance 
the free vote ; sometimes, indeed, the number of ballots 
counted was more than the whole number of voters in the 
territory. 

The free settlers declined to recognize legislatures so 
chosen or laws made b\' them, but, holding elections of 
their own, chose legislatures and framed constitutions in 
accord with their own views. Of course, the pro-slavery 
element refused to acknowledge these actions, and un- 
fortunatelv the trouble did not stop with words and 
elections. Men were attacked and shot, public buildings, 
houses, and even whole villages were destroyed by the 
"Border Ruffians," as they were called. The settlers "Border 
from the East and North, feeling that their just rights I'^uf'^ns." 



314 History of the United States. 

were invaded, met force with force, and retaliated with 
a severity perhaps quite equal to that which they them- 
selves experienced. The whole territory was in a state 
of actual war. 

The administration at Washington generally sided with 
the pro-slavery party ; but though governor after governor 
was sent out, it seemed impossible to preserve peace. It 
was not long before the free settlers had so increased in 
numbers as to be warranted in asking that the territory 
should be admitted to the Union as a state, but though 
they petitioned Congress more than once, their request was 
not granted until 1861. 

SUMMARY. 

The annexation of Texas brought on war with Mexico, in which the 
United States was successful. New Mexico and Upper CaHfornia were 
annexed to the United States. 

By treaty with Great Britain the Oregon question was settled by talking 
the Hne 49*^ north latitude as the boundary. The Independent Treasury 
system was established under Polk. Gold was discovered in Califon'i'^- 
and there was in 1849 ^ great rush of emigrants to the gold fields. 

The Whigs elected Taylor President in 1848. He died, and Vice- 
President Fillmore succeeded. A great compromise between the slav- 
ery and antislavery men in Congress was arranged in 1850. Cali- 
fornia was admitted as a state. 1850. Calhoun died in 1850, and Clay 
and Webster in 1852. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill allowed "squatter 
sovereignty," and the Kansas troubles followed. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page xliv. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

INCREASE OF SECTIONAL FEELING. 

REFERENCES. 

A. B. Hart, Source-Book, Chap. xvii. ; J. T. Champlin, Young Folks' 
History of the War for the Union. 

286. '< Anti-Nebraska Men"; Republicans; Charles Sum- Anti- 
ner. (1854-1856.) — The Kansas trouble caused intense Nebraska 
excitement in the country and on the floors of Congress, "^^"' 
and " bleeding Kansas " was a phrase often used in the 
North. In the election following the passage of the Kan- 
sas-Nebraska Bill the opponents of the measure united and 
'"I'^cted enough members to control the House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

It was not long before the Anti-Nebraska men, as they Republi- 
were called, took the name of Republicans, and formed the 
Republican party. This party, since so well known, was 
composed chiefly of the old northern antislavery Whigs, 
with whom were joined many of those who held anti- 
slavery views in the Free-soil, the American, and the 
Democratic parties. The new party had few sympathizers 
in the South, except among the Germans of Missouri and 
among the inhabitants of western Virginia. 

During the debate in Congress Charles Sumner, a sena- 
tor from Massachusetts, spoke very severely of one of the 
South Carolina senators. Preston S. Brooks, a member 
of the House of Representatives from South Carolina, and 

315 



cans. 



3i6 History of the United States. 



Assault 

upon 

Sumner. 



Presidential 

nominations, 

1856. 



James 
Buchanan 
elected, 
1856. 



a nephew of the aggrieved senator, came into the Senate 
chamber after the adjournment of that body, and attack- 
ing Sumner who was seated at his desk, beat him about 
the head with a heavy cane, injuring him so severely that 
for nearly four years he was unable to resume his place. 

For this assault Brooks was censured by the House of 
Representatives and fined by a Washington court of justice. 
He at once resigned his place, but was almost unani- 
mously reelected, only six votes being cast against him. 
This incident added greatly to the bitter feeling already 
existing between the great sections of the country. 

287. Presidential Nominations and Election of 1856. — 
The Presidential election of 1856 was one of the most 
important that had yet been held. The Democrats nomi- 
nated James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, and John C. 
Breckinridge of Kentucky, both supporters of the Kan- 
sas-Nebraska Bill ; the American party ignored the slavery 
question, and nominated Millard Fillmore of New York, 
and Andrew J. Donelson of Tennessee. The new Repub- 
lican party met for the first time in a convention, and nom- 
inated John C. Fremont of California, and William L. 
Drayton of New Jersey. The cry of the new party was, 
" Free soil, free speech, free men, and Fremont." 

In the election which followed, Buchanan and Breckin- 
ridge were chosen ; but the new party, hardly two years 
old, had carried eleven out of the fifteen free states, and 
polled a popular vote of nearly a million and a half. 

The Americans carried only the state of Maryland, and 
from this time ceased to exist as a party. The signs of 
the times clearly indicated that, in another four years, an 
antislavery President might be chosen. 

288. '«Dred Scott Case": Fugitive Slaves. (1856- 
1857.) — Curiously enough, the constitutionality of the 



Increase of Sectional Feeling. 3 1 7 



" Dred 
Scott " 
decision. 



Missouri Compromise (sect. 205) had never been brought "Dred 
before the United States Supreme Court until " The Dred S^^^" Case. 
Scott Case" ^ in 1855. Though the case had been argued 
before the court, the decision was not made public till 
after the inauguration of Buchanan. 

When published, the " Dred Scott decision " created 
great indignation in the North, for it upheld the extreme 
southern view of slavery in almost all respects. It said, 
in short, that negroes could not be citizens ; that they were 
property, and therefore slaves could be taken anywhere in 
the United States in the same way as other property ; that 
the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional ; and that 
Congress had no right to forbid slavery in the territories. 

If the Kansas-Nebraska Bill had been obnoxious to the 
North, this decision was far more so, and many deter- 
mined to ignore it, and if needful, to resist the execution 
of decrees in accordance with it. That Chief Justice 
Taney was sincere in his opinion no one can doubt, but 
he allowed himself to go beyond the legal questions at 
issue, and to make a political and historical argument 
which was, to say the least, inappropriate and unbecoming. 

Soon after the rise of the antislavery movement there 

^ Dred Scott, a negro slave of Missouri, was taken in 1834 by his owner, 
first into Illinois, and then into Minnesota Territory. This latter was part of 
the country from which slavery was excluded by the Missouri Compromise. 
While in Minnesota Scott married. He was brought back to Missouri in 
1838. After some time he discovered that by previous decisions of the Mis- 
souri courts his residence in Illinois and Minnesota had made him a free man. 
Having been whipped by his master he brought suit against him, claiming that 
he himself was a free man. The court, before which the case came, decided 
in his favor. On appeal, the Supreme Court of Missouri reversed this deci- 
sion. Scott's owner now sold him and his family to a citizen of New York. 
The case was taken into the United States Courts, and was finally appealed to 
the Supreme Court in 1855. Here the decision (1857) was against Scott, as 
given above. Dred Scott was afterward set free by his owner. 



3>8 



History of the United States. 



" Under- 
ground 
Railroad 



Sectional 
feeling. 



James 
Buchanan. 



came into existence what was known as " The Underground 
Raih-oad." This was simply the concerted action of a num- 
ber of AboHtionists who sympathized with the fugitive 
slaves, secreted them, and helped them on from point to 
point on their way to Canada or some other place of safety. 
Several instances of fugitive slaves reclaimed ■ under the 
law of 1850 excited much anger in the North, and made the 
execution of the law more and more difificult. 

When the decision of the Supreme Court was added to 
what had been done before, the patience of many was ex- 
hausted, and they made no 
secret of their views ; thus 
the feeling between the 
sections became more em- 
bittered 'than ever. Still 
the majority of the people 
of the free states looked 
upon slavery as a necessary 
e\-il in the states where it 
existed, and believing that 
it was in such cases a state 
matter, would have gladly 
welcomed a way to take it 
out of national politics. 
The Abolitionists in 1857 
were a small company. 

289. James Buchanan ; 
the Mormons. (1857.) — 
James Buchanan was sixty-six years old. He was a man of 
good character, a trusted politician in his party, which had 
bestowed upon him many political offices, and he was 
favorable to the pro-slavery element. He declared it to be 
his purpose to execute the " high and responsible duties " 




James Buchanan. 

James Buch.'vnan was born in Pennsylvania, 
April 23, 1791 He graduated at Dickinson Col- 
lege, 1809, and studied law. He was member 
of Congress, 1820; minister to Russia, 1831; 
Senator, 1833; Secretary of State, 1845; minister 
to (>reat Britain, 1853-1857; and was elected 
President, 1856. His career as President is 
noted elsewhere. He died June i, i868. 



Increase of Sectional Feeling. 319 

of his office " in such a manner as to restore harmony and 
ancient friendship among the people of the several states." 

The Mormons (sect. 254) had prospered in their new ?^Iormons. 
western home, but they had declined to be bound by the 
United States laws. They had tried to prevent the immi- 
gration of non-Mormons, and were believed to have mur- 
dered many immigrants who came near their territory. In 
1857 the President sent a detachment of troops to bring 
them into obedience. After some delay and difficulty this 
was nominally done, but the Mormons continued for many 
years to ignore the laws relating to polygamy. 

290. Panic; Ocean Telegraph Cable. (1857.)— The Panic of 
country was so prosjierous that, as in 1837, many new ' ^^" 
enterprises were started. Railroads were built faster than 
they were needed; and the earnings in many cases were not 
enough to pay expenses, much less dividends. Soon a 
very large number of railroad shares were thrown upon 
the market for sale, resulting in a panic, which affected 
business generally. The number of mercantile failures 
in the country was very great. 

As early as 1846 a telegraphic message had been sent Ocean 
under the Hudson River, by means of a wire covered with ^^S^^P • 
gutta-percha. This had proved that it was practicable to 
send messages under water, and soon cables of moderate 
length were laid on the beds of rivers and under narrow 
bodies of water. Cyrus W. Field, a wealthy merchant of 
New York, became interested in a project to lay a tele- 
graphic line across the Atlantic Ocean. 

A company of English and Americans was formed, and 
soundings were made in the ocean to discover the nature 
of the bottom. It was found that between Newfoundland 
and Ireland the depth did not exceed two and one-half 
miles, while the bottom was nearly level. This has since 



320 History of the United States. 



Gold in 
Colorado. 



Silver in 
Nevada. 



Oil fields of 
Pennsyl- 
vania. 



been called the Telegraphic Plateau. After many experi- 
ments and efforts a line was successfully laid in 1858, but, 
after a few messages had been sent back and forth, it 
refused to work ; the practicability of an ocean telegraph 
had been demonstrated, however, though it was not until 
1866 that a thoroughly successful cable was laid (sect. 

364). 

291. Gold; Silver; Oil Fields. (1858-1859.) —Little 
had been known of the mineral resources of the country 
between Kansas and the Rocky Mountains, but in 1858 
gold was discovered in Colorado ; and in the same year the 




""^ir^- 



Denver in 1858. 

From a sketch. 

famous Comstock lode at Virginia City, Nevada, was found, 
one of the richest silver deposits in the world. Mines of 
gold and silver, and of other valuable minerals, including 
coal, were discovered in different parts of the West, show- 
ing it to be a region rich in mineral wealth. 

In 1859, some men who were digging a well near Titus- 
ville, in western Pennsylvania, struck a deposit of coal-oil 
or petroleum, and the " oil fields " of Pennsylvania and of 
other states soon brought vast wealth to their owners. The 
oil itself nearly displaced the animal oils hitherto used for 
illumination, and became an article of great commercial 



Increase of Sectional Feeling. 



321 



importance. The products manufactured out of the crude 
oil are almost innumerable ; they include dyes, medicines, 
and materials used in almost all the arts, and the list is 
continually increasing. 

292. John Brown. (1859.) — ^^^ ^^e autumn of 1859 the John 

whole country, but especially the South, was startled by '^^w"' 

11 ••,, 1859. 

what seemed to be an attempt to mcite the slaves to an 

insurrection. 

John Brown, of Ossawatomie, Kansas, had been prom- 
inent in the Kansas w^ar, and was filled with a desire to 
liberate the slaves of the 
South. Supposing that 
an opportunity and a 
leader were all that was 
needed to arouse them, 
he, with a force of less 
than twenty-five men, 
seized the United States 
arsenal at Harper's 
Ferry, on the Potomac, 
in Virginia. Of course 
he was soon overpow- 
ered, and several of his followers, including two of his 
sons, werfe killed. He himself, badly wounded, was taken 
prisoner with most of his little band. 

John Brown was tried by the Virginia courts, condemned, 
and executed. In the South this attempt was regarded as a 
proof that many in the free states wished to incite insurrec- 
tions among the slaves; while, in the North, surprise was 
mingled with pity and admiration for the self-sacrificing 
courage of the man, though the majority wholly disap- 
proved of his action, and looked upon him as a fanatic. 

293. Presidential Nominations, (i860.) — The great 




Haiu'ER's FERkv IN 1859. 



322 History of the United States. 

Presidential Democratic party was now confronted with the question of 
nomina- slavery in a way that could not be ignored. In i860, at 
tions, I o. ^j^^ convention for nominating a candidate for President, 
after a discussion that showed irreconcilable differences, 
the delegates separated ; the two portions, each holding 
a new convention, nominated each its own candidates. 
One division supported Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, and 
Herschel V. Johnson of Georgia, and popular sovereignty ; 
while the other division, holding pro-slavery views, nomi- 
nated John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky and Joseph Lane 
of Oregon. 

The American party, the remnant of the old Whigs, 
and some Democrats, calling themselves the Constitu- 
tional Union party, nominated John Bell of Tennessee, 
and Edward Everett of Massachusetts, adopting as their 
platform the indefinite declaration, " The Constitution of 
the country, the union of the states, and the enforcement 
of the laws." 

The Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln of Ilhnois, 
and Hannibal Hamlin of Maine (sect. 299). 

Thus there were four tickets in the field ; probably there 
never was a time when the actual political feelings of the 
country were better represented by party candidates. 
Political The Douglas platform said that " squatter sovereignty " 

"platforms," .:^,-,(-| ^j^g Supreme Court must settle the slavery question. 
The Breckinridge platform said that " Slavery must be 
taken into the territories and protected there." The Union 
party evaded the question of slavery altogether. The 
Republican platform said that slavery must be kept out 
of the territories, whatever else might happen. 

The division of their opponents gave a good majority 
of the electoral votes to the Republican candidates, who 
received also the largest popular vote, and carried every 



Increase of Sectional Feeling. 



323 



€HARliST01S 

MERCURY 



EXTRA. 



aoM, 18C0. 

AN ORDINANCC 






free state except New Jersey, where three electoral votes 
were cast for Douglas. 

294. Secession. (1860-1861.) — For the first time a dis- 
tinctly antislavery party had elected a President, and 
though the new Congress had not a Republican majority 
in either house, the southern leaders thought the time had 
come to resort to separation. Had the question of seces- 
sion been submitted to a pop- 
ular vote, in i860, all the 
southern states, except South 
Carolina, would probably have 
given a negative answer. 

The Legislature of South 
Carolina, which still cast the 
electoral vote of the state, re- 
mained in session until Lin- 
coln's election was assured, 
and then, calling a convention, 
adjourned. The convention 
soon met, and on December 
20, i860, passed an ordinance 
of secession. This document 
declared " that the union now 
subsisting between South 
Carolina and other states, 
under the name of the ' L^nited 
States of America,' is hereby dissolved." The governor 
of the state issued a proclamation announcing the fact ; 
preparations were at once made to provide for an inde- 
pendent government, and messengers were sent to the 
other slave states to persuade them to follow the example 
of South Carolina. 

Within about six weeks Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, 






UNION 



A Charleston Broadside. 



Secession. 



South Caro- 
lina secedes, 
December 
20, 1S60. 



324 History of the United States. 



Confederate 
States of 
America. 



Constitution 
of the 

Confederate 
States. 



Georgia, and Louisiana had held conventions and passed 
secession ordinances. The remaining slave states declined 
to follow at once, desiring to wait further developments. 

295. Confederate States of America. (^1861.) — Delegates 
from the states named, appointed by the conventions, met 
February 4, 1861, at Montgomery, Alabama, and organ- 
ized a government under the name of "The Confederate 
States of America." A provisional constitution was adopted 
February 8, and the next day the Congress elected for one 
year Jefferson Davis of Mississippi provisional President, 
and Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia Vice-president, 
each state having one vote. A permanent constitution 
was adopted by the Congress March 11, and was ratified 
by the conventions of the states to which it was referred. 
On February 23, Texas had joined the ranks of the seces- 
sionists, and now became a member of the Confederacy. 

The constitution was that of the United States, modified 
or changed where it seemed necessary. The words " Con- 
federate States " and " Confederacy " were substituted for 
" United States " and " Union " wherever the latter phrases 
occurred. Among the changes were the distinct assertion 
of " the sovereign and independent character " of each 
state ; ^ the introduction of the word " slave " ; the prohibi- 
tion of protective tariffs, and of appropriations of public 
money for internal improvements ; the permission granted 
to the President to veto items in appropriation bills, and 
to the Congress to allow each member of the Cabinet a 
seat upon the floor of either house " with the privilege of 
discussing any measure appertaining to his department." 
The term of the President was made six years, and he was 
restricted to one term. 

1 Notwithstanding this, the constitution jirovided for " a permanent federal 
government." 



Increase of Sectional Feeling. 325 

296. Confederate Government ; State Sovereignty. — The Confederate 
government never was completely established, as no Su- government, 
preme Court was organized. The sessions of the Congress 

were generally held in secret, and it did little but register 
the will of the executive branch of the government ; the 
war powers granted to the executive, or exercised by it, 
overrode everything else. 

In the conduct of the early secession movement there 
seems to have been an endeavor to copy the action of the 
colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence. 
Everything was referred to conventions, and it was 
only after the war had begun that measures were re- 
ferred to a popular vote. 

So fully was the doctrine of state sovereignty held in State sover- 
the South that as soon as a state had seceded, even though ^^S^^v- 
the method may not have been approved, the citizens as 
a whole went with the state. Many who had spoken 
strongly against secession, chiefly on the ground of its 
being inexpedient, afterward supported the act in legisla- 
tive assemblies and on the battle-field. 

297. Buchanan; Peace Conference. (1861.) — Mean- 
while the United States Congress had met, and President 
Buchanan sent in his message, taking ground somewhat 
similar to that which Andrew Jackson had taken thirty 
years before. 

But while denying the right of secession, Buchanan Buchanan's 
apparently doubted whether the United States had the P"S'tion. 
legal power to coerce a state, and he refused to assume 
the responsibility of even attempting to take any such 
measure while Congress was in session. 

It was natural that men's thoughts should be turned 
back to other crises in the history of the country, and that 
an effort to compromise should be tried. A peace con- 



:^26 



History ot the Ignited States. 



Inaction at 
the Xorth. 



Peace con- ference was called bv Mrginia to meet at Washington, 
ference, ^^^ ^^.^g attended bv dele>^ates from twentv-one states ; 
iS6i. , , 1 ' 1 " . , /^ '• • 

but the proposed amendments to the Constitution were 

unsatisfactory, and the conference did little more than 
show that even the moderate men of the countrv could not 
agree on a compromise. 

298. Inaction at the North; Fort Sumter. (1861.) — 
Buchanan's Cabinet was composed in part of southern 
men, and was divided in sentiment ; some members sym- 
pathized with the South, and some did not believe in 
coercion. The result was inaction when the times called 
loudly for prompt and vigorous measures. This halting 
and vacillating conduct of the government was of great 
advantage to the southern leaders. 

As soon as a state had passed an ordinance of seces- 
sion its senators and representatives in the United States 
Congress withdrew, generally taking leave of Congress 
in a speech. All this time the government was doing 
little or nothing to prepare for a conflict, while the southern 
states were seizing the United States stores of military 
supplies, drilling militia, and making every preparation 
for armed resistance. 
Fort Sumter. Fort Moultde, ill the harbor of Charleston, South Caro- 
lina, was garrisoned by a small body of troops under the 
command of Major Robert Anderson. Anticipating an 
attack by the state troops, he determined to remove his 
little force to Fort Sumter in the harbor, which though 
unfinished, seemed to offer a better chance of defence. 

On the evening of December 26, i860, he transferred 
his troops and supplies. These latter were scanty even for 
the few men that he had. At length President Buchanan 
sent a merchant steamer, the Stci/- of tJw West, to Charles- 
ton with supplies for the garrison, but a battery which the 



Increase of Sectional Feeling. ^27 



state authorities had thrown up on JMorris Ishmd fired 
upon her, and she returned without landing- her supphes. 
299. Inauguration of Lincoln. (1861.) — Before March, Condition of 




1 86 1, all the forts be- 
longing to the United 
States in the seceded 
states, except Sumter in 
South Carolina, Pickens 
at Pensacola, Florida, 
and the defences at Key 
West, had been surren- 
dered to the state author- 
ities. Seven states had 
declared themselves out 
of the Union, and it was 
believed if any "'force 
were used to compel 
them to return to the 
Union the remaining 
slave states also would 
secede. The views of 
the people of the free 
states were unknown, 
though it was believed 
that many would be un- 
willing that an appeal 
should be made to force. 
Such was the condition 
of the country when the 
time for the inauguration 
of Lincoln drew near. 

The prospect was very discouraging. Some of Lincoln's 
friends, who feared the risk of a public journey, persuaded 



ABR.A.HAM Lincoln. 



Abraham Lincoln, President 1861-1865, was 
born in Hardin County, Kentucky, February 12, 
1S09, and died .April 15, 1865. Recent investigations 
show that his family was of good New England 
stock. His father moved to Indiana in 1816, and in 
1830 to Illinois. Abraham Lincoln's early life was 
the hard, rough-and-tumble life of a frontier settler 
He learned to chop wood and split rails, to help hi; 
father in carpentry, and in all kinds of farm work 
He said of himself he went to school " by littles,' 
and " in all it did not amount to more than a year.' 
But he read every book and newspaper that he could 
get hold of, and everj'thing he read he made his 
own. Whatever he inidertook he mastered. He 
was a storekeeper, a postmaster, and a land sur- 
veyor: later he studied law, was elected to the Legis- 
lature, and was representative in Congress 1847- 
1849 (sect. 250). He was candidate for Lnited 
States Senator in 1S5S, but was defeated by Stephen 
A. Douglas, with whom he had travelled through 
the state debating political questions. His kindly 
nature, great ability, and broad statesmanship 
gained for him the affection and confidence of the 
people to a degree unequalled except in the case of 
Washington. 



the country, 

March, 

i86i. 



328 



History of the United States. 



Inaugura- 
tion of 
Lincoln, 
iS6i. 



him to travel secretly the last part of the way to Washing- 
ton. He was inaugurated on the 4th of March, a large 
body of troops being present by arrangement of General 
Scott. 

Lincoln's inaugural address was conciliatory and far 
removed from anything like abolitionism. The situation 

of the new administration 
was difificult in the extreme ; 
many of the office-holders 
w^ere in sympatln' with the 
secessionists, and it was al- 
most impossible to know in 
whom to trust. The Presi- 
dent, while conciliatory, soon 
made it clear that his admin- 
istration would not be lacking 
in firmness. 

300. Sumter fired upon. 
(April 12, 1861.) — Shortly 
after the inauguration, the 
Secretary of State, William 
H. Seward, refused to recog- 
nize a delegation sent from 
the Confederate Congress at 
Montgomery, to treat for an 
amicable separation. On the 
8th of April President Lin- 
Fort coin's official notification that Fort Sumter would be pro- 
Suniter tired visioncd by forcc, if necessary, reached the governor of 
upon .^pu South Carolina, orders having been given to send a fleet 
thither. Before the fleet could reach its destination, the 
Confederates had opened fire upon Fort Sumter, April 12, 
by the batteries which had been built along the shores of 




W. H. Seward. 

William H. Seward was born in New- 
York, May 16, 1801. He studied law. He 
was elected governor, iSj8, and was sent to 
the United States Senate, 1849. He was a 
leading antislavery Whig and was one of 
the founders of the Republican party. He 
was a candidate for the Presidency in 1S60, 
but Lincoln obtained the nomination. He 
was Secretary of State, i86i-iS6g, and 
showed great ability in his conduct of affairs. 
He died at -Auburn, New York, October 10, 
1872. 



Increase of Sectional Feeling. 329 

Charleston harbor, and to this Major Anderson had rephed. iVimbard- 

After a steady fire had been kept up for more than twenty- >"entt>f" i'"ii 

four hours, Major Anderson, having exhausted his ammu- ' "'"^^■'■ 

nition and the barracks being on fire, surrendered, receiving Anderson 

the honors of war. Afterward with his troops he sailed to surrenders. 
New York. No one wa.s killed on either side during the 
bombardment. 

SUMMARY. 

Anti-Nebraska men take the name of Republicans. Charles Sumner 
was assaulted in the Senate chamber for his words against a southern 
senator. James Buchanan was in 1856 elected President by the Demo- 
crats. The Republicans carried eleven of the fifteen free states. The 
" Dred Scott Case" caused great indignation in the Nortii. A severe 
commercial crisis occurred in 1857. An ocean telegraph cable was « 
laid in 1858, but it soon ceased working. The silver mines of Nevada 
were developed in 1858, and the oil fields of Pennsylvania in 1859. An 
attempted insurrection of the slaves organized by John Brown, begun 
by liim in 1859. was the occasion of much excitement. Brown was 
captured and executed. 

The Presidential campaign of i860 was an exciting one. Aiiraham 
Lincoln, nominated by the Republicans, was successful. South Caro- 
lina seceded in December, i860, and was soon followed by Mississippi, 
Florida. Alabama, Georgia, and Texas. Tiie Confederate States of 
America were set up February, 1861. JelTerson Davis and Alexander 
H. Stephens were chosen President and \' ice-President respectively. 
I^fforts for a peaceful solution of the difficulties were unsuccessful. 
Lincoln was inaugurated March 4. 1861. p^ort Sumter in Charleston 
liarbor was fired upon April 12. 186 1. It was surrendered. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page xlv. 



CHAPTER XV. 



CIVIL WAR. 



REFERENCES. 



A. B. Hart, Source-Book, Chap, xviii. ; J. D. Champlin, Young 
Folks' History of the War for the Union; H. C. Wright, Children's 
Stories of American Progress, Chap. xvii. 

Effect of the 301. Effect of the Fall of Fort Sumter; Baltimore. 
fall of (1861.) — The effect of the fall of Fort Sumter was mar- 

Sumter. 




Fort Sumter before the Bombardment. 

vellous. Up to this time few in the North had believed 
that the South was in earnest ; most persons had thought 
that the questions were political, and, like similar ones in 
the past, that they would in some way be peacefully set- 
tled. Others, like Horace Greeley of the Ahiv York 
Ttibune, had said that if the South wished to go she 
should be allowed to go in peace. Except for the few who 

330 



Civil War. 33 i 

sympathized wholly with the South, the news of the fall 
of Sumter seemed to unite the people of the free states. 

When President Lincoln, on April 1 5, two days after the Lincoln 
surrender, issued his call for seventy-five thousand volun- ^^^^^ ^^^ 
teers, " to maintain the honor, the integrity, and the 
existence of our national union," the answer was prompt. 
More men thari were called for volunteered by thousands, 
and provisions, money, arms, and suppUes of all kinds were 
tendered by states and by individuals. 

The first care of the Federal government was to provide Position of 
for the safety of the city of Washington, for there was a Virginia and 
strong probability that Virginia would secede. What course 
the state of Maryland would pursue was uncertain ; for 
though the politicians and the people of the southern coun- 
ties were in sympathy with the South, the majority of the 
people of the state disapproved of secession. At the time, 
however, the true condition of affairs was difficult to ascer- 
tain, and it was due to the promptness of the national 
government, and the skill of the governor, supported by a 
few able and prominent men, that the state did not secede. 

As the Sixth Massachusetts regiment was passing Attack on 
through the city of Baltimore, on the 19th of April, it was Massachu- 

setts troops 

attacked by a mob, and several of the soldiers were killed. ;„ Baltimore 
This was the first blood shed in the strife. For a few days April 19, 
the troops avoided Baltimore by going down Chesapeake 1861. 
Bay, landing at Annapolis, and proceeding thence to 
Washington. Direct communication was, however, soon 
resumed, and there was no more trouble with Maryland. 

302. Effect of the Fall of Sumter in the South and in the The fall of 
Border States. (1861.) — The fall of Sumter united the Sumter and 
North ; it had a similar effect on the South. Many who 
thought secession inexpedient rushed to the defence of 
their states as soon as coercion was begun, and the call 



332 History of the United States. 



Secession of 
North 
Carolina, 
Tennessee, 
and Virginia. 



Blockade of 
the southern 
ports. 



for troops by the Confederate government was answered 
with as great enthusiasm as that which responded to the 
call of Lincoln in the North. 

Upon the call of the United States government for troops 

"to put down the rebellion," 
North Carolina, Tennessee, 
Arkansas, and Virginia joined 
the Confederacy. Kentucky, 
Maryland, and Missouri, 
though containing many se- 
cessionists, remained in the 
Union, while in Delaware 
there was little or no sympa- 
thy with secession.^ 

303. The Blockade. (1861.) 
— Jefferson Davis, the Presi- 
dent of the Confederacy, re- 
plied to Lincoln's call for 
troops and proclamation of 
April I 5 b)' a proclamation on 
the 17th offering "letters of 
marque and reprisal " against 
the United States. Lincoln, 
on the 19th, proclaimed a par- 
tial, and on the 23d, a general, 
blockade of southern ports. 

As the South had few 
manufactures, she was largely 




JEKFKKSON DAVIS. 

Jf.ffekson Davis was born in Ken- 
tucky, June 3, 1808. He graduated at 
West Point in 1828. He served in the 
Klack Hawk War, 1831-1832, and on other 
frontier duty. He removed to Mississippi, 
and was sent to Congress. He resigned to 
join the army in the Mexican War, where 
he acquitted himself with great credit. Ht 
was senator from Mississippi, 1847-18^ 
and Secretary of War, 1853-1857, when h<. 
was again chosen .senator. He resignei 
January 21, 1861, and was chosen pro 
visional President of the Confederatt 
States, February g, i86i, and President for 
six years, November 21, 1861. He was taken 
prisoner in May, 1S65, and confined in For- 
tress Monroe for two years, when he was re- 
leased on bail, but was never brought to trial. 
He died in New Orleans, December 6. i88g. 



1 The states seceded in the following order: Arkansas, May 6; North 
Carolina, May 20 ; Virginia, May 23 ; Tennessee, June 8. In no case was 
the action ratified by a free, popular vote. Both Virginia and Tennessee were 
in the possession of the Confederate troops when the vote was taken in those 
states, and no vote was taken in the others. 




y FOR THE 

CIVIL WAR, 1861-G5. 



SCALE OF MILES 



t^jk'U 1±J* ^ EXPLANATION: 

"^\ A| *o =^ \ I Marly Seceding Utatcs, thus .YKI.LOW 

■ ^^ ^ ^ ^(\^ Vl^ -Later Seceding State.1, thus ORBKN 

■^I, . ..VrsviV) Vk siS- Blockading Vessels, tlius Vlvl^ 



Civil War. 



333 




The Confederate Flag. 



dependent upon foreign markets for supplies. In order to 
pay for these it was necessary to export cotton or tobacco, 
almost the only articles she pro- 
duced which were wanted in Europe. 
The importance to the United States 
of maintaining' the blockade will 
readily be seen. The Confederate 
States, assuming the position of an 
independent power, formally de- 
clared war against the United States 
in April. 

304. The Two Sections Compared. (1861.) — It will be 
well to review briefly the condition of the whole country, 
and to compare the two sections now arrayed against each 
other. By the census of i860 the population of the United 
States was found to have increased more than one-third 
over that of 1850. In material interests, railroads showed 
the most striking increase, there being a total of about 
30,000 miles against 7500 in 1850. In shipping, every 
country except Great Britain was surpassed, while in agri- 
culture the United States was first ; the cotton crop alone 
being estimated at five million bales of 400 pounds each. 
Manufactures were daily increasing and the country as a 
whole was a hive of industry. 

The increase in population and in wealth had been very 
largely in the free states. In these there was a variety of 
interests, such as farming, manufactures, fishing, transporta- 
tion, and commerce. In the slave states, the cultivation of 
cotton and tobacco was followed, often to the exclusion of 
other crops. As a result, the South had depended on the 
North for many kinds of supplies ; even the cotton and 
tobacco of the South had been exported in ships belonging 
to the North. Yet many of the southern leaders believed 



Importance 
of the 
blockade. 



The North 
and South 
compared, 
1861. 



^-^ 



334 History of the United States. 



Minnesota 
admitted, 
1858; Ore- 
gon, 1859. 



North and 
South mis- 
understand 
each other. 



that even if the North could do without cotton, England 
and the continental nations would insist upon having it, 
and so would interfere in case of any war between the 
North and the South. 

305. Comparison of the Sections continued. (1861.) — 
Minnesota and Oregon had been admitted into the Union 
as free states, and Kansas was ready to come in at any 
moment. The control of the Senate had been hopelessly 
lost to the slave states. The population of the free states 
was 19,128,418 ; of the slave states, 12,315,372, but a large 
part of this population was in the border states (Appendi.x 
VI.). South of the border states there was no large city 
except New Orleans. Except in Maryland and Delaware 
the number of manufacturing establishments in the South 
was insignificant. The statistics of wealth showed that by 
far the greater part of the capital of the country was held 
in the free states. 

Each section underestimated the patriotism, the endur- 
ance, the bravery, and the intelligence of the other. The 
South thought that the North was absorbed in money- 
getting, and would sacrifice anything rather than lose its 
dollars ; and that if the men of the North did fight, the 
Southerners would be more than a match for them ; it was 
also thought that very many in the North sympathized 
with the South. 

On the other hand, the North thought the South meant 
only to bluster and threaten. Notwithstanding all the 
lessons of past years, northern men did not comprehend 
how firmly the doctrine of state sovereignty was fixed in 
southern hearts, nor did they appreciate the deep affec- 
tion Southerners felt for their native states, which would 
make even the large class of non-slaveholders resent any 
invasion of their soil. 



Civil War. 335 

306. The Territory and Advantages of the South. (1861.) Territory 
— Few in the North or South anticipated the magnitude ^""^^ advan- 
of the impending struggle, or understood clearly the prin- ^^^"^^ 
ciples involved. The seceded states stretched from the 
Atlantic to the extreme western point of Texas, and from 
the Gulf of Mexico nearly to the line of 36° 30', to which 
must be added the greater part of Virginia. Their territory 
comprised about 800,000 square miles, with a population of 
nearly 9,000,000, including 3,500,000 slaves; their north- 
ern line was more than 2000 miles, and their coast-line 
more than 3000 miles in length. It was indeed a vast ter- 
ritory and a large population, but the resources of the 
North were far greater ; and if other nations did not inter- 
fere, everything favored northern success. 

In some respects the people of the South had the ad- The South 
vantage. Acting on the defensive, they needed fewer "" '^^ 

tlcfcnsivc 

men ; while the North had not only to attack, but also to 
hold the places which might be taken. Many of the ablest 
ofificers of the United States army in i860 were southern 
men. Such were Generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Able south- 
Johnston, and P. G. T. Beauregard. Almost all the officers *^'"" oncers, 
of any note in the southern army had been educated at West 
Point. When their states seceded they resigned their 
commissions in the United States army and joined the 
southern forces. A large part of the military supplies in 
the country was stored in southern forts. 

Again, the South could send all her best fighting men to South had 
the front, as she had slaves to work on the plantations, "^ "^^y. 
and to perform the manual labor required in the country. 
Several of these advantages were only temporary, but they 
gave the South a good start. On the other hand, the South 
had no navy, — a most serious lack, — neither had she 
merchant vessels which coidd be pressed into service, 






Historv of the United States. 



•• On to 
Richmond. 



Confederate 
lines. 



Inill Run. 
lulv Ji. iSoi. 



nor mechanics or shipyards for the rapid construction of 
vessels. The North, possessing in these respects what 
the South lacked, was able almost immediately to estab- 
lish a blockade of the southern ports, to the very great 
disad\-antage of the South. 

307. "On to Richmond"; Bull Run. ^1861.^ — Three 
days before the people of X'irginia were to vote upon the 
question of secession, the capital of the Confederate States 
was moved from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond. 
Virginia. Immediately the cry in the North was " On to 
Richmond." General Winfield Scott, who was in com- 
mand of the United States army, was opposed to any for- 
ward movement with raw troops, especially with men who 
had enlisted for onlv three months. But the cry of the 
newspapers and the people at large could not be wholly 
ignored, and preparations were made for an advance toward 
Richmond. 

Confederate troops had been stationed at various points 
on a line from Fortress Monroe on Chesapeake Bay, 
along the Potomac River to Harper's F'erry. They held 
also the northern border of Tennessee and Kentucky and 
part of Missouri. The Confederates had fortified many 
places on the Mississippi River as well as points on the 
Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, and were building forts 
and defences of everv kind along the coast. 

The success of United States troops in the early cam- 
paign of West Virginia gave an undue contidence to 
the northern people ; even Secretary Seward said that 
the war would be ended in ninety days. 

The result of the pressure to advance was the first 
battle of Bull Run. known in the South as Manassas, 
fought about thirtv miles southwest of Washington. 
Contrary to the general opinion at the time, it appears to 



Civil \\';ir. 337 

have been on the part of the Federals a well-planned, 
well-executed battle, until the arrival of reenforcements for 
the Confederates at a moment opportune for tlieir cause 
gave them the dav, when the Union defeat soon became 
a rout. 

So severelv had the victors suffered that they did not 
attempt to follow up their advantage. Johnston, the Con- 
federate general, said. " The Confederate army was more 
disorganized by victory than the United States by defeat." 

308- Importance of Bull Run. ti86i.^ — The importance Importance 
of the battle of Bull Run was threefold : hrst. in its effect ^''" ^"" ^"''• 
upon the North ; second, on the South : and third, in its 
effect upon Europe. The men at the North, at first sur- 
prised and then dismaved. recognized that the conflict 
was to be no child's play, or even a " ninety days' cam- 
paign." and prepared with dogged earnestness for " three 
vears or the war " ; the Confederates became overconfi- 
dent. The European governments were led to believe 
that the battle indicated superiority in the generalship and | 

fighting quahties of the Confederates, and that ultimate 
victor V would be with them. The consequence was that, 
with the exception of Russia, the European governments, |j 

as far as was practicable with a professed neutrality, 
direct] V and indirectly favored the South. This was 
speciallv the case with England and France. 

309. McClellan ; Army of the Potomac ; the West. ti86i.'> McCkiian. 
— George B. McClellan. who had gained prominence in 
the campaign in western \'irginia, was called to Wash- 
ington with the concurrence of General Scott, to command 
what had become the "Army of the Potomac." 

General McClellan had been educated at West Point, 
had seen service in the Mexican War. but above all had 
been successful in Virginia, so ** Little Mac. the soldiers' 






History of the United States. 



McClellan 
organizes 
the *• Army 
of the 
Potomac." 



Northern 
plans, I So I 



The block- 
ade. 



Union expe- 
dition to 
Halteras 
Inlet. 



pride" was believed by the northern army and people 
to be the one man who could bring success to the Union 
cause. 

For the next eight or nine months McClellan did little 
else than drill and organize armies ; the South did likewise, 
and for the rest of the year no general eng"agement took 
place near Washington. In the West, under Generals 
Lyon, Fremont, and Halleck. the Confederate forces were 
gradually driven out of Missouri, and the state saved 
to the Union. 

310. Northern Plans for the Campaign. ^^I86I.^ — It was 
clear to President Lincoln and his advisers that in order 
to insure success it would be necessary ( i ) to hold the 
line of the Potomac, and if possible, take Richmond ; {2) 
to open the Mississippi to the sea, thus dividing the Con- 
federacy ; and (3) to maintain a close blockade of the 
seaports, thus cutting off from the South any supplies 
from abroad. 

The United States cruisers had done what they could 
to make effective the blockade proclaimed by President 
Lincoln, but they were frequently driven off' by stress of 
weather, and vessels meanwhile would steal in and out. 
If it were possible to capture some of the ports, it would 
make the blockade much more effective and less difficult. 

On the coast from the Potomac to the Rio Grande, the 
United States held only two forts ; Fortress Monroe at 
the mouth of the James, and Fort Pickens, near Pensacola. 
Florida. F'ort Pickens was retained by a stratagem simi- 
lar to that of Major Anderson at Fort Sumter, and had 
resisted all attacks. 

In the summer of 1S61 a Union naval e.xpedition was 
fitted out. which took Hatteras Inlet and the forts de- 
fending it. Later, another e.xpedition took Port Royal. 



Civil War. 



:>9 



South Carolina, a number of the islands on the coast, and Ton Royal 
an island near the mouth ot the Mississippi. These places t-^i^«^"- 
became depots of supplies for the Union fleets, and bases 
from which to make attacks, besides materially lessening 
the opportunities for running" the blockade. 

311. Election of Davis and Stephens; Mason and Slidell. Davis and 
^^I86I.^ — At an election held in the South, November 6, Stephens 
1801, Davis and Stephens were elected President and ^^^"^*'^'^- 
\'ice-President by a unanimous electoral vote. 

One of the most important incidents of the whole Confederate 

struggle took place during the fall of this vear (1S61). It envoys to 

was essential for the success of the Confederacv that the ^"'"'^P^' 

, , , , . ... , ' 1S61. 

government should obtain supplies from abroad, and in 

order to do this, the recognition of the Confederacy as 

an independent nation by European governments would 

be of incalculable assistance. Accordinglv two envovs 

were sent to Europe. Running the blockade, they reached 

Cuba, and there took passage for England in the British 

steamer Trent. 

On November 8, Captain Charles Wilkes, command- Mason and 
ing the United States steamer San Jacinto, stopped the i^lidell seized 
Trent near the Bahamas, and seized the Confederate ^^;^^^H^^'^'n 
envoys, James M. Mason and John Slidell. with their two j^,,i 
secretaries and brought them to Boston, where thev were 
confined in Fort Warren. On receipt of this news both 
England and the United States were thrown into great ex- 
citement. Great Britain sent war supplies and troops to 
Canada, and in very blunt language demanded the return of 
the commissioners and a suitable apologv for the offence. 

In the United States the act of Captain Wilkes was loudlv Wilkes 
applauded, the House of Representatives passed a resolution applauded, 
declaring that the thanks of the Congress were due to him, 
and that he deserved a gold medal for his conduct. 



34^ 



History of the United States. 



Mason and 
Slidell 
given up. 



Condition 
of affairs in 
the Confed- 
erate States, 
1S62. 



For a short time it seemed as if war between England 
and the United States was inevitable. But the United 
States had always opposed this right of search, and not to 
return the prisoners would be to reverse the whole previous 
policy of the government and to disavow its most cherished 
principles. The prisoners were accordingly given up to 
the British government. Secretary Seward laid the re- 
sponsibility upon Captain Wilkes who had acted without 
instructions. The people of the North felt that England 
had been uimcccssarily firm, and much hard feeling was 
the result.^ 

312. Condition of Affairs in the South and in the North. 
(January, 1862.) — By the close of the year it was evident 
that the struggle would be long and severe. While the 
Confederates had been generally successful in actual con- 
flict, their operations had been little more than defensive. 
They had failed to secure the accession of Maryland, Ken- 
tucky, or Missouri, or to gain any permanent foothold north 
of the Potomac, or seriously to threaten the city of Wash- 
ington. 

Though recognized as belligerents, their government had 
not been acknowledged by the European powers. Their 
whole coast had been fairly well blockaded, and at least 
three important points on it had been captured. All along 
their northern border large armies of Federal troops, inex- 
perienced, indeed, but daily increasing in efficiency, were 
ready to resist invasion, and were threatening an attack 
as soon as they were sufficiently drilled. Without com- 
merce, and almost without manufactures, the South was 
not in a good condition to sustain a long war. Skilful 

1 Captain Wilkes had been the commander of the well-known exploring 
expedition which had been sent out by the United States in 183S to visit the 
southern seas and Antarctic Ocean. 



Civil War. 341 

officers, a brave army, and a united people are not the 
only essentials to success. 

On the other hand, the Union states were having little Condition of 
experience of actual warfare. Everything with them was affairs in the 
going on much as usual ; commerce and manufactures were '"' '' ' "' 
perhaps even more active than formerly. A large army 
and navy had been raised without much difficulty. The 
South was almost surrounded by fleets and armies, and the 
North, instead of being disheartened by the want of success 
in the field, was only nerving itself for greater efforts and 
profiting by its mistakes. 

The Congress at Washington, in which the war party Writ of 
now had an overwhelming majority, voted men and money /""'"■'" 
without hesitation, and passed acts approving and legalizing ""'^'" ^"^" 

. ^ . . pended in 

the orders of President Lincoln issued since March 4. In ii,e border 
the border states the writ of //abcas corpus had been sus- states. 
pended, and arrests of men suspected of aiding and abetting 
the Confederacy were frequent. Distasteful as this was to 
very many, it was believed to be a military necessity, for the 
South had many friends in the North who did their best to 
send supplies and information across the lines. Many 
southern sympathizers were in Washington City, and some 
of the government emi)loyees furnished information of 
great value to the southern cause. 

313. Permanent Confederate Government; Fighting in Richmond, 
the West; General Grant. (1862.) — The new permanent Virginia, the 

^. ,- , , , , . , X.' T- 1 Confeiierate 

Conleclerate government went mto oi)eration r'ebruarv 22, . , 
, '^ _ ' ■' capital, 

1862, at Richmond, Virginia, which had been chosen as ,^62. 
the capital of the new Confederacy. Jefferson Davis- took 
the oath of office at the foot of the statue of Washington 
in the public square. The day was rainy and cheerless. 

The first fighting of the year 1862 was in the West. 
The Confederates had built two forts in northern Ten- 



342 History of the United States. 

Fort Henry nessee to protect that state from invasion : Fort Henry 

and Fort q^ ^^q Tennessee, and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland 

River. To reduce these places, General Ulysses S. Grant 

(sect. 368), M'ho had already shown military ability, was 

to cooperate with Commodore A. H. Foote, who was to 

ascend the river with a fleet of gunboats. 

The fo»ts Before Grant could reach Fort Henry it had surrendered 

surrender, ^ ^y^ orunboats, and the combined forces proceeded against 
1861. & ' r » 

Fort Donelson. After three days' fighting the commander 

asked what terms would be given, to which Grant replied : 




d^ -iJ^,^ ^J7; /<U5^ /Z*-*ji<^i:^^I^'- 



General Grant's "Unconditional Surrender" Reply. 

" No terms except an unconditional and immediate sur- 
render can be accepted. I propose to move immediately 
upon your works." The fort was surrendered, and about 
fifteen thousand prisoners and a large quantity of arms fell 
into the hands of the Union army. This was the first great 
victory on the Union side, and an important one, for with 
that of General Thomas near Mill Springs, it compelled the 
Confederates to abandon Kentucky, and to leave a large 
part of Tennessee in the control of the Union forces. 



Civil War. 343 

Two months later, April 6, Grant was attacked at Pitts- Pittsburg 
burg Landing, or Shiloh, on the Tennessee, by General ^'^^"ji'g^' 
Albert Sidney Johnston ; there was a severe two days' fight, 1862. 
and but for the arrival of General Buell with reenforce- 
ments, Grant might have been defeated. The Confeder- 
ates retired with the loss of their general, while over ten 
thousand men were killed, wounded, and missing. On the 
Union side the losses were even greater, and no attempt was 
made at an immediate pursuit. It was a dearly bought 
victory. On April 7, Island No. 10 on the Mississippi island No. 

surrendered to Commodore Foote ; the river was now open '° ^""'^"' 

tiers, 
to the United States forces as far as Fort Pillow.^ 

314. Monitor and Merrimac ; Farragut takes New Or- 
leans. (1862.) — So far it was only in the West that the 
advantage had been decidedly in the favor of the Union 
forces. The navy-yard at Norfolk, Virginia, had been cap- 
tured by the Confederates. The frigate Mcrriuiac, which 
had been taken by them, was converted into an ironclad 
ship fitted with a beak to run into an enemy's vessel. 
Ironclads were not new, but they had never been tried in 
actual warfare. 

The Merrimac, or Virginia, as she was now called, being The 
ready for trial, sailed out of Norfolk Harbor, March 8, ^^'-''''"'"'^ 

•^ ur / irginia, 

1862. In Hampton Roads, near by, were four or five of at Hampton 
the best ships of war in the United States navy. The new Roads, 
sea-monster, for such she seemed to be, attacked these 
ships, and though they rained shot and shell on her, they 
could make no impression ui)on her iron sides. She ran 
into the Cumberland and sunk her. The others would 
have met a similar fate had not night come on, when the 
Merrimac returned to Norfolk. The news spread dismay 

^ The islands in the Mississippi, beginning at the mouth of the Ohio and 
going southward, were numbered i, 2, 3, and so on. 



344 History of the United States. 



The 
Monitor. 



The Moni- 
tor and the 
Merrimac, 
March 9, 
1862. 



in the North. There seemed nothhig to prevent the terri- 
ble vessel from gomg to Baltimore, or any of the northern 
seaports, which would be utterly at her mercy. 

About two hours after the Merrimac had left Hampton 
Roads for the night, a strange little craft, named the Moii- 



CH ESAPEAKE 




Map of Hampton Roads, Virginia. 

itor, arrived from New York. She had been built from 
the design of John Ericsson, the inventor of the steam 
propeller (sect. 234). She seemed altogether unable to 
cope with so formidable an antagonist as the Merrimac, 
but the next day when the Merrimac came out from Nor- 
folk the Monitor was ready to meet her. After a fight of 
four hours, the Merrimac retired to Norfolk, and did no 
more damage.^ 

1 The Mcrriviac was destroyed by the Confederates when they abandoned 
Norfolk later in the war, 



Civil War. 



345 



This short conflict brought about a revohition in nav^al importance 



warfare the world over. It was seen that wooden vessels 
were helpless against ironclads, and every maritime nation 
began to build ironclads of one kind or another. 

The United States as soon as possible added to its navy 
a number of monitors, as they were called. The joy of 



)f the con- 
flict between 
the Monitor 
and Alerri- 




the South, 
1862. 



Medal Commemorating the Action between the " Monitor " and 
THE " Merrimac." 

From the Bostonian Society's Collection. 

the North at the result of this engagement was propor- 
tional to its previous dismay. 

In the spring of 1862 Union fleets on the southern coast Ports lost to 
had such success that all the good ports of the Atlantic, 
except Savannah, Charleston, and Wilmington, in North 
Carolina, were lost to the South. In February an expe- 
dition, commanded by General Benjamin F. Butler and 
Commodore David G. Farragut, sailed from Chesapeake 
Bay to take New Orleans. 

Farragut, a native of Tennessee, was a resident of Vir- Farragut. 
ginia at the outbreak of the war, but refused to follow his 
state. He had entered the navy in 1812, and was therefore 
a veteran in the service. A week was spent in the vain 



34^ History of the United States. 



Farragut 

takes New 
Orleans 
April 25, 
1862. 



General 
Butler in 

New 
Orleans. 



McClellan 
moves on 
Richmond. 




endeavor to capture the forts which had been erected to 
defend the approach to New Orleans by the river, then he 
determined to pass them. There was a desperate conflict, 
but he succeeded. Two days later (April 25) New Orleans 

surrendered. It was not long 
before the forts below the city 
also surrendered. General 
Butler remained in charge of 
New Orleans, but the fleet 
went up the Mississippi, and 
soon the whole river, with the 
exception of Vicksburg and 
one or two other points, was 
0})en to the Union forces. 

315. Peninsular Campaign ; 
General R. E. Lee. (1862.) — 
McClellan, meanwhile, had 
continued to drill and orga- 
nize the Army of the Potomac. 
The authorities at Washing- 
ton and the people at large 
had become quite tired of his 
inactivity and thought it high 
time for him to make a for- 
ward movement. 

After much consultation 
and urging, McClellan moved 
his army down the Potomac, 
to approach Richmond from 
the southeast. McDowell 
was left near Fredericksburg to protect Washington, and 
a force was stationed in the Shenandoah Valley under 
Banks. The Confederate army was commanded by Gen- 



ROBERT E. Lee. 

General Robert Edward Lee was 
born in Virginia, January ig, 1807. He was 
a son of General Henry Lee— the " Light 
Horse Harry " Lee of Revolutionary fame. 
He graduated from West Point in 1829. He 
served in the Mexican War, was superin- 
tendent of West Point, 1852-1855, and com- 
manded the forces which captured John 
Brown at Harper's Ferry. He resigned 
his commission in the United States army 
when it was clear that Virginia would secede 
from the Union. He was given the com- 
mand of the army of northern Virginia, 
June, 1862. Piy his remarkable military 
skill, particularly in defence, he did more 
than any other one man to strengthen the 
Confederacy. He became president of 
Washington and Lee University, Lexing- 
ton, Virginia, in 1865, which office he held 
until his death, October 12, 1870, 



Civil War. 



347 



eral Joseph E. Johnston. McClellan moved his army to 
the mouth of the James River, and proceeded to attack 
Yorktown. It took a month to capture this place, and 
meanwhile Johnston was getting ready to repel an attack 
upon Richmond. 

After taking Yorktown, McClellan pushed on and suc- 
ceeded in getting within a few miles of Richmond. There 
the Chickahominy, a small 
stream, but swollen by sud- 
den rains, divided his forces. 
Johnston at once attacked the 
weaker division of McClellan's 
army, and though Johnston 
was wounded and forced to 
retire, he had succeeded in 
delaying its advance. Mean- 
while, the Confederates under 
Jackson drove Banks down 
the Shenandoah Valley toward 
Washington, so frightening 
the authorities that McDowell 
was hastily recalled to defend 
the city. 

The wounded Johnston was 
succeeded by General Robert 
E. Lee. 

316. Failure to take Rich- 
mond ; Bull Run ; Antietam. 
(1862.) — Jackson having dis- 
posed of Banks, and McDow- 
ell being held back to protect 
Washington, Lee, who had been joined by Jackson's forces 
attacked McClellan, and after seven days of almost con- 




" Stonewall" Jackson. 

Thomas Jonathan Jackson was born 
in Virginia, 1824. He graduated from 
West Point in 1846. He served in the 
Mexican War, but resigned from the army 
and became an instructor in Washington 
and Lee University, Virginia. He was 
given a command in the Confederate 
army, and was very successful. At the 
first battle of Bull Run, he and his brigade 
stood, it was said, like a " stone wall," and 
from that time he was known as " Stone- 
wall " Jackson. He was Lee's most trusted 
general He was fired upon, through 
error, by his own men at Chancellorsville, 
and died a few days later. May 10, 1863. 
His character was almost Puritanic, and he 
was a thorough soldier 



McClellan 
checked. 



Robert E. 
Lee takes 
command of 
Confederate 
army before 
Richmond. 



" Seven 
days' battle. 



348 



History of the United States. 



McClellan 
fails to take 
Richmond. 



Second 
battle of 
Bull Run, 
August 29, 
30, 1862. 



Lee invades 
Maryland ; 
repulsed at 
Antietam, 
September 
17, 1862. 



Burnside 
defeated at 
Fredericks- 
burg, 
December 
I X, 1862. 



tinuoiis fighting, forced him back to the James River. 
Here Lee was repulsed, but McClellan's attempt to take 
Richmond was a failure. Lee now determined to attack 
Pope, who commanded the Union forces near Washing- 
ton. The armies met on the old field of Bull Run, and 
Pope was defeated. By September (1862) the two armies 
occupied about the same positions as early in the year. 
Lee and Jackson were as active and ready as McClellan 
was slow and cautious. 

The Confederates now thought it a good time to invade 
the North. Lee crossed the Potomac above Washington, 
took Frederick, Maryland, and prepared to move on Balti- 
more or Philadelphia. McClellan followed, forcing Lee 
to turn westward. Meantime, Harper's Ferry with eleven 
thousand men, besides stores, fell into the hands of the Con- 
federates. The armies met at Antietam Creek, near 
Sharpsburg, Maryland, and after a severe battle (Sep- 
tember 17), Lee retreated across the Potomac.^ He had 
been much disappointed in meeting with so little sympa- 
thy in Maryland. 

McClellan did not pursue the retreating army and in con- 
sequence of his inactivity not only in this instance, but 
also in earlier ones, he was removed from command, and 
assigned to no further active duty during the war. 

317. Fredericksburg ; Murfreesboro. (1862.) — Thecom- 
mand of the Army of the Potomac was now given to Gen- 
eral Ambrose E. Burnside. If McClellan was over-cautious, 
Burnside was rash. Attempting to reach Richmond by 
the way of the Rappahannock and Fredericksburg, his 
army was driven back and defeated (December 13), with 
a terrible loss of life. With the appointment of General 



1 McClellan lost in this battle about I2,000, and Lee about lO,ooo. 



Civil War. 349 

Joseph Hooker, the unfortunate Army of the Potomac 
changed commanders again. 

In the West the Union forces had been gradually Fighting i; 
advancing. Though the Confederates had made a few ^^"^ ^'^'=**- 
successful raids into Tennessee and Kentucky, the result 
of the year's campaign was decidedly against them. Brax- 
ton Bragg, the Confederate general, was defeated at Perry- 
ville, October 8. On the last day of the year 1862, a severe 
battle was fought at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, between 
Rosecrans, the Union general, and Bragg, resulting in 
the retreat of Bragg, after a heavy loss on both sides. 

318. Slavery; "Contraband." (1861). — At the begin- Slavery, 
ning of the war the United States government showed no 
disposition to interfere with slavery. President Lincoln in 

his inaugural said, quoting from one of his own campaign 
speeches : " I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to 
interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where 
it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I 
have no inclination to do so." 

In May, 1861, some fugitive slaves came into the camp 
of General Butler at Fortress Monroe. He refused to 
give them up to their owner, who was the commander of 
the Confederate forces near by, and who asked by a flag 
of truce that they should be returned to him under the 
fugitive slave law. Bi^tler replied that slaves were con- "Contra- 
traband of war, as they could be used in working on for- '^^""^'^•' 
tifications and in other ways. This name of " Contraband " 
was applied to the ex-slaves for a long time. 

319. Slavery ; Emancipation Proclamation. (1861-1863.) 
— In August, 1861, General John C. Fremont, command- 
ing in Missouri, issued a proclamation, declaring that all 
citizens who should take up arms against the United 
States, or assist its enemies, should have their property 



-i^c^o History of the Ignited States. 

l.iiuoln's ccHifiscaKHl, and " ihcir slaves, if any they have, are hereby 
aititiulc deelared free men." This order, so far as it related to the 

slaves, was annulled by rresident Linct)ln. 

In South Carolina, Cieneral Hunter, u\ May. i.Sf)!, ni a 
military order, saitl: "Slavery and martial law in a free 
country are altoi;elher incomi')atible. The persons in these 
three slates. Georgia, l^^orida, and South C^irolina, hereto- 
fore held as sla\-es. are therefore ileclareil torexer free." 
He also nuislered a regiment of negroes into the service. 

President Lincoln annulled the jiroclamation of liunler, 
as dealing with (lucstions bevond the authority of "com- 
manders in the liold" to decide. Lincoln at the same 
time, in his i)roclamation l)esought the ]>eoj>le to embrace 
the offer of compensated emancipation,' jiroposcil b\- the 
I'nited Stales Congress. 

The feeling in the North against slavery was rapidly 
growing. Lincoln never pressed his \iews much in 
advance of public opinion. He bided his time until he 
thought the hour hail come, and then he sjxike or acted. 
He had already considered the subject carefull\-, and was 
only waiting the time to speak. The battle of Antietam 
gave him a suitable opportunit\'. 
iiu ini.ui 320. Emancipation a War Measure; Effect. (1863- 1865.) 

cipaiiun — Qu the 22d of September, iSOj, President Lincoln issued 

tion ' ' '^ proclamation, stating that on the lirst tlay t)f January, 1863, 
amioiiiKod. "all pcrsous held as slaves within any state or designated 
part of a slate, the people wiiereof shall then be in rebel- 
lion against the United States, shall be then. lhcncefi)r- 
ward, and forever free."^ 

(^f course, no n'otice was taken of this picliminary proc- 

' ConiiH'iisalcd cmanoipation : that is, that iiaymoiit shoiihl be mailc to the 
slave owners for slaves set free. 

'^ Those portions were designated which were not under the control of the 



ISSlK'll 

januaiv I, 



Civil War. 351 

lamatioii by the districts lumiccl, and on January 1, 1863, iMnaiuipa- 
he issued the proclamation of whicli ho had ^iven one <-i'^» l'r<"l:i 

1 111 > • T 1 • 1 11 11 ' Illation 

hundred cuivs notice. In tins he declaretl the power was 

/, lanu 

<r^ n^Leaz^ /h*xju4c^^ .//^w«<^ it:^ c^..^^,**...^^^^^.,.^ 

I'^xTKAcr iKoM Lincoln's Kmancipaiion I'kik i.amaiion. 

Kecluceel facsimile of llic :uiloi;i\(|]ii copy. 

vested in him as " Commander in (-liicl' of the Army and 
Navy of the Uin'ted vSlates," claimiiii; lliat it was "a fit 
and necessary war measuie." 

I Union t^ovt Tiiiiunl, for llic I'risicjcnl did not (.laini Ihc power to issue sucli an 
order respeeling those stales whieii had not seceded. 




352 



History of the United States. 



Effect of the 
Emancipa- 
tion procla- 
mation. 



Negroes in 
the Union 
army. 



Prisoners of 
war. 



This proclamation was the first official blow struck at 
slavery, and henceforth made the war not only a struggle 
to maintain the union of the states, but also one to set free 
the slaves. Perhaps its greatest effect was abroad, for 
the long and brave resistance of the South had begun to 
make the Europeans think that she might succeed after 
all, and ought, perhaps, to be recognized. Now, any rec- 
ognition of her independence, or any help which might 
be officially extended to her, would be at least an indirect 
support to slavery. 

The nu>st important immediate result was the empU>y- 
ment of negroes and fugitive slaves in the armies of the 
Union. They had alreadv been employed by the Con- 
federates in throwing up intrenchments and as team- 
sters, and for other purposes. The faithfulness oi the 
negroes to their southern masters, particidarly on the 
plantations, where often there were no white men. has 
scarcely been paralleled in history, and is worthy of great 
admiration. 

The enlistment of negroes bv the Federal government 
was resented by the South, ami led finally to a cessation 
of the exchange of prisoners ; for as the Confederate au- 
thorities naturally refused to exchange any black soldiers 
or their white officers caiUured in battle, the I'nited States 
government refused to exchange at all, feeling bound to 
protect equally all who had entered its service. About 
one hundred and eighty thousand negroes entered the 
armies of the Ignited States during the war and their record 
is a creditable one. 

321. Prisoners of War, (1861-1865.) — Of the evils in- 
cident to war, the confinement and ill-treatment of prisoners 
is not the least ; and when exchange of prisoners is not 
practised, or is much restricted, the evils are greatly in- 



Civil War. 353 

creased. This, true of all wars, was sorrowfully true of 
the Civil War in America. Seldom, if ever, have such 
heart-rending- sufferings been endured ; and Andersonville 
has become almost a synonym for terrible miseries.^ 

322. The Sioux War. (1862.) — To add to the dif^cul- sk.ux War, 
ties of the United States, in the summer of 1862, the Sioux '^^-• 
Indians in Dakota and western Minnesota revolted. They 

had complained with alnuulant reason of unjust treatment 
and non-fulfilment of treaties. To avenge their wrongs, 
they fell upon the whites, killin.g men, women, and chil- 
dren. A detachment ivom the army soon put an end to 
these troubles, and a number of the Indians were tried, 
found guilt\' of murder, and hangetl. 

323. Campaign in the West; Vicksburg. (1863.)— In Union 

,, ,,T , 1 I- ,1 , ,1 1- TT • • armies in the 

the West and Southwest there were lour Union armies: ... , „, 

West, 1 003. 

one under rirant, in the vicinity of \'ick.sburg, Mississijjpi ; 
one under Banks, in Louisiana ; one under Schoheld, in 
Missouri; and one under Rosecrans, near Murfreesboro, 
Tennessee. The main purpose of the first three was to 
open the Mississippi River, and thus divide the Confed- 
eracy. The objective point of the army of Rosecrans was 
Chattanooga. 

"Vicksburg and Port Hudson, still held by the Confed- C.rant 
erates, were very strong points. Leaving Corinth, Grant, y'^^,',^^u^^.,, 
with the cooperation of gunboats and transports, tried plan 
after plan in order to defeat the Confederate forces, and 
to reduce Vicksburg ; again and again his efforts were 
unsuccessful. He ne.xt occupied the country east of the 
city, and made several ineffectual assaults upon the forti- 
fications. He then began a regular siege of the city. 

324. Chancellorsville ; Lee invades Pennsylvania. (1863.) 

1 " Of that camp, the Conredeiate inspector-general spoke as a place of hor- 
rors beyond description." 



354 History of the United States. 



— In the East, General Hooker (sect. 317) had been suc- 
cessful in reorganizing the Army of the Potomac. He 
determined to approach Richmond from the Rappa- 
Chancellors- hannock Rivcr. He met Lee at a small place called 
Chancellorsville, and was defeated (May 2, 3, 1863), with 
a loss of about seventeen thousand men. On the Con- 



ville, May 
2, 3. 1863. 




► FT. ADAMS 

L o u<^~s F/Tn 



Map of the Vicksburc; Campaign. 



federate side the loss in numbers was not so heavy ; but 
"Stonewall" their great soldier, " Stonewall " Jackson, was shot by his 
Jackson ^^^^ j^^^j^ j^-^ ^j-^g (^^g]^ Qf ^i-,g evening, under the supposition 

killed. ^ 

that he and his staff were enemies. 

Lee now resolved on a second invasion of the North, a 
movement practically forced upon him by public opinion. 
His army of seventy-three thousand experienced troops 



Civil War. 355 

moved toward the Shenandoah Valle}'. Hooker kept his Lee invades 
army between Lee and Washington. But when Lee ^laryland 
crossed the Potomac, and hastened across Maryland, syhania 
Hooker followed him. Lee entered Pennsylvania and 1863. 
captured Chambersburg. A part of his force reached 
York, while his cavalry were within sight of Harrisburg. 

The North was thoroughly alarmed and with good 
reason. The militia were hastily called out, and hurried 
forward to protect Philadelphia and Harrisburg and to 
reenforce the army. Meanwhile, on the 27th of June, 
Hooker, annoyed by the orders which came from Wash- 
ington, asked to be relieved of his command. 






. » 



>, 




The Gettysburg National Military Park. 

Hancock Avenue looking south. 

325. Gettysburg. (1863.) — Hooker was succeeded by General 
General George G. Meade of Pennsylvania. Meade was a -"^leade m 

\ command 

graduate of West Pomt, had served in the Mexican War, and the Army 
had been in the Army of the Potomac since its organiza- of the 
tion. A steady officer who would run few risks, he con- 
ducted the remainder of the campaign in his own way.^ 

1 He retained his position as commander of the Army of the Potomac until 
the close of the war. 



Potomac. 






History of the Ignited Stiites. 



Gettysburg, The two armies met 

July I, 2, ^ 
I So;. 



Lee retreats. 



Vicksburg, 
July 4, 1S03. 



The Missis- 
sippi open. 



THE FALL OF VICKSBl/RG. 

More Glorious Tfews. 

Gen. Pemberton Begs for 
Conditions. 



He Warns 10 March Out His Men. 

"Unconditional Surrender" tuani 
Dont See It. 



He Will Not Allow a Single Man to 
March Out, 

PEMBERTON CONSULTS WITH 
HIS OFFICERS. 



They Dcn't Want lo Stay in "Grant's 
Pig Pen" .Any Longer, 



Thfy Urge Pfmberion (o SurrenOer, Bag, 
Passage. Canoon, and Cattle 



And this on Our Ever Cloriou» 
Pourth of July. 



THE STRONGHOLD IN OUR POSSESSION. 



The (bllowM ^ JlspjKi, |„i',„„ („^ ,«f,,,J: 

&IM, 1 h»v« th< ttOAor to inform you iKal VicKs- 
burg hasjurrpndf*^ to tS^ UnittJ Si»t9S fbrt«5 on 
Iha 4<K at July 



From the New York Hfra.'.i for 
July 8, 1863. 



at Gettysburg. A dreadful battle 
followed, lasting three days (July 
1. 2, ;). No field ever was more 
stubbornly contested; but Lee was 
defeated and forced to retreat. 
The loss of each army was great : 
about foi"t\-four thousand men, 
about one-third of those en- 
gaged in the conflict, were killed, 
wounded, or missing. Gett\s- 
burg, the greatest battle on 
American soil, is generally re- 
garded as the turning-point of 
the war. 

Lee retreated across the Poto- 
mac, and no further attempt was 
made to invade the North. It 
was, indeed, impossible ; all that 
Lee could do was to resist attacks 
and prolong the struggle. Meade 
followed the Confederates slowly 
until both armies were not far 
from the j^lace from which they 
IkuI started. 

326. Vicksburg ; Chattanooga. 
(1863.) — On the 4th of July, the 
day after the battle of Gettys- 
burg, Vicksburg surrendered to 
General Grant, and thirty-two 
thousand jirisoners fell into his 
hands. A few davs later Port Hud- 
son surrendered to Banks, and the 
Mississippi was open to its mouth. 






Civil War. 357 

The Confederates still held Chattanooga, which com- 
manded eastern Tennessee and the entrance to Georgia. 
General Rosecrans was able to force the Confederate 
General Bragg to retire from Chattanooga ; but later 
Bragg, having received retinforcements, attacked Rose- 
crans and defeated him at the battle of Chickamaiiga chicka- 
( September 19, 20), where, had it not been for the steadi- '"-^ufja- 
ness of General Thomas, the defeat would have been a 
rout. As it was, each army lost more than sixteen thou- 
sand men. Bragg gained a victory, but he did not get 
Chattanooga, though he shut up the Union forces in the 
town. 

Grant, by his successes, had become one of the best (irant at 
known o-enerals, and now all the western armies were i)ut ^ '^^t'^- 

'^ \ nooga. 

under his orders. He came to Chattanooga, bringing 
reenforcements and a number of officers who had served 
under him in his previous campaign. The siege of Chat- 
tanooga was raised. Bragg still held strong positions on 
the hills, and from these Grant determined, if possible, to 
drive him. In this he was entirely successful, and as part 
of the battle was fought on the mountain sunmiit above 
the mists of the valley, it has been known as the "battle 
above the clouds." Bragg retreated to Dalton, Georgia, 
where he was shortly suj^erseded by Joseph Vl. Johnston. 

327. Morgan's Raid. (1863.) — One of the mcst striking Morgan's 
incidents of the year (1863) was the raid of John Morgan, '■^'^'• 
the Confederate cavalry general. Starting from Ten- 
nessee, he passed through Kentucky, his force being- 
increased by sympathizers as he proceeded. Capturing 
one or two towns on the way, he reached the Ohio River, 
and seizing two steamers, crossed into Indiana ; he then 
turned toward Ohio, and crossed the southern part of the 
state, going by night through the very outskirts of Cin- 



358 History of the United States. 

Morgan's ciimati. Everywhere he went he pkindered and de- 

raid. stroyed. The raid caused the greatest alarm, and Morgan 

was pursued not only by regular troops, but also by almost 
every one in that part of the country capable of bearing 
arms. Finding that the whole country was aroused, he 
made for the Ohio River, on the banks of which he was 
finally captured. He was placed in confinement, but man- 
aged to escai-)e and get again witliin the southern lines. 

Blockade. 328. The Blockade ; Naval Operations. (1863.) — Mean- 

while the blockade was maintained with vigor, and it 
became more and more difficult for the '' blockade run- 
ners," as such vessels were called, to slip into the one or 
two ports which were not held by the Union forces. 

An attempt by a Union naval force to take Fort Sumter 
was a failure. Later in the year a combined naval and 
military force, under General Ouincy A. Gillmore, made a 
desperate attack, battered Fort Sumter to pieces and took 
Fort Wagner, one of the outer harbor defences. Shells 

^j^^ were thrown into Charleston itself, but the citv was not 

Athiuuu taken. The Confederates built a ram, the Atlanta, in the 
Savannah River ; it was similar in build to the Mernntac, 
but on its way to the sea, it encountered the monitor Wec- 
//aicki'u, and was captured after a short action. 

Confederate 329. Destruction of American Shipping by Privateers. 

privateers. (1861-1865.) — From the first, the South had expected the 
European governments to interfere for the sake of getting 
supplies of cotton, if for nothing else. They hoped also 
to secure a navy, but the close blockade maintained by the 
United States prevented, with one or two exceptions, any 
vessels built in the South from getting to sea. 

In England, agents of the Confederate government suc- 
ceeded in having several vessels built, armed, and manned. 
Charles Francis Adams, the American minister at London, 



Civil War. 359 

warned the British government of the nature of the vessels Confederate 
and their destination ; but for some reason the British did ^'*^ssels 
not stop them. They were allowed to put to sea, and p„„ifi,-,j 
the result was that many vessels were captured, and 
American shipping was almost driven from the ocean, 
owners of vessels putting their ships under foreign flags 
in order to prevent the Confederate privateers from cap- 
turing them.^ 

The most noted of the privateers were the Alabauia^ the The 
Georgia, the Shenandoah, and the Florida. Most of these '•^''«'^'"""- 
vessels answered Secretary Seward's description of the 
Alabama: "She was purposely built for war against the 
United States by British subjects in a British ])ort. . . . 
When she was read)' she was sent . . . and her armament 
and equipment were sent ... to a common port outside 
of the British waters, . . . and she was sent forth on her 
work of destruction with a crew chiefly of British sub- 
jects." The Alabama alone took sixty-five vessels, most 
of which she burned. These cai)tures gave rise to the 
celebrated " Alabama Claims " and to the Geneva Arbi- 
tration (sect. 370). 

330. Conscription North and South. (1862-1863.) — By Conscrip- 
the summer of 1863 the no\-elty of the war had worn off, ^'°"- 
and enlistments for the army were decreasing rajMcUy ; so 
it was deemed necessary to resort to conscription or a 
draft. There was much objection to this, esj^ccially in the 
city of New York, where, on the 13th of July, 1863, there Riots in 
was a serious riot, and the mob practically had control for 
several days. During this time about fifty buildings were 
burned, over two million dollars' worth of property de- 
stroyed, and a number of lives sacrificed. The mob had a 

^ By United States law no vessel which has been transferred from the 
American flag can be restored to it except by special act of Congress. 



New York. 



360 History of the United States. 



The draft, 
North and 
South. 



Riots in Special hatred of colored people, and several were bru- 
Ne\v\ork. ^g^\\y murdered. Among the buildings burned was the 
Colored Orphans' Asylum ; fortunately, there was time for 
the children to escape by a back door before the rioters 
gained access in front. The riot was finally put down by 
the police, aided by some troops who were hurried from the 
field of Gettysburg for the purpose. It was estimated that 
over twelve hundred of the rioters were killed. 

The draft was not directly very successful at the North, 
but it tended to increase the volunteering, and so far 
answered the purpose. In the South, conscription had 
been first resorted to in April, 1862. All men between 
the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, except those who 
were mentally or physically unfit for service, were subject 
to mihtary service. By the second law, passed February, 
1864, all white men between seventeen and fifty were 
enrolled. 
Exemptions. For various reasons there were in the North many ex- 
emptions. In the South, the exemptions were much fewer, 
and the law was rigorously enforced. There were no sub- 
stitutes as in the North ; for every able-bodied man was 
himself already a conscript. In the North few of those 
who had conscientious scruples against fighting suffered 
much. In the South many endured great suffering for 
conscience' sake.^ 

331. Plans to raise Revenue in the United States. ( 1 86 1 . ) 
— The ordinary revenues of the country were insufficient 
to support the armies and the navy which had been called 
into existence, and some new way to raise money had to be 

1 From those who in the North were enrolled as liable for military service, 
men were chosen by lot. The names, written on slips of paper, were drawn 
out of a wheel ; hence the term " draft." In the South the word " conscrip- 
tion" was used. 



Revenue. 



Civil War. 361 

devised. The two principal means open to a nation for llow to 
raising funds are ( I ) Taxation ; (2) Borrowing. The latter 
involves taxation, but it is not so evident. At the special 
session of Congress held in July, 1 861, the duties on many 
articles of import were increased, and later internal taxa- 
tion was resorted to. 

Congress made use also of borrowing to a large extent. 
This can be done in two ways : first, by issuing bonds, 
agreeing to pay interest on the sum named in the bond at 
a certain rate per annum ; secondly, by issuing bills, similar 
to bank-bills, promising to pay on demand the sum named 
in the bill. Congress tried both of these plans. 

As the expenses of the war increased more and more, 

the loans and bills authorized did not suffice. The banks Suspension 

of the country suspended si)ecie payments December 30, "'^^P^cie 

])tiy merits 

1861 ; they had done this several times before, notably in December, 
1837 (sect. 243). The government was forced to follow 1861. 
their example, and soon neither gold nor silver was to be 
seen in circulation. 

332. Small Notes and " Greenbacks." (1862.) — People Small notes, 
were driven to all sorts of expedients to " make change," 
and, as in 1837, business firms issued "tokens," and notes 
for small amounts redeemable in sums of one dollar or 
over ; but the most popular way was to enclose postage 
stamps in small envelopes, with the amount enclosed 
written or printed on the outside. The government, 
however, soon issued bills of the denominations of fifty 
cents, twenty-five cents, etc., which met the demand for 
change. 

It was plain that something more must be done. So, "Green- 
early in 1862, Congress authorized the issue of bills of vari- ''^^ks." 
ous denominations, which came to be known, from the color 
of the backs of the bills, as " greenbacks." These bills 



362 



History of the United States. 



Legal were made a legal tender ^ for everything except payment 

tender. Qf (duties on imports, and of interest on the public debt. 

It was thought that if the interest on the debt was made 
payable in coin, the loans would be more readily sub- 
scribed to, both at home and abroad, and in order to get 
the gold coin to do this, duties on imports were required 
to be paid in gold. 
"Premium 333- "Premium on Gold." (1862-1879.) — Early in 

on gold." 1862 gold began, as it was said, to demand a premium in 
" greenbacks." ^ As the payment of the greenbacks in coin 
depended upon the success of the government in the war, 
the " premium on gold " was regarded as a sort of ther- 
mometer, or bulletin, by which to estimate the probable 
result of the conflict. In the early part of 1862 the pre- 
mium was two per cent ; in December it was thirty-three 
per cent; in December, 1863, notwithstanding the suc- 
cesses of Gettysburg and Vicksburg, it was fifty-one per 
cent; in June, 1864, the premium was one hundred per 
cent, making the paper dollar worth but fifty cents in 
gold. In July, 1864, the premium reached the highest 
point, one hundred and eighty-five, making the paper 
dollar worth only about thirty-five cents in gold. From 
this time the premium gradually declined, until the United 
States resumed specie payment ii\ 1879, when the bills 
were exchangeable for gold at their face value (sect. 392 ). 
Loans. As it would not do to issue too oiany bills, large loans 

were negotiated on as good terms as possible. The large 

1 Legal tender is money or currency which the law authorizes a debtor to 
offer in payment of a debt, and requires the creditor to receive. 

- In reality it was the paper money which declined and which should have 
been quoted at a discount, because gold was the standard with which the bills 
were compared, but it was thought not only more patriotic, but also a matter 
of policy, to quote gold at a premium rather than bills at a discount. 



Civil War. 363 

issue of " greenbacks " inflated prices, making the govern- 
ment pay higher rates for everything, thus vastly increas- 
ing the debt, besides making the amount of yearly interest 
to be paid far greater. It is estimated that the debt was 
increased in this way several hundred millions of dollars. 
By the end of 1863 the expense of carrying on the war 
was enormous, the daily cost of the army and navy being 
nearly ^3,000,000, and during the latter part of the next 
year it was still greater. 

334. Finances in the South. (1862-1865.) — In the Con- Finances ii? 
federacy a somewhat similar but worse state of affairs ^'^*^ South. 
existed. Taxes were laid on almost everything that could 
be taxed, and notes were issued payable " six months after 
the ratification of a treaty of peace with the United States." 
Bonds were also issued to a large amount, and many sold 
in Europe. As the success of the South became more 
doubtful these bonds fell in value, until at last they became 
worthless.^ 

The notes also became more and more depreciated, until 
in some places the curious spectacle was seen of " green- 
backs " being accepted by the Confederates in preference 
to their own currency. Though the advance in prices was 
great in the North, it was small in comparison with that 
in the South. Early in May, 1864, the following were 
some of the prices quoted in Confederate money at Rich- Prices in the 
mond : shoes, one hundred and twenty-five dollars per pair ; ^"" ^ 
flour, two hundred and seventy-five dollars per barrel ; bacon, 
nine dollars per pound ; potatoes, twenty-five dollars per 
bushel ; butter, fifteen dollars per pound. Many things 
which are considered the necessaries of life were abso- 
lutely unobtainable, so close was the blockade of the ports. 

1 By Amendment XIV. of the Constitution, " debts incurred in aid of insur- 
rection or rebellion against the United States " are " illegal and void." 



3^4 



History of the United States. 



Suffering in The suffering in the South for the want of those articles 
the South, ^^.^g very great, and it fell heavily upon the women and 
children who had to stay at home. In the army the lack 
of quinine and other drugs was also severely felt. 







Campaicns in Virginia. 



National 335. National Bank Act. (1863.) — The United States 

Bank Act. Congress passed the National Bank Act in 1863. By its 

provisions banks could be organized under a national law, 



Civil War. 365 

and could issue notes on the security of United States National 
bonds deposited with the United States Treasurer at l^ani^-"^^tes. 
Washington. As the redemption of these notes was cer- 
tain, they were accepted everywhere, regardless of the place 
of issue, and formed an admirable circulating medium. A 
market was also provided for United States bonds, and 
the interest of the people in the stability of the govern- 
ment was greatly strengthened.^ 

336. Union Armies, East and West. (1863.) — It was 
evident at the close of the year 1863 that tinal success was 
to be on the side of the Union. In spite of the bravery 
and endurance of the Confederates, they had steadily 
lost almost everywhere except in Virginia. 



SUMMARY. 

The Civil War began with the attack on Fort Sumter, April 12, 
1 861. The fall of Sumter roused both the North and the South. The 
first battle was Bull Run. in which the Union forces were defeated. 
The resources of the North were far greater than those of the South. 
Having the navy and the ability to secure many vessels, the Federal 
government could blockade the southern ports. 

In 1862 the important engagement between the Monitor and the 
Mcrriinac took place. Before the end of the year Forts Henry and 
Donelson and Island No. 10 were captured, and the battle of Pittsburg 
Landing was fought. The year closed favorably for the Union cause. 

Early in the second year of the war (April, 1862, to April. 1863) New 
Orleans was taken — the one great victory of the year. McClellan 
failed to capture Riclimond. Pope was defeated at Bull Run. Lee 
invaded Maryland, but was ciiecked at Antietam. He was allowed to 

' Notes could be issued to the amount of ninety per cent of the par value 
of the bond. Somewhat later a law was passed taxing all paper money 
except that issued by national banks. This put an end to issue of notes by 
slate banks. 



366 



History of the United States. 



retreat. President Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation 
September 22, 1862, and issued it January i, 1863. The Union arms 
suffered a severe repulse at Fredericksburg. 

The third year of the war opened disastrously for the Union cause 
with the Union defeat at Chanceliorsville, May 2, 3, 1863. Lee invaded 
Maryland and Pennsylvania, and was defeated by Meade at Gettysburg, 
July I, 2. 3, 1863. Lee retreated to Virginia. Vicksburg surrendered 
to General Grant July 4. 1863; Port Hudson surrendered to Banks, 
and the Mississippi was opened to the sea. Rosecrans was defeated at 
Chickamauga. Grant raises the siege of Chattanooga, and defeats 
Bragg in the " battle above the clouds." 

The blockade was maintained. Confederate privateers, especially 
the Alabama, inflicted great damage upon American shipping. Con- 
scription was resorted to both North and South. Revenue was raised 
by taxation and borrowing. Premium on gold increases rapidly. 
Finances at the South were much worse tiian at the North. The LInited 
States Congress passes National Bank Act, 1863. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X.. page xlvi. 




right is right, since God is God. 
And right the day must win. 
To doubt, -would be disloyalty. 
To falter, would be sin 



Reduced Facsimile of a "War-time" EInvelope. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

CIVIL WAR {continued). 

REFERENCES. 

A. B. Hart, Source-Book, Chap. .wiii. ; J. D. Champlin, Young 
Folks' History of the War for the Union; H. C. Wright, Children's 
Stories of American Progress, Chap. .xvii. 

337. Grant placed at the Head of the Armies ; Sherman. 
(1864.) — The war had now gone on for two years and a 
half. The South was rapidly using up her resources and 
was suffering from lack of men and supplies. But there 
were not a few in the North who failed to see this ; they 
were tired of the war, and did not hesitate to say so. 
Moreover, it was getting near the time for the Presidential 
election, and unless there should be some signal success, 
the war party feared that Lincoln" might not be reelected, 
and that a compromise might be made with the South. 

It was evident that a single head for all the armies in the cirant at the 

field was needed — a man who should be responsible for the '^ °^ 

armies, 

whole plan of operations everywhere. Accordmgly, Con- igg^. 
gress revived the rank of lieutenant-general, which had 
previously been held only by Washington and Scott. 
Lincoln at once bestowed it upon the man whom public 
opinion, as well as military judgment, pointed out as fitted 
to receive it, and for whom the rank was really created, 
General Ulysses S. Grant. This was on March 3, 1864. 
The wisdom of the step was at once made manifest. A 
plan of connected action was arranged. Grant came East 

367 



368 



History of the United States. 



Grant with and made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, 
Army of the ]\ieade carrying out his orders. In the West the most 

Potomac. . .,_,„, 

miportant movements were mtrusted to General Sherman. 
Plan of 338. Granfs Plan of Attack. (1864.) — Grant's plan 

attack. ^y^g ^ji^(- ^\•^^ Army of the Potomac should attack Rich- 

mond, and that Sherman 
should move southeastward 
from Chattanooga toward the 
sea. thus penetrating the heart 
of the Confederacy. By en- 
gaging the Confederate forces 
in that part of the country, he 
would prevent the sending of 
reenforcements or supplies to 
Lee. 

The part of the South to 
be invaded had been entirely 
free from the actual presence 
of armies. It was now to 
experience in a marked de- 
gree many of the harshest of 
war measures. Grant and 
Sherman were convinced that 



The Con- 
federacy 
" a shell." 




Ulvsses Simpson Grant. 



Ulvsses Simpson Grant was born in 
Ohio, .April 27, 1S22. He graduated from 
West Point in 1843. He served in_ the 
Mexican War under both Taylor and Scott. 
He resigned from the army in 1854, and 
entered mercantile life. He volunteered at 
the breaking out of the Civil War, and was 
soon made a brigadier-general. His cap- 1 /— - j 

ture of Fort Doneison brought him promi- the Confederacy was a shell, 

nently before the countrj', and the rest of „,-, 1 flnf- 
his military career is given in the account "l^'-l LiJi-tL 
of the Civil War. He was created lieuten- 
ant-general in 1864, and general in 1866. 
He was elected President in 186S and re- 
elected in 1872. He died at Mt. McGregor, 
New Vork, July 23, 18S5. He published his 
" Personal Memoirs" in 18S5. The book is 
not only of great value as historj-, but is 
very attractive from its simplicity of style 
and its unassuming story. 



Vigorous measures 
would make it collapse. The 
march was begun simultane- 
ously by Grant and Sherman 
May 5, 1864. They had the 
ablest generals of the Con- 
federacy to contend with, — 
Robert E. Lee and Joseph E. Johnston. 

339. *< On to Richmond "; Early's Raid. (1864.) — Grant 



Civil War. 369 

with an army of 120.000 men, nearly double that of Lee, 
started to attempt what had been the ruin of brave men 
before him, — a Virginia campaign. The Union forces 
entered the rough country near the Rapidan, known as The " ww- 
the " Wilderness," where Lee's sixty-two thousand men ^'<^'"ess." 
were quite a match for Grant's larger number. 

For two weeks there was a terrible struggle, with fight- 
ing almost every day, and a fearful loss of life. Gradually 
Lee was forced to move back his lines until Grant reached 
Cold Harbor, about eight miles from Richmond. A brave Cold llar- 
but fruitless attack upon Lee's works, in which it is said '^'^''• 
that six thousand men were shot down in half an hour, 
convinced Grant that it was useless to attempt to take 
Richmond from the north. Altogether he had lost in a 
campaign of a month nearly sixty thousand men, and his 
antagonist half as many. 

Grant now determined to cross the James River and 
attack from the south, hoping to seize the railroads which 
brought supplies from the southern states to Lee's army 
and to Richmond. Lee resolved to try an offensive 
movement, and so sent Early down the Shenandoah Valley. Early's raid. 

The authorities at Washington were greatly alarmed, and 
justly so. At the Monocacy, in Maryland, Early defeated 
General Lew Wallace, who courageously faced certain 
defeat in order to delay Early, a matter of the highest 
imi)ortance. Early then hurried on toward Washington 
and ap})eared before the defences on the north side of the 
city. These he might possibly have carried at first had he 
known how poorly they were manned ; he retreated, how- 
ever, carrying with him much booty. 

One incident of the raid was the taking of Chambers- Chambers- 
burg, Pennsylvania, by a detachment of his forces. On i^urg burned, 
the refusal of the inhabitants to pay $100,000 in gold 



370 History of the United States. 

or $500,000 in " greenbacks," the greater part of the town 
was burned. 
Sheridan 340. Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley ; Petersburg. 

ravages the ( 1864. ) — After the battle of the "Wilderness," Lee is 
Vallev. reported to have said, " At last the Army of the Potomac 

has a head." Grant, though he sent reenforcements to 
Washington, was in no way diverted from his main pur- 
pose. To prevent the occurrence of another raid, he sent 
General Philip H. Sheridan into the Shenandoah Valley 
and put him in command. 

Sheridan, only thirty-four years old, had shown great 
ability, and was, perhaps, the best cavalry officer in the 
Federal army. It was soon apparent that the fertile 
valley was to have a sadder experience than it had yet 
known. Grant's orders were that " nothing should be 
left to invite the enemy to return. Take all provisions, 
forage, and stock wanted for the use of your command. 
Such as cannot be consumed, destroy." The order was 
thoroughly carried out. Sheridan says in his report, " I 
have destroyed over two thousand barns filled with wheat, 
hay, and farming implements ; over seventy mills filled 
with flour and wheat ; have driven in front of the army 
over four thousand head of stock ; and have killed and 
issued to the troops not less than three thousand sheep." 
Sheridan proved to be an abler general than his prede- 
cessors, and Early was so completely worsted that there 
were no more "valley raids." The Confederates could 
not spare men to make another attempt, and the country 
was so thoroughly ravaged that there was little to invite 
invasion by the Confederates. 
Petersburg. Grant's movements brought him in front of Petersburg, 
Virginia. He succeeded in cutting one of the railroads 
supplying Lee, who was thus greatly inconvenienced. 



Civil War. 



371 




For the rest of the year there was no general engagement ; 
Lee had such a long line of intrenchments that he was 
unable to send any reenforcements to other parts of the 
South. The resources of the Confederacy were daily 
growing less, and it was impos- 
sible for Lee to get recruits to 
fill his ranks. The courage and 
energy shown by Lee and his 
army in thus fighting a daily 
losing game were wonderful. 

341. Sherman takes Atlanta ; 
Nashville. (1864.) — Sherman, 
meanwhile, was slowly forcing 
Johnston to retreat until he 
reached Atlanta, Georgia. 
Johnston was only waiting until 
he could get Sherman far 
enough from his base of sup- 
plies to offer battle under cir- 
cumstances which would be 
unfavorable to the Union army. 
Sherman's supplies were 
brought by a single railroad 
which he had to defend, and 
thus the farther he advanced 
the weaker was his force. 

Just at this time the Con- 
federate President, partly in 
answer to the complaints of the 

people against Johnston's slowness, removed Johnston, 
replacing him by General J. B. Hood, who had the repu- 
tation of being one of the hardest fighters in the Con- 
federate army. Sherman, however, succeeded in taking Atlanta. 



William Tecumseh Sherman. 

William Tecumseh Sherman was 
born in Ohio, February 8, 1820. He 
went to West Point where he graduated 
in 1840, taking high rank. He served in 
the Seminole War, and resigned from the 
army in 1853, and entered first mercan- 
tile and then professional life. He re- 
entered the army at the outbreak of the 
Civil War, and was at the first battle of 
Bull Run. He was sent west and was 
with Grant. When Grant was made 
commander-in-chief, 1864, Sherman was 
given the command of the chief armies 
in the West. After the war he was 
made lieutenant-general, and in i86g, 
when Grant became President, Sherman 
became general. He retired from the 
army in 1883, and died in New York, 
February 14, 1891. 



Sherman 
takes 



372 



History of the United States. 



Hood ad- 
vances on 
Nashville. 



Thomas 
routs Hood's 
army at 
Nashville, 
1864. 



Slierman 
begins his 
march. 



Atlanta (September 2). Here Sherman destroyed every- 
thing which would be likely to aid an enemy, such as iron 
foundries, manufactories, and mills. 

In the hope of checking Sherman's further advance, 
the Confederate government now ordered Hood to leave 
Georgia and march toward Nashville. Tennessee, which 
General George H. Thomas of the l.'nion army was cov- 
ering. It was hoped that this move would cause Sherman 
to follow Hood, and that two things would be brought about: 
the destruction of the Union forces, and the removal of the 
seat of war again to Tennessee. But Sherman, after follow- 
ing Hood for some distance, came back to Atlanta, believing 
that Thomas could take care of himself. 

Hood, meantime, pressed on toward Nashville ; and 
after a severe battle with four divisions of the Union army 
under General Schofield at Franklin, besieged the whole 
of Thomas's armv in the citv. The Union general seemed 
slow in attacking the Confederate forces ; the patience of 
the authorities at Washington was almost exhausted, and 
he was on the point of being relieved of his command, 
when, his preparations being completed, he sallied forth, 
attacked Hood's army, and routed it (December 15, 16, 
1864). So thoroughly was this done that it was never 
reorganized. The loss to the South was irretrievable. 

342. Sherman begins his March. (1864.") — Sherman, 
on his return to Atlanta, found himself with no Confed- 
erate forces of any strength between him and the sea, nov 
indeed between him and \"irginia. He coidd march through 
Georgia to Savannah, thence to the rear of Lee's army in 
Virginia, which, thus attacked front and rear, would be 
compelled to surrender. 

In order to move with the quickness needed for success. 
Sherman resolved to live off the countrv through which he 



Civil War. 373 

might pass. He took in his wagons only ton days' pro- siionnan 
visions, and left behind everything which could possibly be '^''^^'^'^ 

■> ^ ^ ■' Atlanta. 

spared. On the 15th of November, 1864, he left Atlanta 
with sixty thousand troops to begin his march to the sea. 
He cut the telegraph wires to the north, tore up the railroad 
tracks, and burned the bridges so that no intelligence of his 
movements or means of approach would be left for Hood in 
case Thomas should be defeated. For nearly six weeks 
nothing was heard of Sherman or his army. 

343. March through Georgia. (1864.) — Sherman's route The march 
was sinithcast ; the onlers wore to advance "wherever '^'""^' 

( ■eori^ia. 

practicable, by four roads, as nearly parallel as possible. 
. . . The army will forage liberally on the countr\' dur- 
ing the march ; to this end each brigade commander will 
organize a good and sufficient foraging part\', who will 
gather corn or forage of any kind, meat of any kind, 
vegetables, corn meal, or whatever is needed by the com- 
mand, aiming all the time to keep in the wagons at least 
ten days' provisions. 

" Soldiers must not enter dwellings or commit any tres- Sherman's 
jiass ; but during a halt or camp they may be permitted to '""''^'■^■ 
gather turnips, potatoes, or other vegetables, and to drive 
in stock in sight of their camp. To corjjs commanders 
alone is intrusted the i^ower to destroy mills, houses, 
cotton-gins, etc. Where the army is unmolested, no de- 
struction of such property should be permitted ; but 
should guerillas or bushwhackers molest our march, or 
should the inhabitants burn bridges or obstruct roads, 
or otherwise manifest local hostilities, then army com- 
manders should order and enforce a devastation more or 
less relentless, according to the measure of such hos- 
tility. As for horses, mules, wagons, etc., belonging 
to the inhabitants, the cavalry and artillery may appro- 



History of the United States. 



March 
through 

Georgia. 



priate freely and without limit, discriminating, however, 
between the rich, who are usually hostile, and the poor 
and industrious, who are usually neutral and friendly. In 
all foraging the parties engaged will endeavor to leave 
with each family a reasonable portion for maintenance." 
344. Sherman's March; Savannah Abandoned. (1864.) 

— Such was part of the general order issued by Sherman 
to his army at the beginning of the enterprise. Its re- 
strictions were carried out as far as practicable ; but war is 
war, and the path of the army, sixty miles wide and three 
hundred miles in length, was as the track of a tornado or of 
an army of locusts. Railroads were rendered useless bv 
tearing up the rails, heating and twisting each one so that 
it could be of no further service as a rail ; bridges were 
burned, and buildings demolished. In short, evervthing 
which might be of use from a military point of view was 
taken, rendered useless, or destroyed. 

There was comparatively little fighting beyond cavalry 
skirmishing until within a short distance of Savannah. On 
the 2 1 St of December the Confederate forces evacuated 
that city, and the Union troops marched in. Sherman had 
already communicated with the Union gunboats on the 
river. This was the first news that had been heard of the 
army since it had left Atlanta. Sherman at once sent a 
letter to President Lincoln, saving, *' I beg to present to 
you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah, with 1 50 
heavy guns and plenty of ammunition, also about twentv- 
five thousand bales of cotton." The letter reached the 
President on Christmas eve. 
Fort Fisher. 345- The Navy ; Mobile; Confederate Cruisers. vi864^. 

— Meanwhile, the blockade was maintained more closely 
than ever. An unsuccessful attempt was made to capture 
Fort Fisher, which guarded the entrance to Wilmington, 



Sav.\nnah 
evacuated 
December 
21. 1S04. 



Civil War. 



175 



North Carolina, a great resort for blockade-runners. 
General Banks was sent with a land force, supported by 
gunboats, up the Red River of Louisiana to attack Shreve- Red River 
port and disperse a Confederate army in that part of the «' l^-^^"'*'-^"-^ 
state. This expedition was also a failure, Banks being 
defeated at Sabine and Pleasant Hill. 

The blockade had been frequently evaded at Mobile, Farragut at 
Alabama. While the I'nited States cruisers had been ^^^^''^^^ 
fairlv successful in blockad- 
ing" the entrance to the bay, 
not a few vessels from time to 
time had slipped in. It was 
determined to storm the forts 
which defended the entrance. 
This enterprise was intrusted 
to Admiral Farragut, who, 
with fourteen wooden vessels 
and four monitors, forced his 
wav past the forts and the 
obstructions in the channel 
into the bay where the iron- 
clad ram Ti/i//tsst\- was dis- 




Apmir-al Farragut. 



^ Pavid Gu-VSGOW F.^RKAGiT was horn in 

abled and captured. She was Tennessee. JuIy 5, iSoi. He entered the 

. . J I , , navy as. a midshipnian when scarcelv ten 

the most lOrmidable vessel yg^^s old. and was on service during the 

.^^-^^--.i,^ Kx- fli -. ("".-.Tif.^.^ War of 1S13. Though a southern man he 

possesseti d\ tnc Lonieci- . . ,. , ■ u u i- ■ j «, „ 

r^ threw m his lot with the Inion and became 

erateS. and was commanded «he greatest naval officer in United States 

histors-. He was created vice-admiral 1SP4. 
bv Admiral Buchanan, who .md .admiral iSoo. He died in Xew H.^mp- 
, ' , , J i 4.1 , shire, .\us;ust 14, 1S70. 

had been commander of the 

Mcrrimac in her fight with the Monitor (sect. 315). In order 
to get a clearer view of the operations, Admiral Farragut 
stationed himself in the vessel's shrouds, to which one of the 
officers insisted on fastening him lest a sudden shock should 
throw him off, or, being wounded, he should fall into the 



376 



History oi' the United States. 



Lincoln 
renomi- 
nated. 



water. Farragut had the aid of the land forces, to whom 
the forts soon surrendered. This was August 5, 1864. 
During this year the Confederates met with severe losses ; 
on the 19th of June the A/aluviia had been sunk by the 
United States steam war vessel Kcarsiirgi- off Cherbourg, 
France; in August the Gcorg-ia was captured off Lisbon, 
Portugal; in October the ram Albotiaiic was destroyed in 
the Roanoke River by means of a torpedo, and the Florida 
was captured in the harbor of Hahia, Brazil.^ 

346. Peace Party; Lincoln Renominated. (^1864.) — Not- 
withstanding the successes of the Union forces in 1863 
and the continued non-intervention of foreign nations, 
there was a party of considerable size in the North which 
was clamoring for peace. The war had been prolonged 
for nearly four years, without any certain signs of an end ; 
taxes were high ; the expenses of keeping up the military 
and naval establishments were enormous ; thousands of 
families had lost one or more members by death on the 
field, or in the hospital, or in southern prisons. 

The fact that over a million new men had been called for 
during the past year led many to believe that the Union 
armies had not been so successful as was reported, and 
that ultimate triumph was hopeless. Cries of military 
despotism were raised, and unconstitutional aiul arbitrary 
measures were charged upon the administration. 

Notwithstanding these protests the Republican party 
had gathered to itself many who had hitherto acted with 
the Democrats.- A convention was held at Baltimore, 
June 7, 1864, and President Lincoln was renominated on 

1 The capture of the Florida was illegal, according to international law; 
and the United States government ordered that the vessel should be returned 
to Bahia, but before she had actually started she was sunk in Chesapeake Hav. 

2 For a time the title "National Union Party" was adopted. 



Civil War. 377 

the first ballot. Andrew Johnson, the one senator from 
the seceded states who refused to act with his state, and 
who had afterward been appointed by President Lincoln 
military governor of his own state, Tennessee, was nomi- 
nated for Vice-President. 

The platform adopted expressed confidence in the ad- Union 
ministration, approved the Emancipation Proclamation, the i'^^'^^""' 
employment of colored troops, and "the determination of 
the L;o\'ernmcnt of the United States not to comjiromise 
with rebels, or to offer them any terms of peace, except 
such as may be based upon an unconditional surrender of 
their hostilitv and a return to their just allei;iance to the 
Constitution and laws of the United States." A consti- 
tutional amendment abolishing slavery, " and the si)eedy 
constructivMi of the railroad to the Pacific coast," were 
among the measures favored. In short, the acts ol the 
administration were thoroughK' intlorsed. 

347. Radical and Democratic Conventions. (1864.) — A Radical 
week pre\ious to the meeting of the Republican conven- ^""\<-'"*'""- 
tion, abt)ut three hundred and fifty persons, representing 
those who believed that the President was too conservati\-e, 
met at Cleveland, Ohio, and nominated General John C. 
h^-emont of California, and John Cochrane of New York. 
Their platform in essential points differed little from that 
adojited at Baltimore, except in iloclaring " that the con- 
fiscation of the lands of the rebels, and their distribution 
among the soldiers and actual settlers, is a measure of 
justice." The feeling of others was expressed by Wen- 
dell Phillips, who wrote, " The administration, therefore, 
I regard as a civil and military failure, and its avowed 
policy ruinous to the North in every point of view." 

The Democratic convention met in Chicago, August 29, Democratic 
and nominated General George B. McClellan of New Jcr- convention. 



378 



History of the United States. 



Democratic 
platform. 



Radical 

candidates 

withdraw. 



sey, and George H. Pendleton of Ohio. The platform 
declared " that after four years of failure to restore the 
Union by the experiment of war . . . justice, humanity, 
liberty, and the public welfare demand that immediate 
efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities, with a view 
to an ultimate convention of the states, or other peaceable 
means, to the end that at the earliest practicable moment 
peace may be restored on the basis of the Federal union 
of the states." Various acts of the government were 
declared to be " a shameful violation of the Constitution," 
and it was charged, among other things, " that the admin- 
istrative usurpation of extraordinary and dangerous powers 
not granted by the Constitution . . . [is] calculated to 
prevent a restoration of the Union and the perpetuation of 
a government deriving its just powers from the consent 
of the governed." McClellan in his letter of acceptance 
almost repudiated the platform, and could hardly do other- 
wise, as he himself had done many of the things of which 
it specially complained. 

348. Political State of the North ; Lincoln Reelected. 
(1864.) — In September Fremont and Cochrane withdrew 
from the contest, lest a division among the Republicans 
might elect the Democratic candidate. Fremont was 
careful to make this clear in his letter by saying, " I 
consider his [Mr. Lincoln's] administration has been 
politically, militarily, and financially a failure, and that 
its necessary continuance is a cause of regret for the 
country." 

There was apparently much to discourage the Union 
party. Many thought that there had not been enough 
gained to make the capture of Richmond likely. Very 
many of those who would support the reelection of the 
President were in the armies, and it was possible that such 



Civil War. 379 

states as New York and Pennsylvania might be carried by 
the opposition. 

The destruction of the Alabama, the successes of Sher- 
man in northern Georgia ; the capture of Atlanta only a 
day or two after the Democratic convention had pro- 
nounced the war a failure ; the arrangements by which the 
votes of the volunteer soldiers in the armies could be 
counted ; the withdrawal of Fremont ; the conviction of 
many that it would be a bad policy to change leaders while 
the war questions were unsettled ; and a growing recogni- 
tion of the real greatness of Lincoln, — all these influences 
combined to give Lincoln and Johnson at the election Lincoln 
in November a popular majority of more than four bun- reelected, 
dred thousand, not counting the army vote,^ and 212 
electoral v^otes to 21 for the Democratic candidates. Every 
state not in the Confederacy had given its vote to Lincoln 
except New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky. 

349. Admission of West Virginia and Nevada. (1863, West vir- 
1864.) — In 1863, forty-eight of the western counties of g'^a ad- 
Virginia, whose inhabitants objected to secession, were ,35, 
admitted into the Union as the state of West Virginia. 
There were few slaves in these counties, and the interests 
of the people were mining and manufacturing rather than 
agricultural.''^ 

In October, 1864, the territory of Nevada, with the addi- Nevada ad- 

tion of a small part of Arizona, was admitted as a state. ""^'^"' 
^ 1864. 

1 The majority for Lincoln in the army vote was over 80,000, which brought 
up his majority to nearly 500,000. 

2 The Constitution (Art. IV., sect. 3) requires the consent of the Legislature 
of the state concerned if a new state is to be formed within its jurisdiction ; 
and Congress practically decided that the state of Virginia consisted of the 
part under the control of that government which was in sympathy with the 
United States authority ; so the people of what is now West Virginia did little 
more than ask their own consent. 



380 History of the United States. 

It was expected that the enormous output of the mines 
would attract many settlers, and this expectation, together 
with supposed political expediency, carried the day.^ 

350. Charleston taken; Sherman marches Northward. 
(1865.) — Sherman left Savannah (sect. 344) February i, 
1865, on his northern march. Owing to the numerous 
rivers and swamps along the coast, he struck directly for 
Columbia, South Carolina. On the 17th he entered the 
city, and a large part of it was burned. Whether the fires 
were started by the Confederate troops as they went out 
of the town, or by the Union troops as they came in, has 
never been shown ; each side charged the other with the 
action. 

Simultaneously with the taking of Columbia, Charles- 
ton was evacuated by the Confederates, and the Union 
troops took possession. Other Confederate garrisons fol- 
lowed the example, and the troops thus gathered together, 
with the remnant of Hood's army (sect. 341) were, in 
answer to public demand at the South, placed under the 
leadership of General Joseph E. Johnston. 

Sherman's northward march was in reality much more 
hazardous than his march through Georgia. The country 
was more difficult to traverse, and supplies were less sure. 
Above all there was an opposing general, who, if not 
strong enough to risk an open battle, was quite strong 
enough to make advance in the highest degree dangerous, 
and who was ever on the alert to take advantage of the 
slightest error which his antagonist might commit. 



^ Nevada has had the experience, unique among the states of the Union, of 
suffering a loss in her population. The population in 1870 was 42,491 ; in 
1880, 62,266; in 1890, 45,761; in 1900, 42,335. This loss is due to the 
decline in mining interests, resulting in part from the failure of many mines 
and from the unprofitableness and difficulty of working mines at great depths. 



Civil War. 381 

By the time Sherman approached Goldsboro, North Caro- Goldsboro. 
Una, Johnston felt able to risk an attack, which was made 
with great vigor ; he was, however, repelled, and Sherman 
reached Goldsboro, where he received reenforcements by 
way of Wilmington, which had fallen into Union hands in 
February. Both armies now halted, waiting for further 
developments in Virginia. 

351. Chief Justice Chase ; Peace Negotiations. (1864, Salmon r. 
1865.) — In June, 1864, Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Chase, 
Treasury, resigned, and W. P. Fessenden was appointed justice, 
to fill his place. In October of the same year Chief Jus- 1864. 
tice Taney died, and President Lincoln nominated Ex- 
Secretary Cha.se as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court ; 
and he was at once confirmed by the Senate. 

During 1864 and the early part of 1865 there had been 
several informal attempts both North and South to bring 
about a cessation of hostilities. The most important of 
these was in February, 1865, when Alexander H. Stephens, Peace con- 
the Vice-President of the Confederate states, with two com- Terence, 
panions met President Lincoln and Secretary Seward by Roads, 
previous arrangement on board a steamer in Hampton 1864. 
Roads and had a full, intelligent, and amicable discussion 
of the state of affairs. But as President Lincoln refused 
to negotiate except upon the basis of the disbandment 
of the Confederate forces, the restoration of the national 
authority, and the acknowledgment of the abolition of 
slavery, the conference came to nothing. 

During the conversation Stephens attempted to show 
that Lincoln would be justified in making terms with 
"rebels" by referring to the case of Charles I. of Eng- 
land. To this Lincoln replied : " I am not strong on his- 
tory ; I depend mainly on Secretary Seward for that. All 
I remember of Charles is that he lost his head." 



3' 



History of the United States. 



Sheridan's 
raid in the 
Shenandoah 
Valley. 



Petersburg 
evacuated. 



Richmond 
evacuated, 
April 3, 
1865. 



Lee surren- 
ders at 
Appomat- 
tox, April 
9, 1865. 



352. Sheridan's Raid ; Petersburg ; Richmond taken ; 
Lee surrenders. (1865.) — In February, Wilmington, North 
Carolina, was taken, and the Confederacy was without a 
port. In February and March, Sheridan, at the head of 
his cavalry, made a raid down the Shenandoah Valley to 
Staunton, cutting the railroads upon which" Lee largely de- 
pended for his supplies. Then, after joining Grant, 
Sheridan was sent to the southwest of Petersburg. Sharp 
battles were fought, the Federal troops were victorious. 
Lee, unable to hold Petersburg, sent on the 2d of April a 
telegram to President Davis announcing that it was neces- 
sary to evacuate both that city and Richmond at once. 
The message reached Davis on Sunday, when he was in 
his place of worship. The preparations for evacuation told 
the inhabitants of Richmond what was coming ; there was 
indescribable confusion. The naval rams in the river 
were blown up, the tobacco warehouses set on fire, barrels 
of liquor were knocked in the head and their contents 
poured into the gutters as a precaution. Some soldiers, 
getting drunk from the liquor scooped up, began to pillage. 

Early in the morning of the 3d, General Weitzel, learn- 
ing that the Confederates were evacuating Richmond, ad- 
vanced, and entered the city with his troops. Richmond 
was taken. 

Six days after (April 9), Lee surrendered the Army of 
Northern Virginia to Grant at Appomattox Court House, 
seventy-five miles west of Richmond, whither he had re- 
treated after evacuating Richmond and Petersburg. Grant's 
terms were very liberal. The Confederate troops were to 
lay down their arms, return to their homes, and agree not 
to fight against the United States ; they were allowed to 
keep their horses as they would " need them for the 
spring ploughing." 



JjL kjOuo-t^ (Lot^'t' (^iin^ ^^ur&I^ 

e ij Gknkkal Lkk's Lkitkk cunckrninc Sukrenuer. 

Kac'simile of the autograph copy. 

3^3 



Fresident 
Lincoln 
visits Kich- 
monil. 



3S4 



Historv ot the United States. 



353. Lincoln assassinated ; his Greatness. 1,1865. "> — The 
surrender of Lee's army was recognized to be the end of 
the struggle. Lincoln himself visited Richmond the day 
after the capture, and walked through its streets. The 
rejoicing in the North had not ended when the whole 
country, North and South, was horrified bv the news of 



THE NEW YORK HERALD. 



TKO^ TO •„' Ifi 




>iw YOXS. 5i:Vi 


Mr. i-v-L ■.-. 1>.VS 








|^~~?~" 


— . •- ' 


— 


THE REBELS. 
.'2T Zira it rxiT.iiS 


. * •^ 


IMPORTANT. 


s 


"HltZ . • .M- • - — A . 




ASSiiS5IMATI0H 


^3-:^:^-—, 


Di Uamt An^l to Ci S» 


^^^^ 


Miisinnn uscoui 




=:==!~£^r™^ 


SMPnsUatSkotattlu 
XkaMnlastEnsiBS. 


r^r: .._-.—> 


li Tri^ rnaka te Bii zzT.-zSzErv,:^^ 



President 
Lincoln 
assassinated. 
April 14. 
iSbq. 



Seward 
attacked. 



IHK Nkw York "Herald's" ANNorxcEMENr. 

the assassination of President Lincoln by John Wilkes 
Booth at Ford's Theatre, Washington, on the evening of 
April 14. The crime seems to have been the work of a 
southern sympathizer filled with a half-crazy idea of ven- 
geance joined with a desire for 
notoriety. Secretary Seward 
was attacked by another con- 
spirator, but though severe])" 
wounded, recovered.' 

It was not until after the 
death of President Lincoln that 
the people of the coiuitrv real- 
ized how much thev loved 



ntlDIl'^ OFFICE. tPRIt l31k.l»U. 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 

PBESIDENT s>t the UNITED STATES. 



I iM^p*. 



*JSi.'n 



N. a. niTmeix.Mww. 



A M.-\YOR's Procl.\mation ok 
Death ok Lincoln. 



1 Booth escaped, but was pursued, and shot by one of his pursuers. .\ 
number of the conspirators were captured, tried, and convicted, some on slender 
evidence. Four were hanged, and four sentenced to long terms of imprison- 
ment. 



Civil W'ar 



385 




him, and how much they had learned to rely upon his Character of 

kindliness and judgment. No vindictiveness had ever been Lincoln. 

apparent in his words or actions ; 

and the southern people mournetl 

him as well as the people oi the 

North, for they felt they hatl lost 

one who would have been their 

friend. His real statesmanshi]) 

receix'cd a tardv recognition ; but 

his state papers, now that they 

can be read calmly, are seen to be 

almost unsurpassed for clearness 
! of meaning" and vigor of st\"le.^ 
' 354. Andrew Johnson becomes 

President ; Moral Effects of the 

War. 1,1865.") — A few hours after 
' the death of Lincoln, Chief Justice 
\ Chase administered the oath to the 

\'ice-President, Andrew Jtihnson, 

who assumed the position and du- 
ties of President in accordance 

with the constitutional provision. On the 26th of April 

I General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered his army to Gen- 

I era] Sherman. On the lOth of May Jefferson Davis- was Jefferson 

captured in Georgia, and shortlv afterward the remaining '^'^^'^ '^^P- 
I /^ ,• 1 r ^ r 1 1-11 1 • o tured. 

Confederate forces, one after another, laul down then- arms.'' 

I 

^ Appendix III. 
/ - Davis was tirst taken to Savannah, and thence to F"ortress Monroe, where 

he was kept in imprisonment about two years. He was then released on bail, 
Cornelius Vanderbilt, Horace Greeley, and Gerrit Smith becoming his bonds- 
men, lie was never brought to trial. He died in New Orleans, December 6, 
1SS9. 

^ The last engagement was on the banks of the Rio Grande (May 12), and 
I was a success for the Confederates. 



A R.^CE SET FREE 

AND THE COINTRV AT PEACE 

LiN'COLN 

Rests from h s Labors 



The EMANCuwnoN Statue 
i.N Boston. 



86 



History of the United States. 



Blockade 
raised, May 
22, 1S65. 



Union ar- 
mies dis- 
banded, 
May, 1S65. 



Effect of 
the war. 



Losses from 
the war. 



On the 22d of May the President issued a proclamation, 
raising the blockade except for the ports of Texas. These 
were opened a month later. On the 23d and 24th of May 
the armies of Grant and Sherman, before being disbanded 
and sent home, were reviewed in Washington by the Presi- 
dent and the Cabinet. The column of soldiers was over 
thirty miles long, and was a sight the like of which had 
never before been seen in the United States. In a short 
time all the troops were disbanded except about fifty 
thousand, which were considered necessary to keep order. 
In all, about one million men were sent back to their 
homes in the North, and about two hundred thousand in 
the South. 

Never had such large forces been returned to civil life 
with so little exhibition of lawlessness. Nor was there 
any desire for aught of military rule. This was a great 
triumph for republican principles ; and yet there is no 
doubt that in many ways the moral tone of the whole coun- 
try was lowered, — a logical result of all war, which must 
beget in most minds a disregard for the rights of others 
and for the value of human life. Many of the moral as 
well as the social and economic effects did not show 
themselves at once, but were seen later. The whole 
nation had become accustomed to large enterprises, and 
enormous financial operations by the government ; this 
may partly account for the willingness to continue to 
make large outlays of public money after the war had 
ended, as well as for that spirit of speculation and expan- 
sion in business which helped to bring about the crisis 
of 1873 (sect. 375). 

355. Losses from the War. (1865.) — Of the losses which 
can be estimated, the total is appalling. The loss of 
life in battle, from wounds, and from disease is thought 



Civil War. 387 

to have been nearly equal on both sides, and to have Losses from 
amounted to more than six hundred thousand in all. The ^ ^ ^^^'^" 
loss resulting from the fact that several hundred thousand 
men were permanently disabled cannot be estimated. Be- 
sides this, the United States government had piled up a 
vast debt, the interest and principal of which were to be a 
heavy burden for years. ^ 

The cost to the South cannot be told. The South had to Losses in 
count the value of the slaves, estimated to be S 2, 000, 000, 000 ; *^^ South, 
the property destroyed by both armies ; and the actual ex- 
penditures by the individual states and by the Confederate 
government. All the southern notes and bonds, having 
been repudiated and rendered absolutely void, were a total 
loss, as well as all the state, county, and city loans issued 
in aid of the Confederate armies.^ A careful writer says, 
" Altogether, while the cost of the war cannot exactly be 
calculated, $8,000,000,000 is a moderate estimate." 

356. Sanitary and Christian Commissions ; Effect of the Sanitary and 
War. (1865.)^ Soon after the beginning of the war the Christian 
accounts of the sufferings of the wounded and of the needs gj^,,^j. 
of the soldiers on the field and in hospitals led to the 
establishment, in the North, of the Sanitary and the 
Christian Commissions. The former had its corps of 
officers, nurses, physicians, and attendants, whose duty 
was to look after the suffering, the wounded, and the 
needv. It had hospitals, hospital cars, and hospital boats. 
Its litters and ambulances were on the field before the 

^ The debt reached its highest point August 31, 1865, when it amounted to 
$2,845,907,626.26. This included the "greenbacks," on which no interest is 
paid. Nearly $800,000,000 of revenue had also been spent; and the cities, 
towns, counties, and states had also expended much in cash besides incurring 
debts. The payment for pensions is already without precedent, and the aggre- 
gate will be something enormous. 

- See Amendment XIV. to the Constitution. 



388 



History of the United States. 



" Sanitary 
Fairs." 



Christian 
Commission. 



Results of 
the war. 



battle was over, to care for those who needed help. 
Through it were distributed vast quantities of clothing, 
stores, and various comforts which had been prepared in 
northern homes. Millions of dollars to carry on this work 
were raised by private subscriptions and by means of "Sani- 
tary Fairs," which were held throughout the North. 

The Christian Commission was organized to look after 
the moral and religious needs of the soldier, and cooperated 
with the Sanitary Commission. Never before had such 
great efforts been made to mitigate the sufferings incident 
to \\'ar. 

The South was able to do very much less for her sol- 
diers than the North, owing to the lack of resources. 

The war settled at least two things : ( i ) that slavery 
was forever abolished ; this was a result anticipated by 
very few ; (2) that no state could leave the Union; that, 
in the words of Chief Justice Chase, the " Constitution 
looked to an indestructible union of indestructible states." 

The effect abroad was to increase greatly the respect in 
which the United States was held by foreign nations, and 
to strengthen the cause of republicanism everywhere. It 
had been shown by both North and South that loyalty is as 
strong in a republic as in a monarchy. 



SUMMARY. 



Shortly before the end of tlie third year of the war General Grant 
was placed at the head of the United States armies. He came to 
Richmond and personally directed the campaign against Richmond. 
He was ably supported by Sheridan as a cavalry officer. The skill 
shown by General Lee in resisting the Union attacks was great. Sher- 
man started on his march through Georgia, November 12, 1864, and 
forced his way to the sea. The blockade of the southern ports was 
rigidly enforced and the southern people suffered many privations. 



Civil War. ^ 389 

Farragut took Mobile forts, September, 1864. The Alabama was 
destroyed by the Kearsaigt; in 1864. Lincohi was renominated and 
reelected in 1864 by a large majority. West Virginia was admitted as a 
state in 1863, and Nevada in 1864. Sherman having occupied Savannah 
and Charleston, turned northward to join Grant. Salmon P. Chase 
was appointed Chief Justice of the United States in 1864. 

Richmond was occupied by Union troops April 3, 1865. General 
Lee surrendered to General Grant April 9, 1865. President Lincoln 
was assassinated April 14, 1865. Andrew Johnson the Vice-President 
succeeded. 

The effects of the war, both political and moral, were great. The 
Sanitary and Christian Commissions did much for the physical and 
moral welfare of the Union soldiers. 

For Topical Analysis see Appendi.x X.. page xlvii. 



CHAPTER XVII. 
RECONSTRrCTlON. 



Character 

Andrew 

Johnson. 



REFERENCES. 

A. B. Hart, Source-Book, Chap. xix. ; H. C. Wright, Children's 

Stories of American Progress, 
Chap, xviii. 

of H^v \ ^57- Andrew Johnson. 

(1865.) — Andrew Johnson 
was a man of stfong- will, 
of decided Convictions, and 
of much natural ability. l"p 
to 1S61 he was a loval Dem- 
ocrat, siipportino- the partv 
in all its policy. He was 
a strong Unionist, and was, 
as has been said, the only 
southern senator who re- 
. , , K • V- u fused to follow his state. 

Andrew Johnson w.»s born m North 
Carolina, December 20. iJoS, ami removed to CoHlino' dirCCtK' attCr Lin- 
Tennessee in earlv manhood. His i^arents 1 1 ■ ' 
werever>- piw. and his early eduoation w.is Colu, and beino" plaCCd iu an 
extremely limited: it is even said that he , i- ■, i-.v 1^ 
learned to read and write .-.fter he was mar- CXtraordUian ly dlthoillt pO- 
ried He joined a debating society, accns- sitioU. hc WaS harsllly judi^cd 
tomed himsell to speaking, and soon was . ' ' . 
elected to the office of .an .alderman. He by llis C O U t C Ul p O r a r i C S. 
filleil other offices: and when President he .' . • , • 1 1 
was fond of s.aying th.at he h.ad filled in turn tlUHli;!! It UlUSt DC SaUt that 
every poU.ical office in the gift of his conn- j^J^ unyicldiuo- tCUiper had 
tr>-men, a statement which was true and • ^ ' 
much to his credit He w.as elected senator mUCll tO do With tllC Op 
after leaving the Presidency, and died while . . 1 1 ^^i 
holding th.at position on July 31, 1S75. pOSltlOll hC prOVOkcd. 1 hc 




Andrew Johnson. 



Reconstruction. 391 

Republicans soon repented their choice of him as bitterly 
as the Whigs liail re])entecl that of Tyler. 

Congress having acljourneil in Marcli until December, 
the President nuule the most of his oppoitunity. The 
condition of the South demanded some sort oi govern- 
ment at t)nce ; and he appointed provisional governors 
who were to reorganize the states as soon as practicable. 

|ohns(,)n believed that indix'iiluals should be punished, juluison's 
but the idea that a state should be kei)t from e.xer- l'''^" "' '''^" 

construc- 

cisnig any ot its functions was contrary to his whole i;^,,, 
political bringing up. He accordingly issued ])roclama- 
tions of amnesty to almost ex'erv one who hail been 
engaged in the conflict on comlition of taking an oath 
" faithfulh' to support, protect, and tlefend the Constitu- 
tion and the Union " ; he restoreil the w rit of /labras corpus 
everyw here in the North ; antl in general, tried to bring 
back everything except slavery to its condition before 
the war. 

358. Provisional Government in the South. (1865.) — rrovisionai 
The provisional gtivernors called conventions to which S"^<-'"- 

111 Till- -t-1 mcnts in the 

the delegates were elected b\' white voters. 1 nese con- South. 
ventions repealed the ordinances of secession ; ratified the 
amendment to the Constitution abolishing slaverv ; ^ and 
passed resolutions declaring that no tlebts incurred in 
su])porting the Confederacy should be })aid. l"he Presi- 
(.lent also recognized the jirovisional state governments. 
In the President's view, nothing more was necessary to 
enable the states to send senators and representatives to 
Congress. When that body met in December, however, 
it viewed the matter in a very different light. 

' Congress early in the year proposeii an anicM(lni<.'nl whicii aholisiieil 
slavery. This is known as the Thirteenth .Vmeniiincnt. It had not at this 
time been ratified by a sufficient numlier of states. 



History of the I'nited States. 



Views re- 
garding the 
freedmen. 



Thirteenth 
Amendment 
ratified, 
1S65. 



All the 

states free. 



The southern whites had reason to beheve that the freed 
slaves would be idle aiid shiftless, and were naturally un- 
willing- that such a class should be placed upon an equal- 
itv with themselves. Congress, on the other hand, felt 
bound to protect the freedmen, as the former slaves were 
now called, for it was generally beheved to be the intention 
of the southern legislatures to keep them in a condition 
of virtual slavery. While these facts do not justify the 
laws which followed, they serve to explain their enactment. 
Congress accordingly refused to admit the southern sena- 
tors and representatives, claiming that with Congress alone 
rested the power to decide when the states should be fully 
reconstructed (Constitution, Art. I., sec. 5). 

359. Thirteenth Amendment ; the President and Congress. 
1^1865.) — The Fhirtconth Aniendnioiu. liaving been ratiriod 
bv the requisite number of states, became a part of the 
Constitution in December, 1S65. This action did for the 
whole countrv what the Emancipation Proclamation had 
previously done for a part of it. It confirmed the effects 
of that document. The language of the amendment is 
taken almost without change from the Ordinance of 1787 
(sect. 154). In October, 1864, Maryland had, by a small 
majority, adopted a new constitution which abolished slav- 
ery within her limits. Thus, after nearly a century, the 
United States became what Washington, Jefferson, Adams. 
Franklin, and others of the earlv davs had longed that slio 
shotild be — a free country. 

From this time the President and Congress wore con- 
tinually in conflict. Owing to the non-admission of the 
southern members, the Republicans had a full two-thirds 
majority in both houses of Congress, and were able to 
pass over the President's veto any measure which they 
desired (Constitution. Art. I., sect. 7). 



Reconstruction. 



393 



The Civil Rights Bill, giving- the treednien the rights of "Civil 
citizens of the United States, was passed over the Presi- Rig'its Bill." 
dent's veto ; this bill, however, did not give the right of 
suffrage, that matter being whollv wit bin the aiithoritx' of 
the states. Congress, in order to make the jirovisions 
of the Civil Rights Bill permanent, proposed the Four- 
teenth Amendment to the Constitution. It also passed 
over the President's veti^ the second Freedmen's Bureau Freedmen's 

, Bill, which provided for the interests of the freed slaves l^ureau Bill. 

. in many ways. All this greatlv irritated the President, 

who. foolishly in his turn, irritated Congress h\ calling it 

" No Congress." Congress revived the grade of General 

of the .Army, and Grant was promoted to that rank. 

360. Reconstruction Acts. 1^1867.) — The result of the Recon- 

I fall elections was to encourage Congress in the course upon stmction 
t 1 • 1 • 1 1 1 .- • " 1 " • , , Acts, 1S67. 

which 1: had entered, tor it became certain that the new 

I Congress would likewise have a two-thirds majoritv in 
j opposition to the President. Accordinglv a bill was passed, 
one of the provisions of which practicallv took from the 
* President the command of the armv bv requiring him to 
issue his orders through the General of the Arnn-, who 
could not be removed without the consent of the Senate. 
The subsequent legislation of the Congress aimed to 
I secure suffrage to the negro and disfranchisement of the 
I former southern leaders. In order to bring about these 
I ends various measures called R'econstruction Acts were 
I passed in 1867. They provided first for militar\- govern- 
ment of the seceded states except Tennessee, which had 
( been admitted to representation in Cong;ress in 1866. 
Each state was to remain under militarv government until 
a convention chosen by voters, without regard to race or 
color, should frame a new government, acknowledging the 
Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The old Con- 



194 



Histon* of the United States. 



^£K Slates 

ratdmined. 



Carpet- 



federate leaders were debarred from \-otmg for members 
of these cx^nventions, or taking any part in them, and the 
adoption of the amendment would permanently disqualify 
them for public office of any kind unless by special action 
of Congress their disquahtications should be removed 
(Appendix II.. Constitution. Amend. XIV.Y 

361. Six States admitted : Carpet-baggers. (^1868. "> — 
Six of the states^ Alabama, Arkansas. Florida, Louisiana 
North Carolina, and South Carolina, agreed to the cv^n- 
ditions. and their delegations to Congress were admitted 
in June, 186S. The four other states declined to assent. 

The result in the assenting states was quite different 
from what had been hoped for. In some of them the freed 
slaves were in the majorit\\ and although extremely igno- 
rant, to them was committed the government of the st:ites. 
the enactment of laws, and other important matters with 
which they were totally incompetent to deal. The natural 
result followed. The negR-»es became the tools of unscru- 
pulous men, many of whom came from other states with 
so few possessions that it was saivi that the property' of any 
of them cv>uld be put into a carpet-bag. 

Between these " carpet-baggers," as they were called, 
and the ignorant negroes the southern states fared badly, 
for monev was squandered lavishly, and much that should 
have gone for public uses went into pri\-ate pockets. This 
period in the South was a most unfortunate one. But 
neither North nor South w-as wholly to blame for it. The 
North acted in great ignorance of the real situation ; while 
the South was naturally reluctant to accept even the legiti- 
mate results of the war. 

362. Tenure of Office Act: the President Impeached. 
(1867, 1S6S. ' — Since the adoption of the Consrimtion it 
had been the practice of the Presidents to remove subor- 



Reconstruction. "^9^ 

dinates when occasion i^eemed to demand it. Now Con- 
i^ress feared that President Johnson might, by removal of 
oificers of the jrovemment who differed with him in poli- 
tics, impede if not render useless the acts which had been 
passed. So the Tenure of Office Act was passed to pre- Tenure of 
■ ent this,* By this act no officer for whose appointment ^^^ -^^"^^ 
. .e consent of the Senate was needful could be removed 
without the consent of that body. This sweeping measure 

, naturally roused the ire of the President, and he resolved 
to ignore the act. He consequently asked Secretary Stan- 
: Ml (August 5V to resign; upon his refusal, he was sus- Stanton su$- 

nded. At the next session of Congress the Senate P^^*^^- 
.fused to confirm this action, and Stanton took possession 
: his office. The President, however, now removed Stan- 

< ion. and ordered Lorenzo Thomas, whom he had appvointed 
Si'tTt'tiin' d</ iNun'm, to assume the duties of the office. 

•. For this action mainly, though other points were mentioned 

I in the indictment, the House of Representatives impeached The 
^; Resident Johnson. According to the provisions of the ^""^^^^^^ 

.", -,t"i^ - -, --T • impeached. 

nsntution. he w-as tried by the benate, Lhief Justice 

lase presiding (Art. I., iL, 5 ; iii., 6\ After a trial last- 

g from March 5 to May 16, 1S6S. Johnson was acquitted, 

: .>se voting guilt}' being one less in number than the 

. \ o-thirds necessary for conWction. Manv. even of those 

litically opposed to him, thought the measure unwise, 

, ..::d few now defend it. This has been the only instance 

• of impeachment of a President. 

363. Grant and Coif ax elected ; Amnesty. iS6S.^ — The 

• Lime had again come 10 nominate candid.iies lor the Presi- 
I dency. The Republican convention, justif\"ing the acts of 
I Congress, went before the countiy- on that issue and nomi- 

I * The President vetoed this act. bat it was passed over his veto. March 2, 



o 



96 



History ot the United States. 



Democratic 
platforms. 



Grant and 
Colfax 
elected, 
186S. 

Amnestv. 



Atlantic 

cable, 

1866. 



nated General Grant for President, and Schuyler Colfax of 
Indiana, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, for 
Vice-President. 

The Democratic convention attacked the measures and 
policy of the Republicans, demanded that the southern 
states should be restored to all their rights, and that the 
question of suffrage should be left to the individual states. 
Horatio Seymour of New York, and Francis P. Blair of 
Missouri, were chosen as candidates. 

At the election in November, 1868, Grant and Colfax 
received a large majority of both the electoral and popu- 
lar votes. 

President Johnson, on Christmas Day, 1868, issued a 
proclamation of " full pardon and amnesty " to those who 
had been concerned in the " late rebellion." This did not 
restore pohtical rights, as such restoration must be made 
by Congress. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Consti- 
tution had forbidden slavery ; the Fourteenth had given the 
freedmen citizenship ; and now Congress proposed the P"if- 
teenth, which would give the freedmen the right of suffrage. 

364. Atlantic Telegraph Cable. (1866.) Alaska Bought. 
(1867.) — Political matters, though of surpassing inter- 
est, were not the only ones to claim attention during Presi- 
dent Johnson's administration. Cvrus \V. Field, of New 
York, to whom the first Atlantic cable had been due (sect. 
290), was by no means discouraged by its failure. He 
had demonstrated the possibility of transmitting messages 
under the ocean. He set to work to remedy the defects of 
the early cables, and in the summer of 1866 the steam- 
ship Great Eastern, having on board a new cable made 
in England, set sail for America. The cable was success- 
fully laid, and on the 27th of July the western end was 
landed at Heart's Content, Newfoundland, and messages 




NOTE. 

Ttu> United States seized part of West Kluridu 
in 1810, and part in ISIL'. 



from 



87 Greenwich 82 



K. D, SeHpsB, EBg'r, Hi y. 



Reconstruction. 397 

were exchanged with Valentia Bay, Ireland. Telegraphic Cables 
communication between the old world and the new has across the 
been uninterrupted since 1866. Other cables were laid, 
and in 1900, there were fourteen lines in operation across 
the North Atlantic alone. The rates of transmission have 
been so much reduced by competition that it is within the 
means of almost every one to send messages, while the 
newspaper press has many columns of news cabled every 
day.^ 

In 1867, the possessions of Russia in America were Alaska 
bought by the United States for ^7,200,000. The territory '"'ush- f'o'" 

11 .,.,.,.. Russia, 

amounted to about 577,390 square miles. -^ At the tmie it ,g5-_ 

was thought by many a very foolish bargain, and Secretary 
Seward, to whom the purchase was largely due, was made 
the object of much ridicule. Time, however, has abun- 
dantly justified his action. Alaska, as the territory was 
named, has been discovered to be a land rich in mineral 
wealth and in valuable forests, while the climate though 
cold is not disagreeable. It has already become a place 
of resort for summer tourists on account of the wonderful 
scenery, its mountains and glaciers rivalling those of 
Switzerland, while in 1897 the discovery of gold in the 
Klondike region, and in 1900 at Cape Nome caused a large 
influ.x of miners and settlers. 

As the Aleutian Islands were included in the Alaskan 
purchase, the western limit of the United States was ex- 
tended to longitude 173° east from Greenwich, making the 
possessions of the United States cover one hundred and 
twenty degrees of longitude. 

1 Methods of trade have been revolutionized by the cable, as by it the 
market prices of the world are daily reported in the newspaper press. 
I 2 'Phis territory differs from previous annexations in that no part of it touches 
the boundaries of the United States. 



398 



History of the United States. 



Nebraska a 
state, 1S67. 



French in 

Mexico, 

1861-1867. 



Maximilian. 



Nebraska, which had been organized as a territory under 
the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 (sect. 280), was admitted 
as a state in 1867, with the proviso that negro suffrage 
should be allowed. 

365. French in Mexico ; Maximilian. (1861-1867.) — 
In 1 861 France, England, and Spain had jointly interfered 
in the affairs of Mexico on the ground of non-payment of 
her bonds. England soon saw that Napoleon III., the 
Emperor of France, had political designs in the move- 
ment, and withdrew from the alliance. Spain also refused 
to have anything more to do with the matter. Napoleon, 
however, went on with his plans, in spite of the protest of 
Secretary Seward that such action would be resented by 
the United States as contrary to the policy laid down in 
the Monroe Doctrine (sect. 208). French troops were 
sent to Mexico, the republican government was overturned, 
and an empire proclaimed. 

Napoleon's purpose was to found in Mexico a grand 
empire tributary to France. For emperor he fixed 
upon Maximilian, a nephew of the Emperor of Austria. 
Deceived by deputations of Mexicans who were under the 
influence of the French, Maximilian was persuaded to 
accept the offer, and in the spring of 1864 entered the city 
of Mexico. He soon quarrelled with the party which had 
supported him, but by the aid of the French troops he 
maintained his power in the capital and in some of the 
other cities. 

In 1865 the United States government, freed from the 
Civil War, again demanded of the French emperor the 
withdrawal of his troops. This time Napoleon deemed it 
wise to comply. Maximilian, however, thought he could 
get along without the support of the French ; but the 
troops of the Mexican repubhc captured him in 1867, and. 



Reconstruction. 399 

though the United States interceded for him, he was Maximilian 
shot together with two native Mexican generals who had *^^"'' '^^7- 
espoused his cause. ^ The Mexican republic was reestab- 
lished. 

366. Expatriation ; Chinese Treaty ; Pacific Railroad ; Treaty with 
San Domingo. (1868-1876.) — In 1868 the historian, Germany, 
George Bancroft, then United States minister to the 
; North German Confederation, negotiated with that power 
' a treaty by which the right of expatriation was acknowl- 
edged ; that is, the German government recognized that a 
I citizen of one country has a right to sever his allegiance 
. to it and become a citizen of another country. This princi- 
' pie the United States had upheld from the very first, but 
I the European nations had been slow to accept it. It was 
( not until two years later (1870) that England, by the pas- 
' sage of her Naturalization Act, adopted the principle, and 
i gave up what she had claimed as a right, and had prac- 
I tised during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.^ 

During the same year, 1868, a treaty with China was Treaty with 
negotiated through Anson Burlingame, who had been china, i86S. 
minister to that country, but was now acting as agent for 
China. This was the first treaty which that country had 
ever, of its own accord, offered to make with a foreign 
nation. 

An early event of Grant's administration was the com- c\)mplction 
pletion of the Pacific Railroad at Ogden, Utah, May 10, "f Pacific 
1869. This great work, accomplished by means of very j^^ 
liberal grants by Congress, was the first of those chains 

1 Ma.ximilian's wife Carlotta, a princess of Belgium, wlio felt herself in some 
degree responsible for his remaining in Mexico after the withdrawal of the 
French troops, became insane through grief. 

2 Most of the European nations have followed tlie example of Germany 
and England. 



400 History of the United States. 

Pacific Rail- which bind the two extremes of the country together, and 
"^"^ ■ which help to make a union under one government pos- 

sible. By means of this and other railroads to the Pacific 
which have since been built, communication w^ith the west- 
ern states is easier and more rapid than that between the 
cities of Boston and Washington in the early part of the 
century. Josiah Quincy, who in 18 ii protested against 



San 
Domingo. 




Completion of the Pacific Railroad. 

Meeting of the locomotives of the Union and of the Central Pacific Railroads. 
From a photograph. 

the admission of Louisiana as a state, partly because it 
would make the country too large to be governed as a 
republic, lived to see representatives from Oregon in Con- 
gress, and the Atlantic and Pacific bound together by 
telegraph and railroad. 

President Grant strongly recommended to Congress the 
annexation of San Domingo, part of the island of Haiti. 
He urged that it would be of great advantage to the United 



Reconstruction. 401 

States as a coaling station for war vessels, that it was Grant 
exceedino-ly fertile, and that under the care of the United advises an- 

^ J ' _ nexation of 

States its people would rapidly increase in intelhgence and san Do- 
in thrift. Congress did not approve the scheme, feeling mingo. 
that the country had enough to care for in settling the 
difficult questions in the South ; and in this they repre- 
sented the popular opinion. 

367. '* Ku Klux Klan." (1868-1871.) All States repre- 
sented in Congress. (1871.) — About the time of the Presi- 
dential election of 1868 a secret organization arose in the 
South, known as the " Ku Klux Klan." Originally started " Ku Klux 
to frighten the superstitious colored people, it soon became 
a political society, whose purpose was to terrify the freed- 
men, and to intimidate the "carpet-baggers " and their sup- 
porters. Some of its members, or pretended members, 
went on from this to commit outrages of various kinds, 
even murder. The operations were extensive enough 
to demand the attention of Congress, which passed severe 
laws to suppress the order, and appointed an in\-estigating 
committee which made a voluminous report. At last the 
law-abiding citizens of all pohtical affinities united in sup- 
pressing the organization. The Ku Klux Klan was active 
chiefly in North Carohna, South Carolina, Louisiana, and 
Arkansas. 

The efforts of the white population of the South were Whites 
directed toward getting control of the state legislatures, control 

® ° southern 

in order to revise the election laws. It was not long before legislatures, 
this end had been practically gained in most of the recon- 
structed states. 

By 1869 all the southern states had been readmitted to 
representation in Congress except Virginia, Georgia, Mis- 
I sissippi, and Texas. These were admitted in the next 
year, so that in January, 1871, for the first time since 



402 History of the United States. 



Fifteenth 
Amendment 
adopted, 
1870. 



i860, every state was represented in Congress. The 
Supreme Court of the United States had decided, in 1869, 
in favor of the legality of the reconstruction measures 
of Congress. The court declared that the states had never 
been out of the Union, but that the Confederate govern- 
ment vi^as "a temporary military dominion, in which the 
lawful authority was entirely suspended." 

368. Fifteenth Amendment ; Civil Rights and Election 
Acts. (1870-1871.) — The Fifteenth Amendment, having 
been ratified by the requisite number of states, was pro- 
claimed August 22, 1870.^ It was one thing to adopt 
amendments, but quite another thing to put them in force. 
Accordingly Congress, believing that in a great part of 
the South they were a dead letter, passed one law after' 
another to enforce them. On this ground were passed the 
Civil Rights Civil Rights Act (1870), designed to apply to the Fifteenth 
Amendment, and the Election Act (1870), which regu- 
lated all the national elections, making the manner of 
the election uniform, and the day of the election the 
same throughout the country.'-^ Another bill was the En- 
forcement Act (1871), or, as it was generally called, the 
"Force Bill." This bill was somewhat similar to the Sedi- 
tion Act of 1798 (sect. 166), and was resented by the 
South and disapproved of by many in the North, even 
among the Republicans. It divided the latter party, and 
ultimately drove many permanently out of its ranks. A 
large committee was appointed by Congress to inquire 
into the condition of the southern states. 

Grant and Colfax were inaugurated March 4, 1869. 



Act 



" Force 
Bill." 



1 Appendix II., Constitution. 

2 Congress afterward moditied the law in regard to two or three states. 



Reconstruction. 403 



SUMMARY. 

President Johnson appointed provisional governors in the southern 
states, and formed a plan for the reconstruction of the state govern- 
ments. Congress did not approve the President's plans and so passed 
the '" Reconstruction Acts " over his veto. Six states were admitted to 
representation in Congress in 1868. The quarrel between the Presi- 
dent and Congress increased, and the "Tenure of Office Act'' was 
passed to limit the power of the President. Johnson was impeached, 
but was acquitted. In 1868 General Grant was elected President by a 
large majority. The Atlantic cable was successfully laid in 1866. 
Alaska was bought in 1867. The French rule in Mexico came to an end 
in 1867, and Maximilian was shot. New treaties recognizing expatria- 
tion were made with European nations. The Pacific railroad was 
opened in 1869. The troubles in the South continued and were ag- 
gravated by the " Ku Klux Klan." All the states were represented 
in Congress by 1871. The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution 
was adopted in 1870. Grant and Colfax were inaugurated in 1869. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page xlvii. 



Policy. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



THE NEW NATION. 



REFERENCES. 



A. B. Hart, Source-Book, pp. 352-360 ; G. B. Grinnell, The Story 
of the Indian; E. B. Andrews, Last Quarter-Century in the United 
States, Vol. I. 

Indian 369. The Indian Pcacc PoHcy. (1869.) — Oneof thepleas- 

Peace antest features of Grant's first administration is the effort 

which he made to deal justly with the Indians. He an- 
nounced in his first annual message that he had begun 
"a new policy toward these wards of the nation by giv- 
ing the management of a few reservations of Indians to 
members of the Society of Friends," which body since the 
days of William Penn had taken special interest in the 
Indians and had lived peaceably with them. The Society 
of Friends was to nominate agents to the President, and 
if approved by him they were appointed. Very soon other 
reservations were similarly intrusted to other religious de- 
nominations. 

The President recommended "liberal appropriations to 
carry out the Indian peace policy, not only because it is 
humane, Christianlike, and economical, but because it is 
right." The results of this " Peace Policy," as it was 
called, so far as it was carried out, were such as to give 
great encouragement to its friends. But years of harsh 
and unjust treatment by the whites had made the Indian 
slow to believe in the reality of the change. Moreover, 

404 



The New Nation. 405 

the Indian contractors, fearing lest their gains would cease, 
exerted their great influence to thwart and injure the new 
policy. Many other persons considered it unpractical, and 
not a few echoed the cruel saying, " The only good Indian 
is a dead Indian." There is, however, reason to believe 
that President Grant's action did much to bring the whole 
question before the country and to interest good citizens 
everywhere in the cause of the redman. 

370. Alabama Claims; Geneva Arbitration. (1871.) — Treaty of 
Though the United States had promptly claimed damages ^'^ashmg- 
from Great Britain for 
injuries inflicted upon 
American commerce by 
the Alabama and other 
Confederate war vessels 
fitted out in Enghsh 
ports (sect. 329), the 
British government for the Cruiser "Alabama." 

a long time declined to From a drawing which Captain Semmes pronounced 

consider the question. 

At last, after the Senate had refused to ratify one treaty, 
another was negotiated in 1871 at Washington between 
commissioners of both nations. 

In the treaty of Washington, as it was called, it was 
agreed that all questions about which there was any dis- 
pute between the two nations should be left to arbitration. 
The Alabama Claims were to be referred to five arbitrators, Alabama 
one to be appointed by the United States, one by Great Claims. 
Britain, one by Italy, one by Switzerland, and one by 
Brazil. A majority of these was to decide questions 
brought before them.^ 

1 The United States appointed Charles Francis Adams, who had been the 
United States minister to London during the Civil War, and was thoroughly 




4o6 History of the United States. 



Fishery 
Claims. 



Arbitration. 



Geneva 
award. 



Northwest 
boundary. 



The Fishery Claims of Canada upon the United States 
were referred for settlement to a commission selected by 
Great Britain and the United States ; and the question of 
the true boundary between Washington Territory and 
British Columbia ^ was left to the absolute decision of the 
Emperor of Germany. The fact that two of the most 
powerful nations in the world were willing to leave such 
important matters to arbitration marked a great advance 
in civilization ; the fact that these important questions 
were all peaceably settled marked a still greater triumph 
of justice and good sense. 

371. Award at Geneva; Boundary Dispute. (1872.) 
Fishery Question. (1877.) — The Alabama Commission 
met at Geneva, Switzerland, as had been arranged, and 
after each nation had presented its case, rendered its deci- 
sion September 14, 1872, awarding the United States 
$15,500,000 in compensation for the damages caused by 
the depredations of the Alabama and the Florida and their 
tenders. The American claim for indirect damages was 
not allowed by the commission. Though England was 
not pleased with the verdict, the large sum was promptly 
paid to the representative of the United States. 

The Emperor of Germany decided (1872) the Northwest 
boundary dispute in favor of the United States. Thus, 
after nearly a century, the long line of division between 
the British possessions and the United States was peace- 
ably determined. 

The Fisheries Commission met at Halifax, Nova Scotia, 



familiar with the whole matter ; Great Britain appointed Sir Alexander Cock- 
burn, then the Lord Chief Justice of England ; Italy, Count Sclopis ; Switzer- 
land, her Ex-President Staempfli ; and Brazil, Vicompte d'ltajuba. 

1 This boundary had been a disputed point since the Treaty of 1842 (sect. 
250). 



The New Nation. 407 

and (1877) awarded Great Britain ^5,500,000 in compensa- Fishery 
tion for the extra advantages accruing to the United States ^^^■^'^"• 
from the fishery clauses of the existing treaties. In the 
United States this was universally felt to be greatly in 
excess of the real sum due, and the House of Represen- 
tatives at one time threatened to refuse to make the 
necessary appropriation, but better counsels prevailed, 
the appropriation was authorized, and the payment was 
[ made without unnecessary delay. 

372. Chicago and Boston Fires. (1871, 1872.) — On the Chicago 
' evening of October 9, 1871, a fire broke out in a stable in *^'^'^' '^^J- 
. Chicago, started, it was said, from a coal-oil lamp which a 
; cow kicked over. The fire quickly spread, until, aided by 
j a high wind, it passed beyond control, and for two days 
I it raged through the richest and best parts of the city, not 
I stopping until the lake was reached. More than three 
I square miles were burned over, between two and three 
I hundred persons lost their lives, property to the amount of 
two hundred million dollars was destroyed, and about one 
* hundred thousand people were rendered homeless. One 
! of the most striking illustrations of the rapid communica- 
j tion between different parts of the world, and also of the 
I increasing sympathy of men for men, is the fact that news 
of the great disaster had hardly been telegraphed to other 
I parts of the country before collections for the aid of the 
sufferers were begun, and provisions, clothing, and sup- 
I plies of every kind that might be needed were sent by 
1 railroad. Contributions from every state in the Union, 
( and from beyond the sea, even from Japan, kept pouring 
in to help the stricken city ; no such widespread practical 
sympathy had ever been shown before. About a year Boston fire, 
later, in November, 1872, Boston, Massachusetts, also suf- '''" 
fared from a great fire ; about sixty -five acres were burned 



4o8 History of the United States. 



Amnesty 
Bill. 



Grant re- 
nominated, 
1872. 



Liberal 
Republicans 
nominate 
Greeley. 




Tablet com.memorating 
THE Boston Fire. 



over, and property valued at nearly eighty million dollars 
was destroyed. About the time of the Chicago fire, great 
forest fires occurred in Wisconsin, 
Minne.sota, and Michigan. In Wis- 
consin alone it was estimated that 
fifteen hundred people were burned 
to death. 

373. Amnesty Bill ; Grant renomi- 
nated ; Liberal Republicans ; Demo- 
crats. (1872.)— In May, 1872, 
Congress passed an Amnesty Bill 
by which the political disabilities 
of the former Confederates were removed. Some excep- 
tions of prominent persons were made, but not more than 
three hundred and fifty in all. 

As the time for the Presidential election drew near, the 
majority of the Republican party were in favor of nominat- 
ing President Grant for a second term. Though there 
had been many things connected with his administration 
which were objectionable, the majority of the people had 
perfect confidence in his personal integrity. He was 
accordingly nominated, with Henry Wilson of Massa- 
chusetts, for Vice-President. There was, however, a 
minority of the party which strongly disapproved of the 
use of the national troops in the South to help the recon- 
structed governments maintain their power, and there were 
some who believed from scandals in connection with the 
national administration that a change was necessary. 
Sympathizers with these views called themselves Liberal 
RepubHcans, and in a state election, succeeded in carrying 
Missouri. Encouraged by this, they started a national 
organization and nominated Horace Greeley of New York, 
the editor of the New York Tribune, for President, and 



The New Nation. 



409 



B. Gratz Brown of Missouri for Vice-President. The 



Democratic party, having 
adopted the candidates and 
platform of the Liberal Re- 
publicans. In the election 
that followed, Grant and 
Wilson were elected by a 
large majority of the pop- 
ular and of the electoral 
vote. Horace Greeley, 
worn out by the excitement 
and by ill health, died soon 
after the election. 

374. '< Modoc War." — 
In 1872 there was a war 
with the Modoc Indians of 
southern Oregon. This 
tribe had been badly treated 
some years previously, and 
when new trouble began, 
the old wrongs were re- 
membered. After a war of 



no great issue to present, 




Horace Greeley. 



Horace Greeley was born in New Hamp- 
shire, February 3, 1811. He was ihe son of a 
small farmer, and was taken to Vermont in 
early childhood. He learned printing, and 
worked at his trade for about four years, and 
then went to New York City in 1831. He ar- 
rived with only ten dollars in his pocket. He 
obtained employment, and after many struggles 
attained success. He founded the New York 

nearly a year, three com- Daily Tribune in 1841. He was a strong 
. , Q J- Whig. He was one of the bondsmen for Jeffer- 

miSSlOnerS with a nag Ot son Davis in 1867. in 1872 he was candidate 

truce visited the tribes in ^^' President, but was overwhelmingly de- 

feated. He died November 2g, 1872. 

their retreat among the lava 

beds, and while there two of them were killed. One of the 
victims was General Canby of the United States Army. 
The Indians committed these murders not only because 
the commissioners had refused to yield to their demands, 
but also to avenge some of the tribe who, while under a 
flag of truce, had been killed by United States troops 
twenty years before. At great expense and only after a 



" Modoc 
War," 1872. 



41 o History of the United States. 

heavy loss of life, the tribe was completely conquered, 
and the few who were left were removed to Indian Terri- 
tory.^ 
Crisis of 375- Commercial Crisis of 1873. — The effect of the 

1873- Civil War upon business and financial matters was not 

clearly seen until 1873. Accustomed to lavish expendi- 
ture of money during the conflict, and encouraged by the 
success of the first Pacific Railroad, as well as by large crops, 
the country again entered upon a period of great enter- 
prise, particularly in railroad building. In the four 
years of Grant's first administration the railroad mileage 
of the United States was increased more than fifty 
per cent, and the total had become equal to that of all 
Europe. A condition of affairs very similar to that in 
1857 prevailed; a prominent banking house in Philadel- 
phia, which was largely interested in the Northern Pacific 
Railroad, failed, and one of the worst and most widespread 
financial panics which this country has ever seen was 
precipitated. It was six years before the country fully 
recovered from its effects. 
Temperance 376. Temperance Crusade In Ohio. (1873,1874.) — Dur- 
crusade in jj-^g ^^q winter of 1 873- 1 874 many of the women of Ohio, 
deeply interested in the temperance movement, carried 
on a "crusade," as it was called, against the manu- 
facture and sale of intoxicating liquors. Drinking-saloons 
were visited, and various means of persuasion and personal 
influence were used to induce the saloon-keepers to give 
up the business. The movement extended to Indiana 

1 The subsequent history of the remnants of this tribe is a very interesting 
one. Some of them were put under the care of an honest agent ; and 
through the kindness and the judicious treatment of this man and his wife, 
these Indians, once among the wildest and most intractable, have become 
quiet and law-abiding. 



Ohio. 



The New Nation. 



411 



Temperance 
Union. 




Weather 
Bureau. 



and other western states, and also to New York, particu- Woman's 
larly in Brooklyn. Accompanied at times by objectionable 
features, the movement no doubt 
called increased attention to the 
evils resulting from the use of 
intoxicating liquor as a bever- 
age. Partly as a result of this 
movement was the rise of the 
large and influential organiza- 
tion known as the Woman's 
Christian Temperance Union 
(1874). The crusade also was 
helpful in the establishment of 
a national Prohibition party a 
few years afterward. 

377. Weather Bureau. (1870.) 
— In 1870 Congress estab- 
lished the Weather Bureau for 
the purpose of making accurate 
observations of the weather, and 
publishing the results of the 
observations in the shape of 
*' indications " of approaching 
storms, fine weather, or changes, 
as the case might be. Records 
of the temperature, moisture, 

heights of rivers, and other 
" 1890. 

matters of interest are made 

and published. As the result of careful observation 
and the comparison of many records, the " indications " 
published are found trustworthy in a large majority of 
cases. These weather reports have been of great ser- 
vice in warning farmers, and also sailors in port, of 



Frances Wu.lard. 

Frances Elizabeth Willard was 
born in New York, September 28, 1839. 
She graduated at the Northwestern Fe- 
male College, Evanston, Illinois, in 1S59. 
She became a teacher and filled high 
positions. From 1871 to 1874 she was 
Professor of .^Esthetics in Northwestern 
University and Dean of the Woman's 
College. She left the profession of teach- 
ing in 1874 to identify herself with the 
Woman's Christian Temperance Union. 
She was Secretary of the national organi- 
zation, 1874 to 1879, and President, 1879 
till her death. It is in connection with 
this organization that she is best known, 
and it was largely through her ability and 
personal influence that the organization 
was placed on a firm foundation. She 
died in New York City, February 18, 



412 History of the United States. 



Credit 
Mobilier. 



Franking 
abolished. 



approaching storms, and have prevented much loss of 
property.^ 

378. Credit Mobilier (1872); "Franking" abolished; 
''Salary Grab" (1872). — During the Presidential cam- 
paign many charges of corruption had been brought 
against the Republican party. One of the charges was 
that members of Congress had been bribed to pass 
measures favorable to the Union Pacific Railroad, by 
presents of stock in a corporation known as the Credit 
Mobilier,"-^ a company which had undertaken the con- 
struction of the Union Pacific Railroad. Congress ordered 
an investigation, the result of which was that two of the 
members of the House of Representatives were con- 
demned for the part which they had taken. Others 
suffered much in public estimation for their connection 
with the enterprise, and retired, perforce, from political 
life. 

Prior to 1873 the members of Congress, and very many 
of the government officials, had the privilege of " frank- 
ing " letters, and indeed all matter which could be sent 
through the mails.'^ Mail matter addressed to congress- 
men and officials was likewise free. This privilege was so 
grossly abused that public opinion demanded a revision of 
the law, which was changed so that only publications 
authorized by Congress, and communications on strictly 
official business of the government departments could be 

^ Placed at first under the care of the Signal Service of the army, the 
Weather Bureau was, by order of Congress, transferred to tlie Agricultural 
Department, July i, 1S91. 

■^ Credit Mubilier is a French phrase for credit on movable or personal 
property. 

8 By writing the name of the sender on the outside of the letter or package, 
it was insured free carriage; this was " to frank." The widows of Presidents 
Grant and Garfield, and a few others, were given the privilege of " franking." 



The New Nation. 413 

sent free. An allowance for postage was, however, made 
to each congressman. 

The same Congress also raised the salary of many of Salaries 
the officials of the government ; that of the President of '^^"^^^• 
the United States was raised to $50,000 a year, and that 
of the congressmen to $7500. In the case of congress- 
men the bill was made to apply to the current salaries, 
and the increase to date back to the beginning of the Con- 
gress. This was followed by such a storm of popular dis- 
approval that almost all the congressmen who had taken 
advantage of the new law returned the excess over the 
old salary to the Treasury. The bill, so far as congress- 
men was concerned, was repealed at the next session. " Back 
Congress, however, had done only what previous Con- ,,^ ^^'^„ 

» > ' J i. (jrab. 

gresses had done. In itself the advance in the salary was 
doubtless justifiable, and had it been unaccompanied by 
the " Back Salary Grab," as it was called, it is not hkely 
that the action would have provoked criticism. 

379. Republican Reverses. (1874.) — In 1874 the United 
President was called upon so frequently for assistance j^QQ^gint^e 
in preserving order in the reconstructed states (Constitu- south. 
tion, Art. IV., sect. 4) that the patience of the country, 
as well as that of the President, was greatly tried. The 
belief was growing that the United States troops should 
no longer be used for supj)orting state factions, and 
that it was quite time to withdraw Federal troops from 
the reconstructed states. This feeling was shown very 
decidedly in the fall elections of 1874, when states which 
had been considered surely Republican elected Democratic 
officers and legislatures, and the Republican majority of Republicans 
107 in the House of Representatives was turned into a ^^ eated. 
Democratic majority of 74. This political upheaval, show- 
ing a growing independence of thought, was due partly to 



414 Historv of the United States. 

southern affairs, and partly to the }H^htical corruption 
which had been unearthed. 

Added to these influences it is not unlikely that the 
financial panic of the preceding- year had its effect, for 
it is a curious fact, particularly in republics, that the 
party holding the reins of goyernment for the time being 
is often held responsible for things \yholly beyond its 
power to control. Thus a failure in crops will sometimes 
turn a party out of office. 
Frauds on 380. Whiskey Frauds; Resumption Act. 1^1875.) — 

the govern- j^^ jv^-. ^.xtensiye frauds in connection with the internal 

ment. 

reyenue tax on whiskey were discoyered, implicating offi- 
cers of the goyernment, some of whom were conyicted on 
trial. The result of these reyelations of corruption and 
dishonesty was a widespread and exaggerated belief in 
the inefficiency and corruption of goyernment officers 
generally. 

On January 14. 1875, Congress passed an act proyiding 

that on and after the first day of January, 1879. the Secre- 

Kedemption tary of the Treasury should redeem in gold coin all bills 

"^'"^" of the United States presented to the Treasury. When 

this act was passed many thought it a mere political deyice. 

not belieying it possible for the country to resume specie 

payment so soon (sect. 302). 

Centennbi 381. Centennial Exhibition; Telephone. (^1876.) — As 

exhibition, ^j^^ ^^j.^^ huudreth anniyersary of the independence of the 

I'nited States approached, it was determined to celebrate 

it by holding a grand exhibition in the city of Philadelphia, 

where independence had been proclaimed. In aid of this 

enterprise Congress yoted an appropriation of 5i.30C).oc\^ 

The other nations of the world were inyited to take part 

in the exhibition, and the result was a truly international 

enterprise. One of the largest of the foreign displays 



The New Nation. 415 

was that of Great Britain, a pleasing- testimony to the 
good feeling existing between the two great English- 
speaking nations of the wdrkl. in spite ot the past occa- 
sions for differences. 

The centennial exhibition was kept oixmi from May 10 
to November 1, 1876, more than ten miUion visitors being 
admitted. The exhibition had a great educational value. 
It brought the results of industry and invention before the 
people to a degree impossible by other means, instructed 
t them in the knowledge of the products of their own and 
other countries, and greatly educated the taste of the 
whole community. The United States surpassed all other 
nations in the varictv and usefulness of inventions ; Kiectiicity 
among the most striking of these were the practical '^"'' ''^*^ 

t ,.^ . . , . . ^ . .,, . . , telophone. 

' application ot electricity tor illuminating purposes, and 
the telephone.^ 

382. ''Sioux War"; Colorado Admitted. (1876.) — 
Again there was trouble with the Indians. The Sioux 
tribe had been given a reservation near the Black Hills 
in Dakota on which to li\e. (u^ld was discovered in this 
region, and at once great numbers of white settlers and 
miners entered the reservation. The Sioux, under the 
lead oi their chief, Sitting Bull, resisted and retaliated 
upon the settlers in Montana and Wyoming. The Sioux Sioux War. 
had alreadv refused to give up their reservation and retire 
to the Indian Territorv. A considerable force was sent 
against them; and in the course of the war General Custer 
with a small band of soldiers rashlv following the Indians, 
was attacked by a greatly sujierior force, and he and all 
his men were killed. The tribe, however, was soon over- 

1 The invention of the telephone has been claimed by several persons, hut 
to Alexander Graham Bell, of Massachusetts, seems to belong the credit of the 
] invention of a practical instrument. 



41 6 



History of the United States. 



Colorado 
admitted, 
1S76. 



Secretary 

Belknap 

impeached 



" Green- 
back •• 
party. 



powered, and Sitting Bull and the remnant tied across the 
border into Canada. 

Colorado was admitted as a state in 1876, and hence is 
known as the "Centennial State."' Its chief interest is 
mining", but it is well adapted to grazing, and in many 
parts to agriculture. The dryness of its atmosphere has 
made it a great health resort. Its growth in population 
and wealth has been rapid, the Pacific Railroads having 
done much to make this growth possible. 

383. Impeachment of Belknap ; Nomination of Presi- 
dential Candidates. 1,1876.) — At the Presidential election 
in 1876 there seemed no great political questions before 
the country ; the Republicans reaffirmed their old plat- 
form and dwelt upon what the partv had done in the 
past. The Democrats, encouraged by their successes in 
1874, attacked the Republicans vigorously for the mistakes 
that had been made, and for the political corruption that 
had been disclosed. Additional force was given to the 
accusations, bv a charge brought against the Secretary of 
War. W. \V. Belknap, of receiving bribes in relation to the 
appointment of office-holders. Belknap was impeached by 
the House of Representatives, but as he resigned the 
office before the impeachment, there was some question as 
to the power of Congress to take such action after his 
resignation had been accepted by the President. As a 
two-thirds majority did not vote for conviction, the prosecu- 
tion failed. 

An interesting feature of the campaign, showing the 
drifts and currents of public opinion, was the appearance 
in the field of two other parties with candidates. These 
were, first, the National Greenback party, which held that 
the Resumption Act (sect. 380) should be repealed, and 
that the currency of the country should be paper money, 



The New Nation. 417 

convertible at the will of the holder into United States 

bonds bearing" 3.65 per cent annual interest/ secondly, the 

National Prohibition party, which called for the prohibition Prohibition 

of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors for a P'^^^y- 

beverage. 

After a bitter contest in the convention, the Repub- Hayes 

lican factions compromised by nominating Rutherford nominated, 

i8"6 
B. Hayes of Ohio for President, and William A. Wheeler ' 

of New York for \'ice-President. The Democratic con- 
vention, rehearsing the shortcomings of the Republicans 
and demanding the speedy repeal of the Resumption Act, 
nominated Samuel J. Tilden of New York for President, 
and Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana for Vice-President. 
The campaign was an exciting one. After the election Disputed 

dav it was found that the result was exceedingly close, '^^'^'^_^'°"' 

1876. 
dependmg chiefly upon the votes of four states, South 

Carolina, P'lorida, Louisiana, and Oregon. In each there 

was a dispute as to the electoral vote. To succeed, the 

Republicans must secure the vote of every one of these 

states. 

.384. Returning Boards. (1876, 1877.) — During the Raurning 
reconstruction period in the South, one feature of the leg- ^'^^'^^^• 
islation had been the creation of committees called 
" Returning Boards," whose duties were to receive the 
election returns from the various parts of the state and 
count the number of votes for the different candidates. 
The discretionary power given to these boards was very 
great, and from their decision there was no appeal. 

On the face of the returns in both Florida and Louisiana, Returns in 
the Democrats had a majoritv of votes; but the Return- i'i«"'^'aand 

T-. T-t 1- T-. 11- ... Louisiana. 

ing Boards m these states, havmg Republican majorities 
in each case, threw out so many votes on the ground of 

1 Tiiat is, that the interest on each Sioo should i)e one cent per day. 



4t8 History of the United States. 



Returns in 
Florida and 
Louisiana. 



Electoral 
Commis- 
sion. 



intimidation of voters — a legal excuse if true — that both 
states were given to the Republicans. The Democrats 
claimed that they had been cheated out of the election 
by fraud. The Republicans were equally strong in declar- 
ing that their candidates were legally and justly chosen. 
Congress had exercised for a long time the right to decide 
disputed electoral votes ; at this time, however, the Senate 
and House were controlled by different parties, and there 
seemed no hope of an agreement, as neither house would 
consent to any plan which would surely seat the opposing 
candidate. " Never since the formation of the govern- 
ment, nor even in the darkest days of the Civil War, were 
there such anxious forebodings among thoughtful men as 
prevailed for some days in January, 1877." 

385. Electoral Commission. (1877.) — Finally the sober- 
minded men of both parties in Congress united upon a plan 
to settle the dispute, which after much discussion was 
accepted by Congress and the President. This was, that 
a "Joint High Commission " should be appointed, to which 
all questions relative to points concerning the electoral 
votes upon which the two houses of Congress could not 
agree, should be referred, for a final decision. This com- 
mission was to consist of fifteen ; five to be chosen by the 
Senate and five by the House of Representatives, four to 
be Justices of the Supreme Court, and these last to choose 
another justice of the same court to complete the fifteen. 

It was so arranged that the fourteen were equally divided 
between the two political parties ; and it was expected that 
the justices would choose as their associate, Justice David 
Davis, who was classed as an independent in politics, and 
whose views no one knew. Just at this time, however, 
Davis was elected senator for the state of Illinois ; and it 
was deemed unsuitable for him to act on the commission. 



The New Nation. 419 

The justices accordingly chose another of the associates 
in his place. This one happened to be Republican in his 
views, so the commission was constituted of eight Repub- 
licans and seven Democrats. 

386. Decision in Favor of Republicans. (1877.) — When Decision in 
the first disputed case came up before it, the commission favor of the 
decided, eight to seven, ^ that it would not go behind the ^^^^^ 
returns of the Returning Boards and investigate the local 
proceedings in the contested states. This decision practi- 
cally gave the election to the Republicans. On all the 
important points which came before it, the commission 
decided in favor of the Republican candidates, who were 
accordingly declared elected early on the morning of the 
third of March. Thus one of the greatest dangers to which 
the country has ever been exposed was peaceably averted.^ 
" It has been reserved for a government of the people, 
where the right of suffrage is universal, to give to the 
world the first example in history of a great nation, in the 
midst of the struggle of opposing parties for power, hush- 
ing its party tumults to yield the issue of the contest to 
adjustment according to the forms of law." 

The decision of the commission not to go behind the The decision 
returns was a wise one. Any attempt to investigate ^'^^* 
the alleged frauds would have led to endless trouble 
and dangerous delay, resulting in no legal government, 
as the investigation would necessarily have lasted long 
after the 4th of March, the time for a new administration 
to enter office. The acquiescence of the Democratic can- 
didates and of their party in the decision is worthy of 
great praise. 

1 That the decision should have been in accord with the pohtical views of 
the majority was to be expected. Such has been the ahnost universal expe- 
rience in England and other countries. There were 185 electoral votes for 
Hayes and Wheeler, and 184 for Tilden and Hendricks. 



420 History oi the Ihiited States. 



SUMMARY. 

The "Indian peace policy" was begun hy CTcneral Grant. By the 
Treaty of Washington, 1871, all claims arising tVom the (lepredatit)ns 
of the .Ualhji/ia and other Confederate cruisers tilled out in (ireat 
Britain were referred to arbitration. The arbitrators met at Geneva. 
Switzerland, and awarded the United States )? 15,500,000. Important 
questions regarding the Northwestern boinular\, and the Newfoundland 
fisheries were also determined liv arbitration. Great tires occurred in 
Chicago, 1S71, and in Boston, 1S72. Grant was renominated and re- 
elected, 1872. There were troubles with the Modoc Indians. A great 
commercial crisis took place in 1873. •^" active temperance movement 
was begun in the same year. The I'nited States Weather Bureau was 
establisheil in 1870. There were many charges of corruption among 
government olTicials and among congressmen. The.se led to the 
impeachment ofW. W. Belknap, Secretary of War, and to the C"redit 
JMobilier investigations. The Democrats were suecesshil in the elec- 
tions of 1874. An act was passed in 1875, pi'oviding for the resumption 
of specie pavments January i, 1879. The Centennial Exposition was 
held at Philadelphia, 1876. The Presidential campaign was an exciting 
one, and the choice turned on one \ ote. .\fter much discussion, the 
question was referred to the Klectoral Commission which decided bv a 
vote of seven to eight in favor of the Repui)lican candidates, Hayes and 
Wheeler. 

For Topical .\nalysis, see Appendix X., page xlviii. 



cii/\n"i.i< XIX. 

(iROWni AND I)h,\ I'.I.OI'MI'.N'I'. 



REFERENCES. 

A. r.. Ilail. Sdincc-r.odk. pp. ?6o ^72; 1'",. 15. Aiulrcw.s, La.st 
(,)ii.iilci -( 'rnlui\' ill llic Ihiilcd .Stales. \'()1. I. 



387. Hayes and his Ad- 
ministration. (1877-1881.) 
- - Rulliciloid H. I layes 
wa.s a man ol slcrliii.i;' iiUcg- 
rity. i Ic was an advucate 
of ci\il sci'vice rcloiin, of 
the early resuiiiplioii ol 
sjjeeie payineiils, and ol a 
I ])olicy toward the Soiilii 
Ihat would treat all chisse.s 
with justice. The inauj;u- 
ration passed olT |)eacerully, 
and llu' country (|uielly ac- 
ee[)ted the lesult. Pi'esideiit 
I layes withdrew the few 




kni iii'.kiiiKii 



AYl'.S. 



Uii'i Iff' iMciKi) Hi U'( iiAKi) Uavi'S w;\s born 
Ohio, Ol loli.r ^, iHv.'. Jl(.- ki."1":iI<-iI '■<>■ 
, . , ..-,iiyoii C'ollrH^", Oliio, aiul sllidiccl l:iw. He 

tl'001)S still lell Ul the .South, enlisted in jSor, .•md served Willi dislijiclion, 
,1 1 .. I risini; to llic isinU of nnijoi-ucncr.d of voliin- 

the whites assumed com- ,^^.,.^^ ,.,^ ^,,^ rep, JnCUive in Consrcss 

i)lete control, and the South ■sf's-'SC'?; govemor of ohio my-iSyi-. 1875- 

' _ _ 187O. Wa.s elected I'lesulent 1.^76 :nid served 

became solidly Democratic.' 1877-1881. Hcdied januiny .7, ih,,;. 

' It lias lu'fM t:liar},'i'<l llial Ilaycs, hy ackiKiwicdj^in;^ llic I )(iii()( ratic 
j^ovcriimcnts in tlic (iis|)ulci| states, |)raclically iiiipii^^iud liis own title. I low- 
ever this may lie, li<; was IiduiiiI to accept tiie decision of Congress wliieii 
declared tliat he was lej^ally electcil. 

421 



1 'resident 
1 layes, 
1877. 



42 2 History of the United States. 

Administia- The administration of Hayes was a welcome calm after 



tion ol 
Hayes. 



the troubled years immediately following the Civil War. 
Void of any events of striking character, it has often been 
spoken of as " a colorless administration." President 
Hayes occupied an exceedingly difficult position, which he 
filled with dignity and with skill; and his influence was 
always exerted on the side of morality, justice, reform, 
good government, and sound principles of finance. His 
administration was a great credit to the country. 
Silver Bill 388. Silver Bill. (1878.) — In 1870, in order to 

of 1873. strengthen the credit of the government, Congress had 
made all bonds payable in coin, and in an act passed 
February 12, 1873, in which the list of coins to be issued 
from the national mints was revised, the old silver dollar, 
which had been out of general circulation for many years, 
was dropped. The silver dollar was intrinsically worth 
more than the gold dollar ; and under such circumstances 
there was no reason for continuing its coinage. 

Shortly after the passage of this bill, by which silver 
was said to be "demonetized,"^ the production of silver 
was greatly increased by the discovery of new and rich 
mines in Nevada and elsewhere. The effect of this in- 
creased production was to make the value of silver in 
comparison with gold fall rapidly and steadily. Many, 
especially those who lived in the western and silver- 
producing states, now wished silver to be restored as 
Bland Bill, a legal tender. A bill known as the Bland Bill, from 
1878. ^YiQ name of the congressman who introduced it, was 

passed, providing for the recoinage of the silver dollar of 
41 2| grains, making it a legal tender, and requiring the 
government to coin not less than $2,000,000, or more 

^ To demonetize is to withdraw from use as money; the coin is then no 
longer a legal tender in payment of debts. 



Growth and Development. 423 

than $4,000,000, a month.^ The value of sih-er had Bland Bill, 
fallen so much by this time that silver dollars of the weight 
proposed would be worth only ninety-two cents in gold. 
The advocates of the bill believed that its passage would 
raise the value of silver. President Hayes vetoed the 
bill, but it was passed over his veto by more than two- 
thirds majority. 

389. Railroad Strikes. (1877.) — In the summer of 1877 Railroad 
the most extensive strikes yet seen in the country occurred strikes, 
among the railroad employees of the middle and some '''^' 
of the western states. The cause of these strikes was the 
action of some of the railroad companies in lowering the 
wages of the men. In consequence, the men refused to 
work or to allow others to take their places. Trains, 
except those carrying the United States mail, were 
stopped. At Philadelphia and Baltimore prompt action 
by the authorities preserved order, but there were serious 
riots at Pittsburg, Chicago, St. Louis, and elsewhere. At 
Pittsburg, mobs controlled the city ; lives were lost, rail- 
road stations, locomotives, cars, and large amounts of 
other property were destroyed, the loss being estimated 
at over $3,000,000. It was not until the militia, and in 
some instances the United States troops, were ordered out, 
that the trouble ended. It was about two weeks before 
regular traffic was restored everywhere. 

390. Yellow Fever in the South. (1877, 1878.) — In the Yellow fever 
summers of 1877 and 1878 the states on the Gulf of Mexico, '" the South. 
and parts of adjoining states, were visited by a terrible 
epidemic of yellow fever, the cities of Memphis and New 
Orleans being the greatest sufferers. As in the case of 

1 From 1784 to 1873 only 8,000,000 silver dollars in all had been coined; 
( the supporters of the hill hoped to have six times as many coined in a single 
I year. 



424 History of the United States. 



Yellow 
lever. 



Mississip 
jetties. 



the Chicago fire, assistance of all kinds was cheerfn/ly sent 
to the afflicted cities. The lack of sanitai-y regulations 
contrihutes greatly to the spread of yellow fever. Taught 
by this severe lesson, strict laws were enacted. In the 
case of Memphis particularly, the whole city was thor- 
oughly cleansed, a new system of drainage adopted, and 
a rigorous system of sanitary laws devised and carried 
out. This action has been followed by highly satisfactory 
results. 

391. Mississippi Jetties. (1875.) — The Mississippi River 
brings down everv vear a vast amount of sediment; much 




A BlKlVS-KVK Vll'.W OK I'llK MlSSISSlTl'l JKiriKS Xl I'OKl i;\l>S IN iS 



lames U. 
V;ads. 



of which falls to the bottom near the mouth of the stream. 
This makes the river shallower, impedes navigation, and 
tends to make the river overflow its banks, causing great 
loss of luopertw A head v two o( the mouths of the 
Mississii^pi were too shallow to admit large vessels, nor 
could the largest ships reach New Orleans even by the 
principal channel. James B. l{ads of St. Louis, a civil 
engineer, designer of a bridge across the river at St. 
Louis, proposed to Congress a plan, which he was confi- 
dent would deepen the channel and at the same time 
keep the river within its banks better than had been 



Growth and Development. 425 

possible heretofore. Congress i;rudi;ingly gave him i)er- 
mission to test liis phin, and made an a|ipropriation 
conditional upon his success, compelling him, moreover, 
to try his experiment upon the South Pass, which was 
the mouth or pass of the river least used and most un- 
promising. 

His purpose was to confine the water within narrower Eads' "jetty 
bounds, thus making the current swifter, and forcing the system." 
water not only to clear out its own channel, but to keep it 
cleared out, the swiftness of the current preventing much 
deposit of sediment. This "jetty system,"^ had been 
pursued with great success on the Danube. Within the 
contract time he had deepened the channel from eight to 
twenty feet, as he had promised, and later the channel was 
further deepened, so that large vessels can now come up 
to New Orleans without difficulty. 

392. Resumption of Specie Payments. (1879.) — On the Resumption 
1st of January, 1879, in accordance with the act of Con- of specie 
gress four years previously (sect. 380), the Secretary of the 13,1"^^" ]' 
Treasury, John Sherman, announced that he would give 1879. 
gold for any United States notes which might be presented 
for payment. So confident were the people that such would 
be the case, and so excellent was the credit of the govern- 
ment on account of the steady payment of the debt, that 
the premium on gold had gradually disa])])cared, or more 
correctly, the notes had become equal to gold. When 
the holders knew that they could get gold whenever 
they wished, no one cared to exchange the convenient 
notes for the heavy metal. The success of the oper- 
ation increased the credit of the government still 
more, so that it was now able to borrow at a lower rate 

' A jetty is a structure of wood, stone, etc., conlining the current of a river 
or the tide. 



426 



History of the United States. 



of interest than ever, and to refund a large portion of 
its debt with a great saving in the annual expense for 
interest.^ 

393. Garfield elected President. Assassination. (1880.) — 
In the Presidential electit)n of 1880, James A. Garfield 

and Chester A. Arthur, the 
Republican candidates, were 
elected over General Wlnfield 
iat^'v ' > S. Hancock and William H. 

W,4 : ^""^J English, the Democratic can- 

^ '^\ didates. No man since John 

Ouincy Adams had been elected 
to the Presidency who seemed 
in every way better fitted for 
the office. His nomination had 
been unsought, and he was un- 
trammelled by political bar- 
gains. Much was looked for 
from his administration ; but 
it was cut shint by a disap- 
pointed office-seeker who shot 
the President in a railroad sta- 
tion at Washington, Julv 2, 
1881, as he was about leaving 
for a Fourth of July cele- 
bration at his old college in 
Massachusetts. After hnger- 
ing for a little over three 
months, he died. September 
19, at Elberon. on the New Jersey coast, where he had 
been removed in the vain hope of improvement. The for- 

1 Loans at 6 per cent and over were called in ami reissued at 4j and 4 per 
cent. About $30,000,000 a year in interest was thus saved. 




JAMF.S A. GARKIKI.O. 

Jamks .Abkam Gakf.elu was born 
in Ohio, November lo, 1S31. His youth 
was spent in poverty. He graduated 
at Williams College in 1S56. He taught 
Latin and Greek at Hiram College, 
Ohio, and became the president of the 
institution. He studied law, but en- 
tered the army in 1S61, where he served 
with great distinction. By the advice 
of President Lincoln and others he re- 
signed in order to enter Congress. 
Here he remained initil iSSo, serving 
on the most important committees. He 
was chosen senator in iSSo, and in 
June, 1880, was unexpectedly nominated 
for President. He was elected and was 
inaugurated in March, 1881. 



Growth and Development. 



427 



dent Arthur 
succeeds. 



titude with which he bore his suffering aroused the sym- 
pathy and admiration of the world. 

394. Arthur Succeeds. (1881.) — Vice-President Arthur vice-Presi 
quietly succeeded to the Presidency. He had little reputa- 
tion beyond that of a politician, nominated for political 
reasons, and many had voted 
for him reluctantly ; but his 
admirable deportment during 
the illness of the President 
reassured the country, and 
he proved himself fully wor- 
thy of the office which had 
fallen to him without the 
wish or expectation of the 
people. 

395. Anti-Polygamy Bill, 
(1882) ; Civil Service Act 
(1883). — In 1882 Senator 
Edmunds of Vermont, intro- 
duced into Congress a bill 
designed to suppress polyg- 
amy, w^hich was still prac- 
tised by the Mormons in 
Utah and in the neighboring 
territories. The bill became 

a law, and in 1890 the president of the Mormon body 
officially announced that polygamy would be abolished. 

The death of President Garfield had attracted the atten- 
tion of the people to the question of reform in the matter 
of appointments and removals in the public service. P2ver 
since the time of Andrew Jackson, public offices had been 
considered the legitimate reward for party services. Now 
the people began to feel that the government business 




Chkstek a. Arthur. 

From a photograph. 

Chestek Alan Arthur was born in 
Vermont, October 5, 1830. He graduated 
at Union College, New York, 1848. He 
taught school for two years and studied 
law. He was Collector of the Port of 
New York 1871-1878. He was nominated 
as Vice-President with Garfield 1880, and 
on the death of President Garfield became 
President. He died November 18, 1886. 



Anti-Polyg- 
amy Bill. 



428 History of the United States. 

Civil Service should be Carried on according to business principles, and 
Act, 1883. ^^^^ ^ government clerk should be chosen not because he 
was a Democrat or a Republican, but because of his fitness 
for the position ; nor should he be removed unless for 
incompetency or breach of trust. President Grant had 
urged the subject upon the attention of Congress, and a 
bill creating a board of civil service commissioners had 
been passed, and appointments made under its advice ; but 
Congress refused to continue the appropriation for its sup- 
port. In 1883 Congress passed the Pendleton Civil Ser- 
vice Act, which was approved by President Arthur. This 
allowed the President to appoint examiners, who were to 
decide upon the qualifications of the appHcants for the 
offices ; from those shown to be qualified appointments 
were to be made. The provisions of the bill at first 
applied to only a few of the ofifices, but have since been 
extended to many more.^ 

Another important feature of the act was the provision 
that contributions should not be solicited from the govern- 
ment employees for political purposes, and that employees 
should not take an active part in political contests. The 
Constitution vests the power of appointment, except for 
inferior offices, in the President (Art. II., sect. 2), and any 
law respecting appointments can be in the nature of advice 
only. The force of public opinion and the desire to escape 
the great pressure for offices have led Presidents more 
and more to avail themselves of the act. 

396. Mississippi Floods (1882); Tariff Revision 

1 The bill was introduced by George H. Pendleton, a Democratic senator 
from Ohio, and was passed in both houses of Congress, irrespective of party. 
The civil service includes all lower executive offices, except those in the army 
and navy. The bill does not apply to heads of departments or to the higher 
offices. 



mission. 



Growth and Development. 429 

(1883) — For a time attention was turned from political Mississippi 

matters by a great disaster in the southwest. In 1882 the ^'^'^'^^' 
■' 1882. 

Mississippi River overflowed its banks, broke through the 

levees, and flooded the neighboring country for miles ; 
thousands were forced to leave their homes, and there was 
great suffering in consequence. There would have been 
many deaths from exposure and starvation had not Con- 
gress promptly authorized the War Department to furnish 
tents and rations. 

It has been seen that one way adopted to secure part of 
the funds necessary for the carrying on of the Civil War 
had been to raise the duty on imported goods, and at the 
same time greatly to extend the list of dutiable articles. 
It was now eighteen years since the close of the war. A Tariff com- 
large part of the debt had been paid off, and the income 
of the government was much greater than its necessary 
expenses. Many persons believed not only that taxation 
was too high, but also that a surplus of revenue was 
bad for the country, as it tended to encourage extrava- 
gant appropriations by Congress. Accordingly, it was 
determined to lower the tariff. A commission was ap- 
pointed ; and as a result of its work, a revision of the 
tariff was made in 1883, but the reductions were very 
slight, and little was accomplished. 

397. Brooklyn Bridge (1869-1883); Standard Time Brooklyn 
(1883). — Between New York and Brooklyn flows the East bridge. 
River, a deep stream and a great highway of commerce. 
Proposals for bridging it had often been discussed, but 
no attempt was made until 1869, when the work was 
undertaken by John A. Roebling, the civil engineer who 
designed the suspension bridge across the Niagara River 
just below the falls. He died before the bridge was 
begun ; but his son, Washington A. Roebling, carried out 



43° 



History of the Ignited States. 



Standard 
time. 



the plans, and the great work was completed in 1883. It 
is one of the longest and most beautiful suspension 
bridges in the world. It is more than a mile in length, 
is supported by wire cables mt)re than a foot thick, and 
is one hundred ami thirtv-two feet above the water at 
high tide. 

In 18S3 the great railroad com]>anies. which had suf- 
fered much incon\enience from the different standards of 
time in use in ilifferent parts of the countrv. agreed to 



.' ,»*•• *y. 




divide the countrv from east to west into four -sections, as 
nearly equal as practicable. Throughout each section the 
same time was to be used, the time to be that of the merid- 
ian passing through the middle of the sectiim. These cen- 
tral meridians are exactly one hour apart, and are calculated 
from the meridian of Greenwich, England. Thus when it 
is noon in New York, standard time makes it eleven 
o'clock in the forenoon at Chicago. M-hich is in the next 
section, and so on. regardless of the actual time at anv 



(jrc)wth and Development. 43 1 

{^iven i)Iacc. The railroads arc so imporlanl in llic econ- 
omy of niotiern cixili/alion, thai almost all persons in the 
country have acl()i)tecl the new system, and set theii" clocks 
and watches to ai^ree with "railroad standard time." 

398. Washington Monument Completed (1885); York- Dcdicaiion 

town Celebration (1881). Dmin-- y\rthur's administra- "f ^Vasl^n{r. 
, , , , , J- ton Mdiiu- 
tion two niterestnii;- events brought hack the memory ot ^^^^_^^^ 

the l''orefathers' days, and illustrated the changes which 
have taken place in the meantime. Inunediately alter the 
death of Washington, C."onj.;"ress hat! voted to erect a monu- 
ment in his honor, but it was not until nearly fifty years 
had i)assed that even the corner-stone was laid (1848). 
The work was undertaken by an association, but went on 
so slowly that the unfinished monument became a subject 
of ridicule. At last Congress was persuaded to a])pro- 
priate money for its completion, and it was finished and 
dedicated February 21, 1885. it is five hundred and fifty- 
five feet hii^h, a simple obelisk of white marble ca])])ed 
with aluminum. It was a remarkable circumstance that 
Robert C. VVinthiop of Massachusetts, the orator who 
gave the address at the time of laying the corner-stone, 
was still livini; and able to prepare that for the dedica- 
tion. When the work was more than half c<)m[)leted it 
was found that the foundation was sinking;', so it was 
determined to tr)' to build a new foundation without tak 
ing down that part of the structure which had already 
been erected, 'j'his work, a triunijjh of modern engineer- 
ing, was successfully accom])lished under the direction of 
Colonel Casey, of the United States ("oijis of luigineers. 

The other event was the celebration of the centennial Yorktown 
anniversary of the surrender at Yorktown, October 19, (-'cnienmal, 
1881. The celebration was held on the s])ot ; and, by 
invitation, several of the Lafayette family, and other 



432 History of the United States. 

Yorktown representatives from France, were present. One of the 
Centennial, very pleasant features of the occasion was the participa- 
tion of the British minister and other Englishmen in the 
exercises, thus showing how changed were the feelings 
from those of one hundred years before. At the close 
of the exercises, President Arthur gracefully ordered the 
British flag to be raised, that it might receive a military 
salute in proof of the good feeling existing between the 
two countries. 
NewOrieans 399. New Orleans Cotton Exhibition. (1884.) — There 
Cotton Ex- ^^^g another centennial celebration of a different character 

position, 

1884. held in New Orleans in 1884. In r784 eight bags ^ of 

cotton were exported from the United States, the first 
shipment of the kind which had ever been made, and it 
was to commemorate this event that "The World's In- 
dustrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition " was held at 
the greatest cotton port of the United States, — New 
Orleans. The eight bags of 1784 had become 3,898,905 
bales in 1884, of which about 2,000,000 bales were exported 
from New Orleans.^ 
Progress in Interesting as the growth in the cotton industry was, 

the South. ^YxQ exhibition was still mord instructive in showing the 
vast strides which the South had taken in the seventeen 
years since the close of the war, in agriculture, and par- 
ticularly in manufactures. In i860, south of Maryland, 
there were hardly any manufactures to be reported in the 
census; in 1884 millions of dollars were invested in mills 
producing cotton cloth, iron, oil, flour, and many other 
articles, while in agriculture the production under free 
labor far surpassed that under slavery. The cotton crop 

1 The eight bags were abouL equal to one bale. 

2 A bale of cotton is here tWi'en as weighing about 450 pounds, though bales 
vary considerably in weight. 



Growth and Development. 



433 




of i860, at that time the largest ever raised, amounted 
to about 5,000,000 bales, that of 1884 was about 6,000,000 
bales. In addition 'to this, 
besides a large amount of 
corn and wheat, the South 
now raised vast quantities of 
early fruits and vegetables, 
which, owing to the means 
of rapid transportation of- 
fered by railroads and steam- 
ship lines, found a ready 
market in the northern cities ; 
and in Florida thousands of 
orange groves supplied the 
northern markets with fruit, 
excelling in flavor that from 
Italy and the West Indies, 
and to. a very great e.xtent dis- 
placing it. 

400. Education in the 
South. (1884.) — It was evi- 
dent that it would be a long 
time before the political and 
social condition of the freed- 
men and that of their de- 
scendants in the South would 
be thoroughly satisfactory. 
In South Carolina, Louisiana, 
and Mississippi, where the 
whites were in an actual mi- 
nority, an especially difficult 
problem presented itself. In ''' '^^^' 
1866 George Peabody, the philanthrop 



Progress in 
the South. 



George Peabody. 

George Peabody, the philanthropist, 
was born in Danvers, Mass., February i8, 
1795. His family were poor, and he re- 
ceived a scanty education. He began his 
business life at the age of eleven. Before 
he was twenty he removed to Georgetown, 
District of Columbia, and thence to Balti- 
more. Here he became a successful mer- 
chant. In 1837 he removed to London, 
England, and became a banker and amassed 
a large fortune. In 1822 he gave to his 
native town of Danvers twenty thousand 
do 'ars "for the promotion of knowledge." 
From this time his gifts for philanthropic 
purposes were large and frequent. In all 
he is supposed to have given away eight 
and a half million dollars, besides leaving 
large sums to his relatives. Among his 
gifts were a million and a half dollars to 
found the Peabody Institute in Baltimore; 
two hundred thousand dollars to the Pea- 
body Institute in Danvers; three and a half 
million dollars for the promotion of educa- 
tion in the southern states without regard 
to race; and two and a half millions for the 
better housing of the deserving poor in 
London. He died in London, November 



.Social prob- 
lems in the 

South. 



gave a large 



George Pea- 
body. 



434 



History of the United States. 



John F. 
Slater. 



Nomina- 
tions of 
1^84, 
Republican. 



Democratic. 



sum, afterward increased to $3,500,000, in aid of education 
in the South ; and in 1882 John F. Slater, a wealthy manu- 
facturer of Norwich, Connecticut, gave $1,000,000 for 
the education of the freedmen in the South. Both these 
large endowments are under the care of boards of man- 
agement. The southern states themselves are spending 
large sums in the cause of education. 

One of the most striking features of the " New South " 
is the accumulation of property by the former slaves and 
their descendants. In 1865 this class may be said to have 
had no property; in the census of 1890 they are shown to 
have already become owners of $100,000,000. 

401. Four Parties in Election of 1884. — In the Presi- 
dential campaign of 1884 there were four candidates in the 
field. The Republicans nominated James G. Blaine of 
Maine, for President, and John A. Logan for Vice-Presi- 
dent. Many in the party wore dissatisfied with these 
nominations and asserted that they were in the interest of 
the politicians rather than of the country. These men 
withdrew from the Republican party, and called them- 
selves Independents, but were popularl\' named " Mug- 
wumps."^ 

A number of these held a convention and issued a cir- 
cular, calling upon those who sympathized with them to 
support the Democratic candidates and to persuade other 
voters to do likewise. 

The Democratic convention nominated Grover Cleve- 
land, who was governor of New York, for President, and 
Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana, for Vice-President. 
A convention representing various shades of political 
belief, and called the Anti-Monopolv, Greenback, Labor, 

' This word seems to be of North .\merican Indian origin, and meant origi- 
nally a chief, but is now used as signifying a " bolter," or an independent. 



Growth and Development. 



435 



People's party, nominated General Benjamin F. But- People's 
ler of Massachusetts, and A. M. West, of Mississippi, l^^''^- 
The Prohibitionists nominated Governor John P. St. John Prohibition 
of Kansas, and William Daniel of Maryland. A feature P^'^^^" 
of the Prohibition conx-ention was the presence of women 
as delegates. The platform of this party demanded the 
prohibition, wherever the national government had con- 
trol, of the manufacture, sale, 
and use of into.xicating bever- 
ages ; it declared against the 
collection of revenue from 
the sale of alcoholic liquors, 
and it opposed the admission 
of any state the constitution 
of which did not prohibit 
polygamy, and the manufac- 
ture and sale of intoxicating 
liquors. 

402. Cleveland elected. 
(1884-1885.) — The election 
which followed was so close 
that the result depended upon 
the vote of the state of New 




(jKO\ Ik Cl r \ FI AND 
From a photograph. 



Cleveland 

elected, 

1884. 



Grover Cleveland was born in New 
Jersey, March 18, 1837. He received a 
.,, , , , , common school and academic education. 

York, and there the two great He studied law. He was sheriir in 1870, 
parties were so evenly divided '"'^ '" '^^' "■'*' '^'"''''^ ■"'■^y°'- "^ ^""■^'°' 
that several days elapsed be- 
fore the result could be deter- 
mined. A condition of affairs 

very similar to that which had candidate again in 1892, he was elected and 

^ was President 1893-1897. Since his retirc- 

defeated Henry Clay in 1844 "i"^"' ^"= has resided at Princeton, New 

Tersev. 

(sect. 257) defeated Blaine. 

A sufficient number of dissatisfied Republicans voted 

with the Democrats or with the Prohibitionists to g-ive 



New York. In 1882 he was elected gov- 
ernor of New York by a very large ma- 
jority. In 1884 he was nominated as the 
Democratic candidate for President, and 
was elected. He was President 1885-1889. 
Renominated in 1888, he was defeated. A 



Cleveland 
and Civil 
Service. 



4^6 History of the United States. 

Cleveland the state by a small plurality, and for the first 
time since 1S56 the Presidency tell to the Democrats.^ 

President 403. President Cleveland ^^1885^ ; Acts relating to Elec- 

tion of President (1886-1887^. — Cleveland and Hen- 
dricks were inaugurated March 4, 1885. President Cleve- 
land's probable course was a matter of much interest to 
the friends of civil service reform. He did not disap- 
point them. For the first time since Andrew Jackson, 
there was no wholesale change of government employees. 
The provisions of the Civil Service Act were carried out 
in respect to the offices to which it applied, in sjiite of the 
great pressure brought to bear upon the President who 
represented a new part\" in power. 

Though the Senate was controlled by the Republicans 
and the House of Representatives by the Democrats, two 
very important acts were passed and were approved bv 
the President. 

iVesidential ( I ) The Presidential Succession .\ct (^1880), which pro- 

Succession ^.j^|^,g ^j.^.^^. j^.^ ^.j.^^, ^..^^^^ ^^j- ^j.,^, ^^|^,.^^|^ ^^,. (^^is^bjlity of both the 
Act. iSSo. . ,.,-,., - , - ' - - 

President and \ ice-President, hrst the Secretary of State, 
and then, if necessary, the other members of the Cabinet, 
in the order of their succession, shall be acting President 
until the disabilitv is removed, or a new President shall be 
elected at the usual time. To avoid any invidious distinc- 
tion, the secretaries are named in the order in which the 
se\"eral departments were created: {i) Secretary of State, 
(j) Secretary of the Treasury, (3) Secretary of War, 
(4) Attorney-General. (3) Postmaster-General. (6) Secre- 
tary of the Navy, (7) Secretary of the Interior. Should 
any one of these be constitutionally disqualified for holding 
the office of President, he is to be passed over, as well as 

^ The Democratic plurality in New Vork was only 1140 in a vote of 
i.i:!>.i^o. 



Growth and Development. 437 

any one who lias not been contirnicd as secretary by the 
Senate in execntive session.' 

(2) The Electoral Count Act (1887), providing a method Elocioiai 
of counting the electoral votes for President and Vice- "^ "";'"' '^'•'^• 
President, which will not only })revent the recurrence of 
the difficulty which had arisen in 1876, but also guards 
against others. The aim of the act is to have disputes 
relative to the validity of the votes settled by state tri- 
bunals. 

404. Interstate Commerce Act ; Chinese Exclusion Act. interstate 
(1887 -1888.; — Another inipoilant act of legislation was ^ '«'»""-'ice 
the Interstate Commerce Law (1887), designed to regulate 
commerce between the various states, particularly in regard 
to the rates charged by railroads for passengers and 
freight. In many respects this is one of the most far- 
reaching measures ever enacted by Congress. 

Another act (1888) was designed to ])revent the im- Chinese 
migration of Chinese laborers, who, it was contended, J'»"i'K'ai">'i 

1 1 • , r ,- A . Alt, I8S8. 

were greatly lowermg the rates of wages tor Americans, 
and indeed for all other laborers than themselves. It 
was urged that Chinamen came to the United States 
with no intention of becoming citizens, but simjily for the 
purpose of making money enough to enable them in a few 
years to return to China ; that they brought with them no 
families to support, ate little but rice, and lived in a way 
in which Americans could not live ; that they had brought 
immoral customs into the country, and that the influence 
of such a coninuniity was extremely injurious. The bill 
passed, with little opposition. Some believed, however, 
that this act and an act of 1880, to which it was supple- 

' The acting President, upon assuming office, must convene Congress, if it is 
not at the time in session, giving twenty days' notice. The office of Secretary 
of Agriculture was not created until 1889. 



43 8 History oi' the United States. 

Chiiu-so mcntary, were violations of treaty obligations with the 

iinmigiatioii (jhim^ge, besides beinir otherwise objectionable. The 
Acts. , ^ , ■ , ^ 

matter was soon broui;"ht before the Suin-eme C ourt of 

the United States, which decided that the " power of the 
legislative department of the government to exclude aliens 
from the United States is an incident of sovereignty, 
which cannot be surrendered by the trcatN'-making jntwer." 
The Chinese Immigration Acts were not thoroughly ef- 
fectixe, owing to the great difficulty of preventing" the 
excluded class from being smuggled across the border 
from Canada, where there was no law ftirbidtling the 
immigration of Chinese. 
Labor 405. Labor Troubles and Knights of Labor. — b'or some 

troubles. years there had been a growing feeling of antagonism be- 
tween the so-called laboring class and the capitalists and 
manufacturers. This feeling was intensified b\' the in- 
creasing number of rich men, who had gained their wealth 
from the mines, from the oil fields, by successfid s[)ecula- 
tion in railroad stocks and bonds, or in various commer- 
cial enter]irises. The working-men lieliexed that an imjust 
share of the prohts of industry went to the capitalists, and 
that the "rich were getting richer, and the pot)r ]-)Oorer " 
all the time. They felt, and often with reason, that the 
hours of labor were unnecessarily long, and they had 
also many other grievances some of which were just. 
In order to enforce their ilemands and protect their inter- 
ests, labor organizations were formed. Among the most 
'• Kniyhts of extensive of these was "The Knights of Labor," which 
Labor. numbered many thousands in its membership, and the 

influence of which extended into ever\' state in the Union. 
These organizations, through committees or delegates, or 
both, presented the demands of the employees to the manu- 
facturers. If the manufacturers refused the demand for 



Growth and Development. 439 

higher wages, shorter hours, (hsniissal of objcctionahlc Dcmanrm of 
fellow-workers, or change of rules, the association or ''^'""' "'■«^"" 

,, 11111' 1 , . i/.ations. 

"union would order all members to cease workmg, or to 
" strike," as it is called. Often, when " union men " struck, 
they would not |)ermit " non-union " men to take their 
places or to work under any circumstances. Some of 
the employers, on their ])art, would make a list called 
the " black list," of those men who were likely to give 
trouble, and would refuse to give work to such men. In 
return, the associations made use of a method introduced 
from Ireland, called "boycott," which is to ])ersuade others 
to have nothing to do with the person disliked, to decline 
to work or to deal with him, or to use goods manufactured 
by him or ])assing thi"ough his hands.' The boycott proved 
a powerful weapon, but it was like a blade without a 
handle, which cuts him who wields it, for it helped to bring- 
about the importation of foreign laborers who were will- 
ing to work at a lower rate than native workmen, and who 
were free from the labor organizations. 

406. Strikes; Anarchist Riots in Chicago. (1886.) — The strikes. 
labor troubles were especially frecjuent in i(S<S6, which has 
been in consequence called the year of strikes. There 
were many riots, the worst of which took place in Chicago. Chicago 
Early in the spring it was estimated that forty thousand ""'**' '^^^• 
men were "on a strike" in that city alone. The disturb- 
ances culminated on May 4, when a crowd was addressed 
by a number of speakers who urged the most violent 
methods of gaining their ends. When the police ordered 

' Captain Boycott was a iamllorfrs aj^ciit in Iicland. 'I"he disaffected ten- 
ants, to avenge themselves for fancied wrongs, refused to sell him Ajod or 
clothing, or to have any dealings whatever with him. Inciting others to " boy- 
J cott " any one with the design (jf injuring him, has been decided jjy the courts 
of the United States to be illegal and punishable. 



440 History of the United States. 



Charleston 

earthquake, 

1886. 



Chicago the mob to disperse, a dynamite bomb was exploded among 

riots, 1886. |.|^^ ofificers, killing and wounding many. In return, the 
body of police charged and fired upon the mob with equally 
fatal effect. The ringleaders were arrested and brought 
to trial ; four were hanged, and others imprisoned.^ It 
was a relief to the country to find that all the ringleaders 
but one were foreigners, and were of that class of anar- 
chists whose purpose is to overthrow all governments and 
to do away with all the rights of property. The working- 
men throughout the country disclaimed and denounced 
these riots. 

407. Charleston Earthquake ; Statue of Liberty. (^1886.) — 
During the summer of 1886 the city of Charleston, South 
Carolina, was visited by a severe earthquake. Lives were 
lost, and many buildings were thrown down or so shaken 
that it was necessary to ])ull them down. The total loss 
was estimated at $5,000,000. As in the case of the calam- 
ities at Chicago and at Boston, the suffering citizens had 
abundant and substantial aid from their sympathizing 
fellow-countrymen. 
"Statue of A pleasant incident of the year 1886 was the completion 

Liberty." ^^^\ dedication of the statue of " Liberty enlightening the 
World," presented by the French Repubhc to the United 
States, in commemoration of the old friendship between 
the two countries, and as an evidence of the faith of the 
French people in republican institutions. The bronze 
statue, known to every one who leaves or enters the harbor 
of New York, is one hundred and fifty feet high. The ex- 
pense of the pedestal was defrayed by the citizens of the 
United States. The whole structure, which is situated on 
Bedloe's Island, rises three hundred feet above the water. 

1 Those still in prison in 1893 were pardoned by the governor of Illinois 
on the griiund of an unfair trial. 



Growth and Development. 441 

408. The Surplus. (1886.) — As the debt of the country Surplus, 
decreased, the need for money decreased also, and the 
income of the government continued to be greater than 

was necessary to meet the annual charges for interest and 
for the expenses of supporting the various departments. 
The reduction of the tariff (1883) (sect. 396) had amounted 
to little, and though the internal taxes had been removed 
from nearly everything except liquor and tobacco, there 
was still a surplus over expenditures of about ^100,000,000. 
Of course it was a matter of great pride to the country to 
enjoy such prosperity that it could of its own will tax 
itself unnecessarily for a large sum, and yet be scarcely 
conscious of a burden. 

But there are vexed problems connected with a national 
surplus of any considerable size. First, where a financial 
system like the Sub-Treasury system of the United States 
is employed, there is no way to get the money back into . 
circulation, except by the payment of interest, of salaries, 
by paying for government works, or by purchase of 
national bonds, often at a high rate. The first three 
methods are inadequate, and the last is dependent upon 
the willingness of the owners to part with their bonds. 
Secondly, a large surplus is, from the very nature of the 
case, difficult to expend economically and judiciously. 

409. Mills Bill ; Harrison Elected. (1888.) — Both of the Plans to 
prominent ])arties were bound to reduce the surplus. This ^^'^^^^ ^"^ 

, , , , . surplus. 

could be done m two ways, or by a combination of the two : 
(i) lessening the income, (2) increasing the expenditure, (3) 
lessening the income in some directions and increasing the 
expenditure in others. President Cleveland, following the , 

traditions of his party, naturally decided that the true way 
to meet the difficulty was to reduce the income of the gov- 
ernment, by abolishing the duty on some goods, and re- 



442 



History oi the United States. 



The Tariff. 



Nomina- 
tions, i8S8 



ducing it on others to a point which would bring about a 
"tariff for revenue" only. This opinion he gave to Con- 
gress in his annual message of December, 1887, in which, 
contrary to precedent, he confined himself to one subject, 
— the tariff. 

The House of Representatives, in response to this action, 
passed a tariff bill, called from its principal author the 
Mills Bill, which proposed to reduce largely the tariff on 
imports. The Senate, which had a Republican majority, 
refused to concur, and the measure failed. 

In the Presidential election of 1888, the Democrats nom- 
inated President Cleveland, with Allen G. Thurman of 
Ohio for Vice-President. The Republicans nominated 
Benjamin Harrison of Indiana, with Levi P. Morton of 
New York for Vice-President. The Prohibitionists nomi- 
nated Clinton B. P^isk of New Jersey, and John A. Brooks 
of Missouri. The United Labor party also put candidates 
in the field. Little or no objection could be made to the 
candidates on personal grounds, so the whole issue was on 
matters of public policy. The Democrats advocated a 
tariff for revenue only, while the Republicans advocated a 
tariff not merely for revenue, but also for " protection of 
Repuhiicans homc industries." As in 1884, the result of the election 
successful. turned on the vote of New York, which this time gave 
a pluralitv for the Republican candidates.^ 

410. Benjamin Harrison. (iSSq.) — Harrison and Mor- 
ton were inaugurated March 4. 1889. As under the 
administration of Cleveland, most of those holding offices 



1 Every northern and western state, except Connecticut and New Jersey, 
declared for the Republican ticket, and every southern state for the Demo- 
cratic ticket; so, again, there was a "solid South." Texas gave Cleveland the 
large plurality of 146,000, while in South Carolina the total vote for all candi- 
dates was 13,000 less than it had been in 18S4, and 91,000 less than in 18S0. 



Growth and Development. 



443 




to which the civil service applies were not displaced ; but, 

as under previous administrations, many, particularly in 

the Post-office Department, 

were either removed or not 

reappointed when their terms 

expired. 

411. Oklahoma; Washing- 
ton Centennial. (1889.) — • 
One of the earliest acts of 
the new administration was 
the openinj;- of the territory 
of Oklahoma to white set- 
tlers. This tract of 39,030 
square miles had been part 
of Indian Territory. There 
was a rush to the new terri- 
tory to take up claims under 
the land laws, but by procla- 
mation of the President, any 
one enterint^ the district be- 

r r A -1 00 with distinction, receiving the rank of brevet 

fore noon of April 22, 1889, brigadier-general 

would be debarred from ac- 
quiring any rights therein. 
At midday crowds of eager 
claim-seekers rushed across 
the line, claims were staked out with marvellous rapidity, 
and towns of tents or rough board shanties sprang up 
before nightfall. In about five months, Guthrie, the prin- 
cipal town, had a population of 4000, several banks, four 
daily papers and lines of street cars.^ 

' The lands were bought from the Creek and Seminole Indians, and opened 
to settlers by act of Congress March 2, 1889. Great numbers of negroes went 
to Oklahoma. In 1890 the population of the new territory was 61,834, and in 
1900, 398,245. 



Bknjamin Harrison. 

Benjamin Hakhison, grandson of Presi- 
dent William Henry Harrison and great grand- 
son of Benjamin Harrison, signer of the 
iJcclaration of Independence, was born in 
Ohio, August 20, 1833. He graduated at 
Miami College, Ohio, 1852. He studied law, 
but entered the army in 1861. He served 



In 1865 he resumed the 
practice of law. He was a senator from 
Indiana 1881-1887. He was nominated for 
President 1888 and was elected. He was 
President 1889- 1S93. A candidate for re- 
election in 1892, he was defeated. He died 
March 13, 1901. 



Oklahoma. 



444 History of the United States. 

Washing- An imposing celebration of the one hundredth anniver- 

ton's Cen- g^j-y ^f ^^iQ inauguration of Washington at New York, 

lennial in « m r. i i i • i • a -i r.<-. 

New York April 30, 1 789, was held m that city April 29-30, 1889; the 
1889. President and the Cabinet with a large representation of 

the army and navy, as well as of citizens, took part in it. 
Johnstown 412. Johnstown Flood ; Seven New States. (1889-1890, 
flood, 1889. 1896.) — One of the most terrible disasters which has ever 
been known in the country took place at Johnstown, central 
Pennsylvania, May 31, 1889. A large dam on the Cone- 
maugh River gave way, and a column of water nearly half 
a mile wide and forty feet high swept down the valley 
toward the town with amazing rapidity ; it is said to have 
traversed a distance of eighteen miles in fifteen minutes. 
With scarcely a moment's warning villages and houses 
were carried away ; even an express passenger railroad 
train was unable to get away from the flood, and was over- 
taken with destruction. The flood swept on to Johnstown, a 
busy manufacturing town, which was almost completely de- 
stroyed. About twenty-two hundred persons are thought to 
have lost their lives ; in some instances whole families were 
swept out of existence. Property valued at $10,000,000 
was destroyed or rendered worthless. As in other times 
of calamity, contributions were quickly and liberally made 
to aid the sufferers. 
New states 111 the last few days of the preceding administration, 

admitted. Congress had authorized the admission of four new states, 
which, having fulfilled the required conditions, were ad- 
mitted to the Union by proclamations of the President in 
the fall of 1889. They were North Dakota, South Dakota, 
Montana, and Washington. Idaho and Wyoming were 
admitted in July, 1890, and Utah in January, 1896,^ mak- 
ing the number of states forty-five. 

1 Utah, before admission, complied with a special act of Congress, one of 
the provisions of which required the absolute prohibition of polygamy. 



Growth and Development. 445 

413. Pan-American Congress. (1889-1899.) — In the Pan-Amer- 
autumn of 1889 a congress of representatives from the 'can Con- 

1 • 1 1 • r A • 1 • gress, 1889. 

principal mdependent nations of America began its ses- 
sions at Washington. This Pan-American Congress, as it 
was called, was held at the invitation of the United States, 
for " the purpose of recommending some plan of arbitra- 
tion for the settlement of disputes between them [the re- 
publics of both American continents], and of considering 
questions relating to the improvement of business inter- 
course, and means of direct communication between said 
countries." 

The congress made a number of recommendations, the 
most important of which is that " the republics of North, 
Central, and South America adopt arbitration as a prin- 
I ciple of American international law for the settlement 
of all differences, disputes, or controversies that may arise 
between them." The members of this congress spent 
six weeks in visiting the principal cities of the United 
States.^ 

414. "Filibustering" in Congress; Quorum. (1890.) — "Fiiibuster- 
The fifty-first Congress met in 1889, with a Repub- 
lican majority in each house, and Thomas B. Reed 
of Maine was elected Speaker. Great complaint had 
often been made of the slowness of Congress in trans- 
acting the business before it. It had long been the 
custom of the minority to stop the progress of law- 
making by refusing to vote. As a member not voting 
was counted as not present, the minority by not voting 
could raise the objection of " no quorum present," 

1 The congress consisted of sixty-six members. Haiti, Nicaragua, Peru, 
j Guatemala, Colombia, Argentine Republic, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Brazil, 
( Honduras, Mexico, Bolivia, United States, Venezuela, Chile, Salvador, and 
Ecuador were represented. The congress adjourned April 19, 1899. 



Congress. 



rule 



446 History of the United States. 

which would stop all busuiess until a quorum could be 
secured.^ 
Reed's Speaker Reed resolved to put an end to this "filibuster- 

ing," as it was called, and did so by counting" as part of a 
quorum all members ]n"esent, whether voting or not. A 
new set of rules afterward adopted by the Mouse gave the 
speaker this power. 

McKiniey 415. McKlnley Tariff ; Reciprocity ; Pension Bill. (^iSgc"! 

^'•l- — The Republicans, having control of both houses oi Con- 

gress and the President being a Republican, Congress was 
in a good position to make laws. Two important and far- 
reaching measures were enacted: (i) A new tariff bill. 
This, called the McKiniey Bill, from the chairman of 
the Committee of Ways and Means who reported it, 
passed both houses, after long discussion, and became 
a law October 6. 1890. Few measures have excited such 
public interest. It was based on the principle of protect- 
ing American industries. While reducing the rate of 
duty on manv articles, and adding largely to the free list, 
it increased the dutv on other articles for the express 
purpose of protecting and stimulating" American products 
and manufactures. A provision was included by which 
the President was empowered to impose or remit duties 

Reciprocity, upon certain articles, according as the country from which 
the articles came did or did not levy duties upon American 
products. This was known as the '* reciprocity measure." 
(2) A pension bill vastly extending the list of pension- 
ers. While the provisions of this act do not differ mate- 

1 rhe way in which this was done is as follows : The minority would refuse 
to vote upon a measure, and when the record of the clerk showed that less than 
a majority voted on the bill, would raise the point of order that no quorum was 
present, and would demand the calling of the roll. As this operation occupies 
considerable time, and can be repeated without limit, it was quite possible for 
a comparatively small number to block legislation effectively. 



Growth and Development. 447 

rially from those of the acts pensioning;' the veterans of the Pension 
War of the Revohition, the War of 18 12, and of the Mexi- ^^''• 
can War, the vast number to receive compensation under 
the act made the measure one of great importance. It was 
estimated that the average annual charge to the country 
will be for some years not far from $150,000,000. No 
other nation has ever attempted to reward its soldiers and 
sailors to a like extent.^ 

416. Republican Defeat; Farmers* Alliance. (1890.) Republic 
— Shortly after the passage of the McKinley Bill, the <^''^'^'-^^'- 
elections for the members of the fifty-second Congress 
were held and the Republicans met a crushing defeat 
at the polls, the Democrats changing a minority of 21 
into a majority of 135. The enormous appropriations of 
the fifty-first Congress, doubts of the wisdom of the Pen- 
sion Bill, and fears of an increased cost of living, due to 
the McKinley Tariff Bill, helped to bring about this 
political overturn. It was also due to some extent to the 
direct and indirect influence of an organization, which 
though not at first political in its character, had much in- 
fluence upon voters, and in 1890 began to make itself felt 
as a political power. This was known as the National 
Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union. Its objects were Farmers' 
mutual improvement and the furtherance of the interests ^^''^"ce. 
of farmers. The first alliance ap}:)ears to have been in New 
York about 1873; by 1889 the various state organizations 
were united into a national body, which in 1890 claimed a 
membership of about 2,000,000. 

^ " All the [former] Confederate states either grant pensit)ns to disabled 
or helpless ex-Confederate soldiers, or have soldiers' homes " ; Maryland 
and Missouri have soldiers' homes. The amount appropriated is necessarily 
small. Thus the South contributes to the support of the survivors of both 
of the old armies. The total amount contributed for the aid of ex-Confed- 
erates was, in 1892, more than a million dollars. 



448 History of the United States. 

Legislation 417. Legislation of 1890-1891. — Other important legis- 
of 1S90- lation in 1890 was (i) a bill designed to put a stop to 
' ^'" lotteries by forbidding the transportation through the mails 

of advertisements and prospectuses of lottery companies, 
and of mail matter addressed to them ; ^ (2) a bill to pro- 
vide for the inspection of pork or bacon before exportation, 
and to prevent the importation of diseased cattle and other 
animals, and of adulterated food ; (3) a bill for the increase 
of the navy, authorizing the construction of large war ves- 
sels ; (4) an act modifying the Interstate Commerce Act 
(sect. 404) so as to give each state authority to regulate 
the sale of goods brought into it; (5) a bill known as the 
Sherman Sherman Act, to modify the Bland Act (sect. 38S), bv 
'^^^- providing that the Secretary of the Treasury should pur- 

chase, at market price, not exxeeding a certain limit, 
4,500,000 ounces of silver bullion monthly, and issue in 
payment of such purchases notes redeemable in coin ; 
Columbian (6) a bill to provide for an international exhibition to cele- 
Exposiiion. bratc the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery 
of America by Columbus in 1492. After considerable dis- 
cussion, Chicago was selected as the place for holding 
the exhibition, and as it would be impracticable to have 
everything in readiness by the anniversary, the actualopen- 
Inter- ing was fixed for May, 1893. Another act (1S91) was the 

national ^^j^^^ providing for international cop\'right ; bv this bill 
copyright. . . "■ . ' \ . ' 

foreign authors, musical composers, and a tew others, are 

under certain conditions given the benefit of copyright for 

their works in the United States. Before the passage of 

this act, any one in America could reprint any foreign 

^ The Louisiana Lottery Company tested the constitutionality of this act, 
but the Supreme Court confirmed it. The issue of the next election for gov- 
ernor in Louisiana was the lottery question, and the company was again 
defeated. 



Growth and Development. 449 

work without payment to the author. While many Ameri- 
can pubUshers vokuitarily paid authors something, the 
amounts were necessarily small, for there was nothing to 
prevent others also from repubUshing a book and offering 
it at a lower price. 

418. Census of 1890; Fifty-second Congress. (1891.) — Census of 
Late in the year the Census Bureau reported the popula- 1^90. 
tion of the United States to be 62,622,250, a gratifying 
increase over the census of 1880 (Appendix VI.). Con- 
gress, in a few weeks, passed a reapportionment act, 
making the number of the House of Representatives 

three hundred and lifty-six (Appendix VIII.). The cen- 
sus also showed that the centre of population had moved 
westward, during the preceding ten years, forty-eight 
miles. ^ (See sect. 470.) 

The fifty-second Congress met December, 1891, with 
a Democratic majority of 135 in the House of Repre- 
sentatives. Charles F. Crisp, of Georgia, was elected 
Speaker, and the House, contrary to its usual custom, 
refused to adopt the rules made by its predecessor (sect. 
414). 

419. Difficulty with Italy. (1890.)— In the fall of 1890 Italian riots 
the chief of police of the city of New Orleans was shot '" ^^"^ 

^ -^ _ . Orleans, 

and killed by assassins believed to be Italians, whose ill- 1890, 
will he had incurred. A number of men were arrested 
and tried for the murder, or for abetting it. On the trial six 
were acquitted, and in the case of three others a mistrial 
was entered. It was almost universally believed that the 
jury had been bribed and popular feeling was greatly 
stirred in regard to the matter. On March 14, 1891, a mob 
broke into the jail and lynched eleven Italians confined 

1 The " centre of population " shows in a rouf^h way the increase of the pop- 
ulation, particularly in the westward direction. 



4 'JO History of the United States. 

Italian riots thcrc, including those who had been on trial as well as 
m New ^^y^^ y^q^Q Y\3_d been acquitted by direction of the iudcre. 

The Italian government, on the ground that the murdered 
men were Italian subjects, protested at once, through its 
minister at Washington, and subsequently demanded repa- 
ration. The Secretary of State was obliged to reply that, 
while the United States government greatly regretted the 
occurrence, the punishment of the offenders rested with 
the Louisiana authorities, and that the United States could 
not guarantee an indcmnitw On this the Italian minister 
took his departure, and it seemed for a time as if war might 
result, but the affair was settled, in 1892, by the offer of 
the United States government to compensate the families 
of the three or four victims who were shown to be Italian 
citizens. Shortly after diplomatic relations were resumed 
by Italy. 
Tiouhie 420. Trouble with Chile; Bering Sea. (1891.) — A 

withLhile. revolution in Chile occurretl in 1891, and soon after some 
sailors from a war vessel of the United States were 
attacked in the streets of Valparaiso by a mob. and two 
were killed and others roughly handled. The government 
of the United States demanded reparation, and for a while 
there was danger of sericnis trouble between the two 
nations, but calmer counsels prevailed, and the difhculty 
was peacefully settled. 
Seal fishery Another international episode related to the extreme 
dispute. north. The wholesale slaughter of seals in Bering Sea 

threatened to exterminate these valuable animals in a short 
time, and the United States government determined to 
interfere, claiming that, under the privileges which were 
acquired from Russia when Alaska was bought, the United 
States had the right to consider Bering Sea as under her 
control, so far as the seals were concerned. \''essels catch- 



Growth and Development. 451 

ing- seals were seized and the skins found on them were 
confiscated. As many of the " seal poachers " were from 
Canada, the British goxernment remonstrated, denyiiii; the 
jurisdiction claimed by the United States. After much 
diplomatic correspondence a treaty was concluded, provid- 
ing for the arbitration of the matters in dispute, — an- 
other triumph for the jjrinciple of settling international 
disputes by arbitration. 

421. Ballot Reform. (1888-1892.) — Interest was not Uaiiot rc- 
confined to foreign affairs ; man}- matters of domestic *^'^'"^- 
importance claimed attention. As a result, partly of the 
elections of 1888, and partly of a slow growth in popular 
feeling, there was a general demand for a reform in the 
methods of conducting" popular elections. This feeling, 

too strong to be ignored, forced one state legislature after 
. another to pass ballot-reform laws, which, to a greater or 
1 less degree, removed occasions for fraud and gave better 
I opportunity for the secrecy of the ballot, thus increasing 
i the independence of the voter. By the time of the elec- 
I tion of 1892 thirty-seven states had adopted some modifi- 
' cation of the Australian ballot, so called because the 

system was first brought into use in Australia. This 

most important reform was supported by each of the great 

parties. 

422. Homestead Labor Troubles. (1892.) — A serious Homestead 
labor outbreak took place in the summer of 1892, at '''^''"'^ 
Homestead, near Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Difficulty arose i^g2. 

I between the employees in the large iron works at that 

1 place and the owners, and was greatly aggravated by the 
fact that the owners employed a private force of men to 
protect their property. These men were fired upon as 
'. they approached the town, and forced to surrender. So 
I great was the disturbance that the governor was obliged 



45- History of the United States. 

Homestead to call out the whole militia of the state to preserve order. 

tiou > es. -pj^^^ strike spread amonir the iron workers of PittshuriT 
1S92, ... 

and the neighboring" places until it included several thou- 
sands. Fortunately, there was no collision between the 
troops and the strikers, but it was some weeks before 
quiet was assured and the troops were withdrawn. The 
expense to the state was great, and the loss to the workers 
and to the company was millions of dollars, and yet a fair 
and amicable adjustment of the claims of labor and capital 
was in no wav helped on. 
Columbia 423. Columbian Exposition. (1892.) — In manv of the 

Exposition. l;^I■o•^i cities the anniversary of the discoverv of America 
was celebrated bv great processions and military and naval 
demonstrations, some of which were ver\' impiising. In 
many of the schools, both public and private, throughout 
the land. " Columbus Day " was also celebrated bv the 
raising of flags, singing, recitations, and speech-making. 
From the 21st to the 23d of October, the formal dedica- 
tion ceremonies of the World's Columbian K.xposition at 
Chicago took place, in the presence of thousands of spec- 
tators (.sect. 430). 
Political 424. Republican and Democratic Platforms. (1892.) — 

platforms, .^g. ^j.^^. ^.j,.,^^ ^^^^. ^ ^^^^^. Piesidcutial election drew near, it 

was evident that the independent voters, whose numbers 
would be greatly increased by the adoption of the Austra- 
lian ballot, and also the rank and file of the parties, were 
likely to exercise more influence than heretofore. This 
was shown in the selection of candidates. The Republi- 
can Convention renominated Benjamin Harrison, ami 
selected Whitelaw Reid of New York as candidate for 
Vice-President. The platform reaffirmed the " American 
doctrine of protection,'' upheld the INIcKinlev Tariff Bill 
and the reciprocity measures under it, and praised the 



1S02. 



Growth and Development. 453 

policy and acts of the Republican party. The Demo- Political 
cratic Convention nominated ex-President Grover Cleveland plattorms, 
and Adlai K. Stevenson of Illinois. The platform de- 
nounced the attempts of the Republicans to bring about 
Federal control of elections, the system of protection in 
general, and the McKinley Bill in particular, and recom- 
mended tlie removal of the tax on state-bank issues of 
paj)er money. The money " plank " in both platforms 
was practicall)- the same, each upholding the use of both 
gold and silver as currency, and denKuuliiig that all tlollars 
issued by the government, whether gold, silver, or jxiper, 
should be kept of equal value. The only important dilTer- 
ence between the two platforms was in the tariff " jilank," 
and in the recommendation to remove the tax on the 
bank-bills of state banks. 

425. Prohibition, and People's Platform. (1892.) — The I'lohihition 
Prohibition party for the sixth time put candidates in the P'-^^'^'""*- 
field, choosing John Bidwell of California, and J. B. Cran- 
fill of Texas. The platform, in addition to the Prohibition 
" plank," advocated, among other things, woman suffrage, 
equal wages without respect to sex, increase in the amount 
of the circulating medium, and the raising of revenue by 
levying taxes upon what tlie jicople possess, instead of 
upon what they consume. All who believed in Prohibition 
were invited to " full party fellowship." 

A new party was formed, whose adherents were mostly •• Populists." 
in the West. This was the People's party, or the " Popu- 
list " party, an outgrowth of the P'armcrs' Alliance (sect. 
416). Its platform, after a general condemnation of the 
two great political parties of the country, advocated the 
union of the labor forces of the United States, the loaning 
of money by the government to its citizens at two per cent 
interest, a national currency, " free and unlimited coinage 



successful. 



454 History of the United States. 

•■ i\)inilists." of silver and gold at the present legal ratio of sixteen to one," 
increase of the circulating medium, a graduated income 
tax, postal savings banks, government ownership of rail- 
roads, telegraphs, and telephones, and prohibition of alien 
ownership of land. Resolutions were passed condemning 
the protective system and subsidies by the government, 
and others commending the Australian system of voting, 
the enforcement of the eight-hour law in government 
work, the election of United States senators by a popular 
vote, and other reforms of various kinds. The convention 
nominated James B. Weaver of Iowa, who had been can- 
didate of the Greenback jxirty in 1880, and James G. Field 
of Virginia. 

nemocrats 426. Democrats Successful. (1892.) — The cami)aign 

was the least exciting one that had taken place for a long 
time, and was marked by an absence of personalities, and 
by the great stress laid ujion matters of public j^olicy. 
The two chief candidates had each occupied the jiosition 
of President, the fitness of each had been tried, and the 
personal character of each was well known. There was a 
very general feeling that, whichever should be elected, 
the interests of the nation would be looked after conscien- 
tiously and with ability. The result was the choice of 
the Democratic candidates by a large majority of the 
electoral votes. The Democrats retained the control of 
the- House of Representatives, though with a greatly re- 
duced majority, and gained contn^l of the Senate as well. 
The People's party developed unexpected strength, choos- 
ing one or more Presidential electors in several states, 
besides congressmen. • 

Among the important measures passed by the fifty- 
second Congress were a national quarantine bill, an 
immigration bill imposing additional restrictions upon 



Growth and Development. 455 

immigrants, and a bill providing that, by a certain date, 
all railroad cars should be i)rovided with automatic safety 
couplers. 

427. Second Inauguration of Cleveland; Bering Sea Case. Second 
(1803.) — The inauguration of Cleveland and Stevenson '"^"S"''^- 

^ ^ "^ '^ tion of 

took place on the 4th of March, 1893, and for the iirst Cleveland, 
time since 1861 the Democrats controlled all branches of 
the government. 

A pleasant feature of the transfer of the chief govern- 
ment offices to the new incumbents was the courteous 
manner in which it was done, and the kindly good feeling 
shown on both sides. The large number of government 
employees under the civil service rules, to whom a change 
of party rule was no longer a vital question, somewhat 
thinned the ranks of the office-seekers, though their number 
was much greater than had been expected by the friends 
of reform. 

The Bering Sea case (sect. 420) had been referred to Bering Sea 
seven arbitrators, who, after a most patient and careful ^^^^' 
consideration of the matters submitted to them, decided 
in August, 1893, against the claim of the United States. ^ " 
But the tribunal made such stringent provisions, binding 
upon both Great Britain and the United States, for the 
protection of the seals, that while failing technically, the 
United States gained the real point at issue, — the pro- 
tection of the valuable fur-bearing animals. So " again 
has arbitration been successfully applied to questions 
which diplomacy confessed itself unable to solve. For- 
merly such a juncture meant war."^ 

1 The United States had claimed the exclusive right to regulate the taking 
of seals anywhere in Bering Sea. The tribunal decided that the control ex- 
tended only three miles from shore. 

'^ Though these regulations apply only to Great Britain and the United 



45^ History of the United States. 

"Silver" 428. " Silvcr " Legislation; Financial Distress; Elec- 

legislation. tions. (1893.) — There was a very general feeling, particu- 
larly in the eastern and central states, that the " Sherman 
Act" of 1890 (sect. 417), by its clause requiring the 
regular monthly purchase by the Treasury of silver bul- 
lion, was greatly injurious to the financial interests of the 
country. President Cleveland called an extra session of 
Congress to meet in August, 1893, and recommended the 
repeal of the law. The fifty-third Congress met at the 
time appointed, organized by the reelection of Charles 
F. Crisp as Speaker, and after several weeks' discussion, 
mostly in the Senate, passed an act repealing the " com- 
pulsory purchase clause." ^ 
Financial The business situation of the country during the greater 

crisis, I S93. p^j.^ ^f ^Yi^ yg^j. igcjT^ ^vas very gloomy; not since 1873 

had there been so many failures and such financial depres- 
sion. Uncertainty as to the character and amount of the 
tariff legislation to be expected from the new Congress 
aggravated the troubles. It was not at all surprising that 
under these circumstances, as is so often the case, the 
party in power suffered. 

The state elections of 1893 resulted in overwhelming 
successes for the Republicans, while in New Jersey, and 
particularly in New York, the friends of reform were 
greatly encouraged bv the crushing defeat at the polls of 
the candidates nominated and supported by the political 
" rings." 

States, it was expected that tliey wouKl be sufficient to stop most of the 
destructive sealing. 

^ The repealing act was passed irrespective of party. The vote in the 
Senate was : for repeal, 20 Democrats ; 23 Republicans. Against repeal, 19 
Democrats ; 9 Republicans ; 4 Populists. The vote in the House was : for 
repeal, 124 Democrats ; 69 Republicans. Against repeal 6S Democrats; iS 
Republicans ; 8 Populists. 



Growth and Development. 457 

429. Hawaii. (1893.) — A revolution in Hawaii took Hawaii, 
place January 14, 1893. Two days later a large public 
meeting denounced the queen and her advisers, and the 
"Committee of Safety" requested the protection of the 
United States ; accordingly a detachment of troops was 
landed from a United States cruiser, in order, it was 
stated, to preserve peace and to protect American inter- 
ests. The next day a " Provisional Government " was 
organized and set up, " until terms of union with the 
United States of America have been negotiated and agreed 
upon." The queen submitted under protest, and the gov- 
ernment was recognized by the United States minister and 
other foreign representatives. Commissioners were sent 
to negotiate a treaty of annexation with the United States. 
The treaty was negotiated and sent to the Senate for con- 
firmation February 15, but was not acted upon before the 
expiration of Harrison's term of office. On March 6, Hawaiian 
President Cleveland withdrew the treaty from the Senate, '"^^"^^ ^^'^ 

... . drawn. 

and then sent a special commissioner to Hawaii to investi- 
gate and report. Shortly after reaching Hawaii the com- 
missioner declared the protectorate established by the 
American minister to be at an end, and ordered the United 
States flag, which had been raised over the government 
building, to be removed. 

On the return of the commissioner to the United States 
with his report, a new minister was sent out with instruc- 
tions intended to restore, if possible, the queen to her 
former position, on the ground that it was the illegal use 
of United States troops which had brought success to the 
revolutionists.^ Late in the year Congress requested infor- 

1 United States troops had previously been used in Hawaii to preserve 
order in 1874, and during the former administration of President Cleveland 
in 1889. Annexation was nearly accomplished in 1854, under President 
Pierce. 



458 History of the United States. 

mation and papers relative to the matter from the Presi- 
dent, which he sent, practically acknowledt^ini;" the failure 
to settle the difficulties by diplomatic means, and leaving 
affairs in the hands of Congress. 
Columbian 430. Close of the Columbian Exposition. (1893.) — The 
Exposition, success of the Exposition at Chicago (sect. 423) far ex- 
ceeded anticipations. A foreign visitor expressed the 
general opinion in saying : " Only those who have seen 
it can justly appreciate how far this latest of international 
exhibitions has surpassed all its predecessors in size, in 
splendor, and in greatness, both of conception and of exe- 
cution." Probably the most striking feature of the exhi- 
bition was the excellent situation combining land and 
water advantages. The manner in which these advan- 
tages were utilized was admirable, and the architectural 
skill displayed in the buildings united great beauty of 
design and execution with adaptation to required needs. 
The attendance was over 27,000,000, more than double 
that of the Centennial Exhibition (sect. 381). 



SUMMARY. 

President Hayes was inaugurated in 1877. His administration was 
quiet and peaceful. Troops were withdrawn from the South, whicii 
became solidly Democratic. The *' Silver Bill " was passed over the 
President's veto. There were serious railroad strikes accompanied with 
some loss of life and great loss of property. Jetties for improving the 
channel of the Mississippi River were successfully constructed. 

The United States Treasury resumed specie payments January i, 
1879. James A. Garfield was elected President 18S0, inaugurated 1881, 
and assassinated July 2, 1881. He died September 19, and was suc- 
ceeded by the Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur. The Civil Service 
Act was passed, the Brooklyn Bridge completed, and Standard Time 
adopted by the railroads in 1883. The monument to the memory of 
Washington at the city of Washington was completed in 1885. In i88i 



Growth and Development. 459 

tlie centennial celebration of the surrender at Yorktown, Virginia, was 
celebrated. A cotton exposition was held at New Orleans, 1884, which 
showed tlie progress of the "New South." 

Grover Cleveland was elected President in 1884. Inijjortant acts 
passed by Congress were the Presidential Succession Act (1886), the 
Interstate Commerce Act (1887), and the Chinese Exclusion Act ( 1888). 
There were many laijor troubles, strikes, and riots. Charleston, South 
Carolina, suffered from an earthquake in 1886. 

Harrison was elected President in 1888. TIic great Johnstown flood 
ha|)i)ened iMay 31, 1889. North Dakota. South Dakota, Montana, and 
Washington became states in 1889, Idaho and Wyoming in 1890, and 
Utah in 1896. Republicans pass the McKinley Tariff Bill and Pension 
Bill in 1893. The Census of 1890 showed a gratifying increase in 
population and a growth in all material interests. Difificulty arose 
with Italy in regard to Italian citizens killed in a riot at New Orleans. 
Serious labor outbreaks occurred at Homestead, Pennsylvania, 1892. 
The Columbian ICxposition was held at Chicago, 1893. 

Cleveland was elected ['resident for a second time in 1892. The 
"compulsory siKer purchase clause" was repealed in 1893. A revolu- 
tion in Hawaii led to a proposition for annexation to the United States, 
but the project failed. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page xlix. 



CHAPTER XX. 



ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND LITERARY CONDITIONS. 



REFERENCES. 

The current periodicals, especially American Review of Reviews. 

Interstate 431- Interstate Emigration; Foreign Immigration.— 

emigratiun. jn the years which we have just been considering, many 
important movements have been going on in the country, 
some so silently as hardly to attract notice, while others 
have claimed attention from time to time. Among the 
most important of these has been the great westward 
march of emigrants within the country, made possible by 
the construction not only of the great trunk railroads, but 
also of the numerous branch roads, which have carried 
population far and wide. This native emigration has in 
the main been along the parallels of latitude. 

A greater movement has also been in progress. It is 
the habit of historians, and rightly so, to speak of the 
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as the " period of 
colonization"; but the colonization of the last half of the 
nineteenth century has been on a vastly greater scale. 
Foreign im From 1820 to 1 893 there were landed in the United States 
migration. over 16, 000,000 immigrants,^ more than one-third of these 
having come during the ten years ending June 30, 1890. 
For the last few years the average annual increase of 
population from this source has been over three hundred 

1 From 1820 to June 30, 1893, 16,443,823; 1893 to 1900, 2,158,100. 

460 



Economic, Social, and Literary Conditions. 461 

thousand. Most of these immigrants have become valu- Immigrants. 

able citizens, and have adapted themselves to their new 

conditions of life though their influence on the country 

of their adoption has not had that attention which it 

deserves. Settling in communities, as many of them 

have done, mostly in the western states, preserving their 

language, and to some extent their customs, it was impos 

sible for the social, political, and industrial conditions of 

life in America not to be modified by their influence. To 

a certain degree this statement is true of every part of 

the country where foreign immigrants have settled. 

432. Urban Population. — Another movement which has Urban 
been silently going on is the increase of the population liv- P"P"'ation. 
ing in cities and large towns. According to the census of 

1890 nearly one-third of the total population was urban 
(Appendix VI.). This increase has been almost wholly in 
the North Atlantic states ^ and the northern central 
states.^ It is due to several causes, largely to the rapid 
extension of manufactures and commerce, both of which 
require compact living. In the South and in most of 
the western states the urban population is relatively 
small. 

433. Irrigation ; Forest Reservations. — West of a line irrigation, 
nearly corresponding to the looth meridian west from 
Greenwich the territory of the United States, except in 
northern California and the western portions of Oregon 

and Washington, is arid or semi-arid, the natural rainfall 
not being sufficient to support agricultural crops. ^ For a 

' The New England states, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania; to which 
should be added Delaware and Maryland. 

- In these states the increase has been mostly m Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, 
Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Missouri. 

^ See Introduction, pp. xiv-xvi. 



4^2 History of the United States. 

Irrigation. long period a large part of this region was spoken of as the 
"Great American Desert" and the "Bad Lands," and was 
regarded as uninhabitable. The example of the Mormons 
in Utah, and of settlers elsewhere, showed that water was 
the only thing needed, and that if this could be introduced, 
the problem of cultivating and inhabiting the arid region 
was solved. Already large tracts of California, Arizona, 
Colorado, Idaho, and other portions of the region have been 
brought into rich cultivation by means of more or less 



^^*^'^3^*a^-,=s-'=;?r-'^33lji=z:>»:!s---»--rt-' ^CliTr-T. 




View of an Irrigated DistrIct. 

extensive systems of irrigation. The area which the exist- 
ing water supplies will irrigate is as yet uncertain. 
National The acts of Congrcss establishing the Yosemite, the 

parks. Sequoia, and the Yellowstone National parks, were highly 

approved by the people. An act passed in 1891, which 
attracted very little attention, was that providing for a 
series of national forest reservations ; these aggregate more 
than twenty thousand square miles, an area nearly three 
times as great as the state of Massachusetts.^ The pur- 
pose of this act is to preserve the forests and to guard the 
sources of the rivers and streams, so important for the 
welfare of the country, and essential for the permanence 
of the systems of irrigations rapidly being introduced. 

^ Though varying in size, they average about 1,000,000 acres each. 



Economic, Social, and Literary Conditions. 463 



434. Natural Gas. — The fact that inflammable gas is Natural gas. 
generated in the earth has long been known. As early as 
1824, on the occasion of Lafayette's visit to this country, 
a house in Fredonia, New York, was illuminated by 
natural gas in his honor. At places in Pennsylvania and 
Ohio this product was made use of in various ways. In 
the year 1878, while a well for oil was being sunk near 
Pittsburg, the whole apparatus was suddenly blown up, 
and great quantities of gas continued to escape from the 









A View in the Oh. District, 1868. 

From Petrolia, by Cone & Johns, New York, 1870. 

opening. Pipes were laid from the well and the gas 
ignited, but no practical application was attempted for five 
years, when it was successfully used in the production of 
steel.^ In 1884 it was introduced through long pipes into 
Pittsburg, where it was employed for all domestic and 
manufacturing purposes for which heat or light is needed. 
Many other wells were sunk in the Pittsburg district. At 
various places between the Alleghanics and the Rockies 
reservoirs of gas have been discovered by deep borings, 

^ Natural gas was first used in the manufacture of steel in 1875. 



464 History of the United States. 

and the gas has been extensively used. Whether the sup- 
ply will last for many years is problematical, as already 
in many wells the pressure has greatly diminished. 

Invention. 435. Invention ; Transportation ; Inland Commerce. — 

The advance in the practical application of scientific 
knowledge has continued to be very great. This is par- 
ticularly true in regard to el'&ctricity, which is now used 
for illuminating purposes and for power in ways not 
before dreamed of. Thomas A. Edison, among others, 
has contributed greatly to this advance by his various dis- 
coveries and inventions. To him also is due the phono- 
graph, an instrument by which sounds are recorded and 
reproduced at pleasure. Improvements in all branches of 
labor-saving machinery have been numerous. The variety 
of goods manufactured has been greatly increased, and the 
beauty and excellence of the products have kept pace with 
the production. 

Tiansporta- Nowhere has the growth of the country been more 
apparent than in the amount of freight carried by the 
railroads, and in inland traffic on the rivers and great 
lakes, where it now exceeds in value, importance, and 
tonnage the foreign commerce. The tonnage which now 
passes through the Sault Sainte Marie Canal, connecting 
Lake Superior and Lake Huron, and open only seven 
months of the year, is about double the tonnage which 
passes through the Suez Canal in twelve months.^ The 
increase in the mileage of the railroads, and the improve- 
ments in the facilities for transportation, in the efificiency 
of the motive power, and in the character of both the 
freight and passenger service, as well as in strength of 
the rails, stability of the roadbed and bridges, and in 

1 The tonnage passing through the Sault Sainte Marie or St. Mary Canal 
in 19CX) was 22,315,834. 



tion. 



Economic, Social, and Literary Conditions. 465 

the elegance and size of the terminal stations, have been 
very great. 

436. The New South; the Pacific Coast. —While the The New 
whole country has partaken of this growth and develop- ^o'^''^- 
ment, in few parts of the land has there been such material 
advance as in the South. It is indeed " a New South." 
Where years ago cotton, tobacco, and naval stores were 
the chief products, iron, coal, and phosphate rock are 
mined in large quantities; cotton and iron mills have 
sprung up in many places ; while oranges from Florida, 
and green vegetables from Florida, Georgia, the Carolinas, 
Mississippi, and Virginia, are sent north in carloads. Not- 
withstanding this diversity of interests, the cotton crop of 
1892 was nearly double that of i860; ^ while from the cot- 
ton seed, which in former days was thrown away or at best 
used for manure, valuable oil is pressed, and the cake which 
is left is used as food for cattle or as a fertilizer.^ New 
lines of railroad have been opened, and thereby easy and 
rapid communication with other parts of the Union secured. 
Thousands of travellers annually visit Florida and the 
health resorts in the highlands of Georgia and the 
Carolinas. 

On the Pacific coast also the growth and development Pacific 
have been great. In southern California the production of coast, 
grapes, oranges, lemons, figs, nuts, raisins, plums, and 
other varieties of fruit has attained large proportions, and 
the native-grown product is rapidly driving the European 
out of the market. The climate of southern California, on 

1 The cotton crop of i860 was estimated at 4,669,770 bales, that of 1892 at 
9,038,707 bales, that of 1899 at 11,235,383 bales. It should be stated that the 
bales vary in weight; those for 1S60 being about 400 lbs., those for 1899, 
about 487 lbs. 

- There is about one ton of seed for every two bales of cotton. 



466 History of the United States. 

account of its great salubrity, attracts many visitors in 
search of health or pleasure. Oregon and Washington 
have rapidly increased in population, and have become 
large exporters of agricultural and other products. 
Education. 437. Education. — But a nation's growth and develop- 
ment should be not only on political and material lines, 
but on intellectual, social, and religious lines as well. It 
has been impracticable to do much more than refer to 
these subjects from time to time ; but we have seen how 
deeply impressed the early colonists were with the impor- 
tance of educating their children and youth ; how schools 
and colleges were established in various colonies, some of 
which, as the Collegiate School in New York City, founded 
in 1633 by the Dutch, the Boston Latin School, founded in 
1635, and the William Penn Charter School, Philadelphia, 
founded in 1689, still flourish and attest the foresight and 
wisdom of the fathers. As each new state has come into 
the Union, the education of the youth has claimed the seri- 
ous and careful attention of her legislators ; systems of 
education embracing schools, high schools, and colleges, 
have been established in almost every commonwealth, and 
the people have cheerfully taxed themselves to support 
them. Not only has public support been ungrudgingly 
bestowed, but private benefactions have been unex- 
ampled. In no country have there been nobler founda- 
tions than those of Johns Hopkins University, in Baltimore 
(1876); Tulane Universit}-, New Orleans (1884); Bryn 
Mawr College for Women, near Philadelphia (1885); 
Clark Universit}', Worcester, Massachusetts (1889); Le- 
land Stanford, Jr., University. California (1S91); and 
Chicago University ( 1892). There have also been many 
endowments of professorships in colleges, and many new 
academies, high schools, and industrial and technical 



P^conomic, Social, and Literary Conditions. 467 

schools founded ; anion t; the latter are Pratt Institute, Education. 
Brooklyn, Drcxel Institute, Philadelphia, and Armour In- 
stitute, Chicago. The facilities for the higher education 
of women have been greatly extended; most of the col- 
leges and universities of the western states have been 
coeducational from their foundation ; eastern colleges are 
slowly opening their doors to women, while Vassar (1866), 
Smith (1871), Wellesley (1875), and Bryn Mawr (1885), all 
founded by private beneficence, offer educational advan- 
tages of the highest grade exclusively to women. In con- 
nection with education, there has been since 1889 great 
interest in what is known as University Ivxtension, the pur- 
pose of which is to spread education more widely by means 
of lectures, courses of reading, classes, and examinations. 
Nor should the Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle chautauiiua. 
be omitted. This association was organized in 1878, for 
the " purpose of promoting habits of reading and study in 
nature, art, science, and in secular and sacred literature in 
connection with the routine of daily life." Studies cft-e car- 
ried on under the direction of competent teachers by means 
of correspondence, aided by the mutual interchange of 
views by those who are pursuing similar courses of reading 
or study in any given neighborhood. During the summer, 
instruction is given on the delightful shores of Chautauc|ua 
Lake in western New York, and at other places. Summer 
schools are held at various places, chiefly for the benefit of 
teachers, or for purposes of special research or instruction. 

The imjiortance of the physical training of the body I'hysicai 
has been fully recognized; large and thoroughly equipped training. 
gymnasiums have been erected for the purpose of carry- 
ing out exercises carefully arranged, with the intention 
not only of developing the physical powers, but of reme- 
dying physical defects. 



468 



History of the United States. 



438. Libraries ; Associations. — The desire to spread and 
to advance knowledge has also been shown by the growth 
in the number of general and special libraries, and by the 
great pains which have been taken to devise and carry out 
those systems of library administration best calculated to 
encourage and facilitate reading and study. Many libraries 
have been founded by private beneficence, such as the 
Newberry Library, Chicago ; the Astor Library, New 







The Newbkkry Lihrary, Chicago. 



Societies for 
research. 



York ; the Enoch Pratt Library, Baltimore, and the many 
free libraries established or strengthened by the munifi- 
cent gifts of Andrew Carnegie. Others have been started 
or supported by the people, as the Public Libraries of 
Boston and Worcester, Massachusetts, and of Cincinnati 
and many other places. 

The spirit of investigation has shown itself from time to 
time in the United States by the formation of many societies 
whose purpose is to encourage studv and research by jiub- 
lishing reports, by mutual interchange of views, and in 
other ways. The oldest of these, the American Philo- 



Economic, Social, and Literary Conditions. 469 



sophical Society of Philadelphia, founded by Benjamin Associa- 
Franklin in 1743, is still in active operation. Another ^'""'^• 
body, the American Association for the Advancement of 
Science (1848), holding its annual meeting at a different 
place each year, has done much to increase local interest 
in the subjects brought before it. 

The Smithsonian Institution at Washington, founded in Smithsonian 
accordance with the bequest of a wealthy Englishman, is Institution, 
almost a government institution ; it has done much to 
further the advancement of science by the publication 
and distribution of scientific books and papers. 

Since 1876 the increase in the number of associations 
formed for the encouragement of special lines of research 
in nearly all branches of knowledge is remarkable. 

439. Literature. — During the earlier years of the Amer- Literature, 
ican colonies there was little time to devote to anything 
which was not obviously practical in its application ; the 
purely literary man was almost unknown. To the colo- 
nists of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, two 
subjects, however, were of the highest importance, — reli- 
gion and politics ; and works on these two subjects were 
abundant, particularly in the field of politics. The politi- 
cal pamphlets and addresses issued from the colonial press 
of the eighteenth century are not surpassed in vigor by 
those published in England, or indeed, upon the continent 
of Europe during the same period. The names of John 
Dickinson, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin 
Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton are deservedly held 
in high esteem for their writings in this field. 

General literature was at a low ebb for a long time, and it 
was not until Charles Brockden Brown published his novels 
during the last years of the eighteenth century, that there 
was much indication of a hterature that could be called 



4^° 



History of the United States. 



American. William Cullen Bryant ( 1704-1878), with his 
Literature. " Thanatopsis " ( 1 8 1 7 ). was the forerunnncr of poets soon 
to follow. The founding of 77u- Xort/i American Rivivxi.' 
(181 5), also indicated an increase of literary interest. 
James Fenimore Cooper ( 1789-185 1), who published his 
first novel in 1821, showed not only that America could pro- 
duce writers, but also that in the New World were scenes 
Novelists. and characters admirably fitted for their pen. Washington 
Irving ( 1 783-1859), by his graceful essays and sketches 
and his pure English, did much to raise the estimation in 
which American literature was held, both at home and 
abroad. About 1840 new writers came into prominence : 
among them Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ( 1807-1882), 
whose works are familiar the lantl over, and also John 
Poets. Greenleaf Whittier (1807- 1892), the Ouaker poet, whose 

ballads and poems of nature are truly American in subject 
and in sympathy. Oliver Wendell Holmes (born in 1809), 
the genial essayist, poet, and humorist ; James Russell 
Lowell (1819-1891), the satirist, critic, and poet; Nathan- 
iel Hawthorne (1804-1864), America's greatest romancer, 
Edgar Allan Poe ( 181 1-1849), the author of weird poems 
and tales; Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), the phi- 
Historians, losopher, poet, and essayist. — these showed that in 
purely literary work America was accomplishing much. 
George Bancroft (1800-1891), with his History of the 
United States, the first volume of which was published in 
1834; William H. Prescott (1796- 1859), with his histories 
of the Spanish power in Spain and in the New World ; 
Richard Hildreth (1807- 1865), with his History of the 
United States; John Lothrop Motlev ( 1814 1877). with his 
works on the Netherlands; Francis Parkman (1823-1893), 
with his series of volumes on " F'rance and luigland in 
North America," besides manv other writers, — show that 



Economic, Social, and Literary Conditions. 471 

in the field of historical research the writers of America 
take a high rank. Similar statements in regard to all 
departments of knowledge would be eciually true. 

One of the striking features of the recent literature of 
the United States is the ai)i)earance of able writers in the 
southern states who have entered every field and whose 
novels and dialect stories are written in a style [ieculiarly 
their own. 

'i"he magazines of the United States, of which Harper s, Magazines. 
TJie Century, and Serihners are examples, lead the world 
in beauty of execution and of illustration. 

The newspapers of America have multiplied wonderfully. Newspapers, 
and their scojie has been widened until m the daily press 
almost every subject that is likely to interest readers is 
treated by specialists, while at the same time no effort 
or expense is spared to furnish the latest and most accu- 
rate news. The great dailies of New York, Chicago, Phila- 
delphia, and Boston are marvels of enterprise. 

SUMMARY. 

The westward emigration lias had groat influence on the development 
of the country. There has also been great immigration from Europe, 
but the immigrants have been assimilated. There has been during the 
past few decades a marked tendency of the population toward the 
cities. Irrigation has been largely introduced into the arid lands of 
the West with excellent results. National parks have been established 
and forest reservations authorized. Natural gas has been utilized, 
where it has been found, for the purpose of heating, lighting, and for 
fuel for manufacturing. The growth in the amount of goods transported 
has been very large. The " New South " and the Pacific coast have 
been greatly developed in tiie line of agricultural products and in man- 
ufacturing. Educational and literary development have accompanied 
material growth. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X., page 1. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

SOCIAL AFFAIRS; POLITICS; DIPLOMACY. 

REFERENCES 

The magazines of the period, especially American Review of Reviews. 

Wilson Bill. 440. Wilson Bill ; Senate Bill. (,1894.) — A part of the 
Democratic programme after the success in the elections of 
1892 (sect. 426) was the revision of the tariff. At the first 
session of the fifty-third Congress, William L. Wilson, 
Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means, intro- 
duced a new tariff bill, called " An Act to reduce taxa- 
tion and provide revenue for the government, and for 
other purposes." Its important features were the exten- 
sive use of the principle of ad va/onm duties,* the general 
reduction in rates, and a tax on all incomes exceeding 
$4000. When the bill came before the Senate it was dis- 
cussed at length, and was very much altered. This " Sen- 
Senate Bill, ate Bill " was finally accepted by the House of Represen- 
tatives. The President, unwilling to veto the bill, and thus 
leave the McKinley tariff in force, could not sign it with- 
out approving measures against which he had spoken 
strongly. He accordingly allowed the bill, Mhich was 
pleasing to few, to become a law without his signature 
(Constitution, Art. I, sect. 7 (2)). As the Supreme Court 
soon decided that the income tax was unconstitutional, the 
expected receipts from this tax were cut off, and the rev- 
enues of the government fell below the expenditures. 

^ Duties levied according to the value of the goods. 
472 



Social AfFains; Politics; Diplomacy. 473 

441. Pullman and Railroad Strikes; Coal Miners' ruiiman 
Strikes. (1894.) — There were many labor troubles in strikes, 
1894. A strike begun by the employees of the great car 
works at Pullman, a suburb of Chicago, was one of the 
most serious that has occurred in the United States. The 
Pullman Company was urged by a committee of the men, 
and by many outsiders, some of them prominent citizens, 
to submit the question at issue to arbitration, but they 
refused, saying, " The Company has nothing to arbitrate." 
Many of the men were members of the " American Rail- 
way Union," an organization of railroad employees. This 
union made the cause of the strikers its own, and passed 
a resolution that unless the Pullman Company should 
agree to arbitrate, all members of the Union would, after 
a certain date, refuse to handle Pullman cars or any trains 
of which Pullman cars formed a part. The comi)any 
declined to recede from its position ; the "boycott" of its 
cars began, and soon became widespread, as the railroad 
companies refused to stop running Pullman cars. Nearly 
every railroad west of the state of Ohio was more or less 
affected. 

The stojipage of trains obstructed the carrying of the 
mails, and interfered with interstate commerce. The 
injunctions of the United States courts requiring the 
strikers to cease this interference were disregarded, and 
the President sent troops from the regular army for the Coniiicts. 
purpose of restoring the mail service and enforcing federal 
laws. Meanwhile, in spite of the presence of state and 
federal troops and the police, angry crowds destroyed 
property, demolished railroad cars, and tore up or rendered 
useless miles of railroad track. Conflicts took place 
between the troops and the crowd, and lives were lost. 
Some of the ofificers of the American Railway Union were 



474 History of the United States. 

sent to jail for refusing to obey the orders of the courts. 
At length the strike came to an end ; but the losses result- 
ing from the troubles were many millions of dollars.^ 
Miners' Earlier in the year a strike begun bv the coke-burners 

*'" ^' in Pennsylvania spread to the miners in the coal regions, 

until 130,000 men or more were involved. This strike 
lasted several months, was accompanied bv rioting and 
loss of life, and cost millions of dollars. 
Reform in 442. New Yofk City Refoims ; "Coxey's Army." 

Xe\v\ork (1894.) — In 1894 the New York Legislature, compelled 
Citv. . . . 

by public opmion, appouited a committee to investigate 
the New York City police department. As a result of the 
facts brought to light, and of a sentiment which had been 
growing in the community for some time, a reform ticket 
was chosen at the next election by a large majority. This 
success had much influence in furthering reform all over 
the country. 
"Coxey's A Strange movement took place in the same year. Large 

Arm). numbers of working-men and tramps started from points in 

the West for Washington, with the idea of demanding 
help from Congress. Generally known, from the chief 
leader, as " Coxey's Army," they called themselves " Com- 
monwealers." The "army" was greatlv diminished in 
numbers before it reached Washington, where two or 
three of the leaders were arrested for violating" local regu- 
lations. The movement soon came to an end. 
\nti-iotterv 443. Antl-lottcry Bill ; National Military Park ; Atlanta 
Exposition. (^1895.) — b^or the complete suppression of 
lotteries (sect. 417) Congress passed (1895) a new bill 
forbidding the transmission of lottery tickets, or anvthing 
relating to lotteries, through the mails or by means of 
national or interstate commerce. 

' There was also durint; the strike serious riotin;: in California. 



1.1 



Social Affairs ; Politics ; Diplomacy. 475 

In September, 1895, two notable events took place in Military 
the South : the dedication of the National Chickamauga v^^^^^- 
and Chattanooga Military Park, and the opening of the 
" Cotton States and International Exposition " at Atlanta. 

The Military Park consists of about ten square miles, 
and includes the site of great battles fought in 1863 (sect. 
326). The ground was purchased jointly by the United 
States and the states of Georgia and Tennessee. At the 
dedication there was a fraternal reunion of United States 
and Confederate officers and troops. 

The Atlanta Exposition was opened on the i8th of Atlanta 
September. It ranks ne.xt to the Centennial and the "^^P^sition. 
Columbian Expositions as the most successful held in the 
United States. The wonderful progress made since 1865 
by the " New South " has nowhere been more clearly 
shown. 

444. Republican Nominations. (1896.) — In the elec- roiltlcai 
li(Mis of 1894 the Republicans made great gains, and in ""™'"a- 

, , , r 1-. • 1 • ' • • turns, 1896. 

the House of Representatives tlicu" majority was 133. 
Thomas B. Reed of Maine was chosen Speaker (sect. 
415). As the campaign of 1896 drew near, it became 
evident that the free coinage of silver would be made a 
leading issue. 

The Republican convention was held at St. Eouis, and 
William McKinley of Ohio was nominated for President 
and Garret A. Hobart of New Jersey for ViceT^resident. 
The most important paragra})h of the platform was one in <:ol(i 
favor of the maintenance of the present gold standard for ^•'^'"'"'^• 
the currency. A dramatic incident of the convention was 
the withdrawal of a few delegates who upheld the free 
coinage of silver, and who refused to continue longer with . 
their party. 

445. Democratic Nominations. (1896.) — The Demo- 



4/6 Historv of the Ignited States. 

cratio convontiiMi mot at Chicago. Anioui;- other things, 
nomocratic the plattoiiii advocated the free coinage of silver at the 
iiomina- ratio of 10 to i.^ It "denounced the arbitrarv interfer- 

tions. iSoo. 11 1 1 • • • 1 , -• • '• 1 • 

ence bv tedcral autiiontics m local attaus as a violation ot 
the Constituiion of the United States, and a crime against 
free institutions." and especially objected to the use ot 
injunctions b\- the judiciary. A striking inciilent of this 
convention was an impassioned speech bv William j. Bryan, 
a delegate from Nebraska. This speech led to his nomi- 
nation for President. Arthur Sewall of Maine was nomi- 
nated for X'ice-President. 

ivpiiiists. 446. Populists' and Other Conventions. 1^1806.) — The 

" Topulist " or Toople's partv con\entii>n. when it met, 
accepted the Oemocratic candidate for rresidcnt. but 
nominated Thomas V.. Watson of Georgia lor \'icc 
President. 

The Prohibition partv at its convciition di\"iiled. and 
each wing nominated its own caiulidates. The Socialist 
Labor partv also nominated candidates. 

(">oKl There was so much ilissatisfaction both with the jilat- 

>t.\iu.\u form and the candidates of the Chicago convention that 

I'oiuociats. _ ^ 

man\ juiuuinent Democratic newspajKM-s rejected them 

and declared for the gold stand. ird. aiul ihousaiuls oi 
Democrats did the s.imc. Pater a convention represent- 
ing the gold standard Democi.its met at Indianapolis and 
nominated as candiilates John M. P.ilmcr of llliucns and 
Simon P. Puckner of Kcntuckw The comcntion adopted 
the name ot the " N.uion.il Democratic P.iitv." 
Campaign 447- The Presidential Campaign. (1806.') I'hc Piesi- 

oi iSoo. ilonti.il c.imp.iign oi 1 Soc^ w.is one oi the nu>st exciting and 

important that has ever t.iken place. It was a contest 

' 'I'hat is. a silver liollai sluniKl \\ci;.;li si\ti-en times as muoli as a i^oUl 
dollar. 



Social Affairs ; Politics; Diplomacy. 477 




respecting principles, and party platforms never received McKinley 
more attention. The amount of financial and political ^^'^'^t^'^^- 
literature distributed and 
read was enormous, and po- 
litical speeches almost with- 
out number were delivered. 
The cooperation of very 
many " gold standard 
Democrats greatly increased 
the Republican strength, 
and McKinley and Hobart 
were elected by a large ma- 
jority of the electoral vote, 
and by a plurality of over 
600,000 of the pojnilar 
vote. 

448. Venezuelan Boun 
dary. (1895-1896.) — There 
had been for many years a 
dispute between Great Brit- 
ain and Vcne/Aiela regard- 
ing the boundary dividing 
the latter from British Gui- 
ana. Venezuela wished to submit the boundary question Venezuelan 
to arbitration, but Great l^ritain refused to do so. In ''0"n<^lary. 
July, 1895, Mr. Olney, the United States Secretary of 
State, addressed a note to the British government stating 
that the United States was opposed to a forcible increase 
of the British possessions in America, referring to the 
Monroe Doctrine (sect. 208) in support of his position, and 
urging the British government to submit the matter to 
arbitration. A reply was received late in November 
declining to do this. President Cleveland promptly sent 



William McKinlkv. 

William McKinley was born in Ohio, 
January 2g, 1843. He was educated in the 
liublic schools and at Allegheny College, He 
enlisted as a private, 1861, and rose to the 
rank of major. He left the army July, 1865, 
and studied law. He was member of Con- 
gress 1876-1891, and became chairman of the 
committee on Ways and Means. He was de- 
feated for Congress in 1890. Elected gov- 
ernor of Ohio i8gi, and reelected 1893. He 
was elected President in 1896, and reelected 
in igoo. 



478 



History of the United States. 



to Congress a special message on the subject. The appar- 
ently warlike tone of this message threw the whole country 
into great excitement. The President having suggested 
the appointment of a commission "to determine what is 

Venezuela, the true divisional line between Venezuela and British 
Guiana," Congress authorized such action, and the Presi- 
dent appointed five commissioners, who entered at once 
upon their duties. The agitation calmed down, and the 
negotiations with Great Britain went on. In November, 
1896, the British government consented to arbitrate upon 
a basis honorable to all parties. 

Arbitration. The excitement which accompanied the Venezuelan dis- 
cussion so aroused the two countries to the danger of sud- 
den quarrels, and to the inexpediency of resorting to war, 
that a treaty was drafted for the creation of a tribunal 
of arbitration to settle disputes which may arise in future 
between Great Britain and the United States. There was 
much public approval of the treaty, but the Senate failed 
to ratify it, and the subject was dropped. 

SUMMARY 



A new tariff act was passed in 1894. Serious strikes took place in 
the central western states in 1894. The Presidential campaign of 1896 
was an exciting one; the main issue was the financial question. 
William McKinley was elected by a good majority over all competitors 
and by a very large plurality. The \'enezuelan boundary question cre- 
ated much e.xcitement for a short time. 

For Topical Analysis, see Appendix X,, page li. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

THE WAR WITH SPAIN AND TERRITORIAL 
EXPANSION. 

REFERENCES. 

Greater America, published by Perry Mason & Co., Boston ; American 
Review of Reviews, and current periodicals. 

449. Spain; the Cuban Question, (i 800-1 899.) — Early Spain. 
in the nineteenth century, Spain began to lose the vast 
American empire which she had held for nearly three hun- 
( dred years. By 1825, she retained only Cuba, Porto Rico, 
I and a few small islands near them. These islands would 
j have been a source of wealth and power to Spain had they 

been fairly ruled and liberally treated. 
|; Cuba, the " Pearl of the Antilles," has dense forests, is Cuba, 
rich in mineral wealth, and is wonderfully fertile. It is an 
island which any nation might be proud to own. But all 
ofifices of profit were given to Spaniards, and little of the 
money that was wrung from the overtaxed islanders was 
spent in the island. 

The Spaniards in Cuba were for the most part men Spaniards 
without families, and were in Cuba solely for the sake of '" ^"'^^• 
personal gain. They treated the Creoles^ with a con- 
tempt which was matched only by the hatred of the Creoles 
for their oppressors. 

This feeling of hatred toward Spain grew stronger, and 
a large number of Cubans waited only for a good chance 

1 A Creole in the West Indies is a native Spanish-American, usually a 
descendant of the earlier settlers. 

479 



480 History of the United States. 

Spaniards to break into open rebellion. In 1S68. a revolution in 
in Cuba. Spain gave the wished-for opportunity, and an insurrec- 
tion broV \i!ft ^ Cuba which lasted for ten years. The 
pence of 1878 ^vhich followed amounted to little more 
than a truce. 

Spain did not keep her promises, or cease her acts of 
oppression. "The island continued to be utterly, hope- 
lessly, and shamelessly misgoverned." In 1895 there was 
a new insurrection. At first Spain looked upon it as little 
more than a riot, but the revolt spread. Larger forces 
were sent to Cuba, but without avail. The insurgent 
Cubans declared that they would rather be exterminated 
than vield. 

The insurgents rarely took the offensive, and generally 
avoided a conflict, preferring a guerilla warfare. They 
were kept well informed of the movements of the Spanish 
troops by means of spies and sympathizers. To prevent 
the insurgents from getting information, and to make it 
more difficult for them to obtain food, Captain-General 
Keconcen- Weylcr issucd his reconcentration order. The [lurpose of 
this order was to collect the people of a district near a 
town or place where Spanish troops were stationed, and 
in this way have them under close guard. In carrying 
out this order, innocent farmers and jilanters were driven 
from their homes and collected in or around the towns. 
Their houses were burned and their plantations were laid 
waste. Unable to get sufficient food and shelter, and 
herded together like cattle, thousands of these helpless 
people died of hunger and disease.^ 

1 It is estim^ited that by March, 1S97, 300,000 persons were thus herded 
within the towns, or in their immediate neighborhood ; and even the Span- 
iards admitted that more than one-half of these perished. "This," said 
President McKinlev, "was not civilized warfare. It was extermination." It 



tration. 



The War with Spain. 481 



450. The United States and Cuba. (1825- 1897.) The United 

State! 
Cuba 



"Virginius." (1873.)— The United States has always States and 
been deeply interested in the affairs of .1'' ib-" Ly'ng' at 
the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico, and only a few miles 
from Key West, the island could be made an enemy's base 
for attack in time of war. In time of peace its produc- 
tions would naturally seek a market in the United States. 

From time to time the annexation of Cuba had been pro- 
posed, and more than one of the presidents of the United 
States had thought well of it. President Polk, in 1848, 
had offered Spain $100,000,000 for the island, but the 
offer was promptly rejected. 

The most unfriendly act of the United States toward 
Spain was the " Ostend Manifesto," issued in 1854, already 
described (sect. 284). Time and again, however, the 
United States held aloof from interfering even when the 
provocation was great.^ Filibustering expeditions from 
the United States (sect. 283) were stopped, and great 
efforts were made to keep the peace and to be a good 
neighbor. 

While the rebeUion lasted in Cuba, 1868- 1878, there 
were many times when the patience of the United States 
was sorely tried by the injury to her trade, and by the 
atrocities committed in the island. In October, 1873, the / 
steamer Virgitiius, sailing under the American flag, was The 
captured at sea by a Spanish war vessel, and taken into ^"'i'"""^- 

is thought that in all 250,000 people perished as the result of this order. Those 
treated in this manner were called " reconcentrados." The distress in Cuba 
was not, by any means, wholly caused by this barbarous policy. It must be 
remembered that many plantations were laid waste by the war and that the 
industries of the island were prostrated. The devastation was the work of 
insurgents as well as of Spaniards. 

1 John (luincy Adams, and President Grant in 1875, uff<ii'ed to mediate — 
the only instances of the kind u[5 to 1894. 



482 History of the United States. 



American 
interests in 
Culja. 



United 

States 

protests. 



the harbor of Santiago de Cuba. Here fifty-three of her 
passengers and crew were shot.^ 

The excitement in the United States over this occur- 
rence was great, and it seemed at one time as if war might 
result. A protest having been made by the United States, 
Spain gave up the Virginiits, and paid a large sum for the 
benefit of the families of the Americans who had been 
shot. 

451. Affairs in Cuba; American Interests; American 
Protests. (1897.) — Americans had invested large sums 
of money in sugar plantations and other interests in Cuba. 
The trade of the United States with Cuba grew to large 
proportions. As a result of the rebellion of 1895, and the 
policy of destruction followed by Spain, a vast amount of 
property belonging to Americans was destroyed, and the 
profitable trade with the island ruined. 

Popular feeling in the United States was deeply moved 
by the stories of cruelty in the island. In accordance with 
this feeling President Cleveland, in April, 1896, offered to 
mediate between Spain and the Cubans, but his offer was 
declined. 

In 1897 the Spanish Prime Minister was assassinated at 
Madrid and a new ministry came into power. Upon the 
protests of the United States, General Weyler was recalled 
from Cuba. Spain promised to make reforms, to give the 
Cubans some degree of self-government, and to release 
Americans imprisoned in Cuba. This last was done, and 
Captain-General Blanco was sent out as governor. 

The Cubans, however, had no confidence in Spain, and 
refused to accept anything short of independence. 

1 There was some doubt whether the registry of the Virginius had not 
been obtained by fraud. It was a fact that more than once, between 1870 
and 1873, she had landed men and supplies for the rebels. The action of the 
Spanish authorities at Santiago was, however, without warrant. 



The War with Spain. 



483 



452. The Destruction of the "Maine"; Report of the Destruction 
Court of Inquiry. (1808.) — The United States in fanu- °^ ^^^ 

•^ ^ . . . Maine, 

ary, 1898, sent the battleship Maine on a friendly naval February 15, 
visit to Havana. She had been lying in the harbor three 1898. 
weeks, when about 10 o'clock in the evening of February 15 
she was destroyed by an explosion. Two officers and 258 
of her men perished. At once intense excitement pre- 
vailed in the United States, and the cry, " Remember the 
Maine ! " was heard everywhere. The President appointed 




U. S. Battleship "Maine.' 

From a photograph, by permission of the Soule Photograph Co- 



four officers of the navy as a board of inquiry. After 
careful examination they reported, March 21, that the 
Maine had been blown up by a mine placed under the 
ship, and that no evidence was found as to who was re- 
sponsible for the disaster. 

The Spanish government claimed that the explosion had 
taken place inside the vessel, and proposed that the whole 
question be left to a board of arbitration. To this offer 
the United States made no reply. 

453. President McKinley's Message to Congress, April, 
1898. — Meantime affairs in Cuba had not improved. 



-iS4 



History of the United States. 



McKinley's 



President McKinlev spoke of thorn as " intolerable." There 
seemed no reason to expect any improvement unless the 
United States should intervene. 

President McKinlev, accordingiv. in April. 1898. sent a 
special message to Congress in which he said : " It is plain 
that it (^the insurrection) cannot be extinguished bv present 
methods. In the name of humanity, in the name of civili- 
zation, in the behalf of endangered American interests, 
which give us the right and duty to speak and to act, the 
war in Cuba must stop." The President asked Congress 
to give him power to use measures to end the hostilities 
between Spain and the Cubans. 

454. Resolutions regarding Cuba passed by Congress ; 
Declaration of War. (1898.)- On April 10. Congress 




MoKRO Casti.k, orrosnK Havana. 

From a photograph. 



Cuban 
resolutions. 



passed a series of resolutions declaring : " ( 1 ) That the 
people of the island of Cuba are and of right ought to be 
free and independent. {2) That it is the duty of the 
I'uited States to demand that Spain should give up Cuba 
and withdraw its forces from the island. (3) That the 
President is directed and empowered to use all the forces 
of the I'nitod States and to call out the militia in order to 
carry out these resolutions. (4) That the I'nited States 
disclaims anv intention of control over said island except 
for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, 



The \\\ir with Spain. 48 fj 

when that is accomplished, to leave the government and 
control of the island to its people." 

These resolutit>ns were cabled to the American Minister War witii 
in Madritl, who was directed to intorm the Spanish gov- ^i'-^'"' '^'^"^*'- 
ernment that an answer must he gi\en bv April 23. Before 
he could see the Spanish authorities, his passports were 
sent to him. This action meant that Spain woukl ha\e no 
intercourse with the I'nited Stales. It meant war. Con- 
gress, April 25, declarcil that war existed between the 
Initcil States and Spain. 

455. Public Opinion in the United States ; Preparation rui.iic 
for the War. (1808.) Public opinion in the I'nitcd States "l>"''^>" i" 
had been much ili\uieil m regard to the C uban dithculties. states 
Many persons felt that, while war was alniDst sure {o come, 
wisilom requircil delay. The armv anil na\\ were not 
reaily and the rainv season was almost at hand, when 
the Cuban climate would be \erv hurtful to Americans. 
Some thought that all efforts for a peaceful solution of the 
troubles had not been tried. Others belie\cd that war 
would be unjustifiable. Hut the ili\ision was in no sense 
sectional. When the war broke out, from all jnuts of the 
countr\- men enlisted in the arm\' and na\\'. More closely 
unitetl than at any time since 1801, North and South, 
Kast and West, stood side by side in support oi the gov- 
ernment. 

Congress gave the Secretar\' of the Treasur\- the au- 
thority to borrow $200,000,000. When the loan was 
advertised, more than seven times the amount called for 
was offered. 

This loan would supply funds for a short time, but " War 
much more would be needed. Congress therefore passed ''^^^'^""^ 
a "War Revenue Act'" like the Internal Revenue Acts 
of the Ci\'il War; this act provided for taxes on numerous 



486 History of the United States. 

War Rev- articles.^ This act was successful in bringing in a large 
enue Act. 3^,-^-, ^f money every year. 

456. The Navy ; Blockade of Cuba ; United States Coast 
The navy. Defences. (1898.) — It was clear that most of the fighting 
would take place outside of the United States and that the 
navy would take an important part. The President issued 
Blockade of a proclamation declaring the blockade of a large part of 
Cuba. ^Y\Q coast of Cuba. The carrying out of this order was 

given to Captain (afterward Admiral) William T. Samp- 
son. In anticipation of an attack upon the Atlantic coast 
of the United States, a squadron of war vessels, under 
Captain (afterward Admiral) Winfield S. Schley, was sta- 
tioned at Fortress Monroe. Meanwhile the swiftest vessels 
in the navy patrolled the coast to give warning of the 
coming of any Spanish ships. Every harbor from Texas 
to Maine was laid with submarine mines to be used 
in case of attack. Old forts were manned, guns placed 
in position, and a watch was kept for the approach of the 
enemy. 
War in the 457. War In the Pacific ; Dewey's Victory at Manila. 
(1898.) — When war was declared, Commodore George 
Dewey was in command of the United States Asiatic 
squadron then lying at Hong-Kong, China. He was 
ordered by cable to proceed at once to the Philippine 
Islands, and " capture or destroy the Spanish fleet," which 
was there. 

He entered Manila Bay early Sunday morning, May i. 
The Spanish fleet lying in the harbor was protected by 

^ The tax was paid in many cases by means of stamps which could be 
bought only of the government. Patent medicines, toilet articles, etc., were 
required to bear stamps, before they could be sold, while bank checks, mort- 
gages, and many other documents had to be stamped to be legal. Heavy taxes 
were also placed on legacies. 



'acific. 



The War with Spain. 



487 



the guns of the batteries at Cavite, a few miles from 
Manila. 

The Spaniards knew that he had left Hong-Kong, but 
he came sooner than he was expected and caught them 
unaware. He had planned to 
do this so that he might 
choose his own time for at- 
tack. As soon as he reached 
Manila Bay he opened upon 
the Spanish fleet a terrible 
fire of shot and shell. His 
fire was answered vigorously 
from the war vessels and the 
shore batteries, but the guns of 
the enemy were not well aimed 
and their shot did little dam- 
age. After a sharp fight of 
about two hours, Dewey with- 
drew his fleet, in order, it is 
said, to give his men time for breakfast, but more likely to 
see how his ammunition was holding out. 

After three hours he returned to the attack. By this 
time most of the Spanish vessels were in flames. An hour 
later the Spanish " batteries were silenced, and the ships 
sunk or burned, and deserted." In the conflict the Span- 
iards lost every vessel, and hundreds of men were killed, 
wounded, and missing. No American was killed, and 
but six were wounded ; while no American vessel was 
seriously damaged.^ 

The battle of Manila was a great naval action; seldom, 




Admiral Dewey. 

From a photograph, 1899. 



Dewey at 
Manila Bay, 
May 1,189s. 



1 The American fleet was much smaller than the Spanish, but the ships 
were larger and more formidable. On the other hand, the Spanish ships were 
protected by the land batteries. 



488 



History of the United States 



if ever, had so much been won with so Httle loss of life and 
ships. Congress made Dewey a rear admiral, gave him a 
vote of thanks, and voted him a sword. ^ 

Dewey could easily have taken the city of Manila, but 
as he had not force enough to hold it, he waited for more 
troops. INIeantime he blockaded the harbor. 



i^S^^-^^ 










\v- ^"^Vj^N"* 




.Maml.\ and the Pasig River. 

Showing the Magellan Monument and the Stone Bridge connecting the walled city 
with Binondo. 



Cervera's 
fleet. 



458. Admiral Cervera's Fleet; Santiago Harbor; Hob- 
son's Feat. (1898.) — The destruction of the Spanish Heet 
at Manila relieved the Pacific coast of the United States 
from fear of attack. The Spanish Atlantic fieet. however. 
was at the Cape \'erde Islands, and no one knew where 
it might go. Would Admiral Cervera, its commander. 
bombard one of the American cities ? Would he break 
the blockade } Would he attack the American fleet .-' 
Would he trv to meet and destrov the United States 



1 Soon after the war, Dewey was inaile admiral, the highest rank in the 
navv. 



The War with Spain. 489 

battleship Oirgoti, which was on her way from San Fran- 
cisco to the Atlantic coast ? ^ 

Cervera sailed, and the first news of him was that he Cervera's 
had reached Martinique ; then he went to Curacao, a '^^''■''• 
Dutch island off the coast of Venezuela. 

Swift steamers searched the Caribbean Sea to find him, 
until it was learned that he had put \\\io the harbor of Cervera at 
Santiac,o, on the southern coast of Cuba. Here he was at Santiago. 
once blockaded by the fleets of Sampson and Schley. 

The entrance to the harbor is through a narrow, winding 
channel, from whose shores rise lofty hills. In order to 
obstruct the channel it was determined to sink a vessel 
in the narrowest part. This difficult feat was intrusted 
to Ensign Richmond P. Hobson and six men. They per- 
formed their dangerous task, notwithstanding a severe 
tire from the Spanish land batteries. They were captured, 
but Admiral Cervera was so moved by their bravery that 
he sent word to the Americans that they were safe and 
would be well treated.'-^ 

459. Santiago Campaign ; El Caney and San Juan. Santiago 
(1898.) Meanwhile the blockade of Cuba had been kept campaign, 
up, and preparations made for a land campaign in the 

^ The battleship Oregon was stationed on the Pacihc coast. Init after the 
destruction of the Maine, it was thought best to order her to the Atlantic. 
She sailed from San Francisco March 19, 1898, on her voyage round Cape 
Horn, — a distance of about 15,000 miles. It was feared that she might be 
attacked before her commander knew that war had begun, and the news of 
war was telegraphed to every port at which she might call. She made the 
long voyage in safety, reaching Florida May 25, and at once took her place 
in the attacking fleet and did effective service. 

- Just as Hobson was about to sink the Merriinac, the vessel chosen, a 

shot from the Spaniards broke her rudder chains so that she could not be 

', steered. Owing to this fact, she sank too far within the harbor, and failed to 

I obstruct the channel as had been planned. Hobson and his companions, 

( some weeks later, were exchanged for Spanish prisoners. 



4go 



Historv of the Ignited States. 



island. Troops wore hurried from ditTerent points in the 
United States to the Atlantic seaboard, and great camps 
established at various places for drilling and organiz- 
ing the volunteers. About two hundred thousand men 
entered the service ; voung men of all ranks, and also 







A VlKW IN I.ASIKRN L ; : \. 
From a photograph. 

veterans of tiie Federal and Confederate armies, quicklv 
volunteered.^ 
Santiago Santiago was alreadv blockaded bv sea. and it was de- 

campaign. tcrmincd to attack it by land. An army of sixteen thou- 
sand men under Clcneral William R. Shafter was landed 

1 Soon after the beginning of hostilities. Colonel Leonard Woovl, since 
General, and Theodore Roosevelt, since governor of New York, and Vice- 
l\esident of the I'nited States, but then Assistant Secretary of the l\ S. Xavy. 
vi^luntoored to aid in raising a regiment of ca\-alry. l>oth were well known 
in the West, and many " cowbo\"s" from the plains and from Texas joined the 
regiment, with many wealthy young men from the Fast. This bodv was 
known as " Roosevelt's Rough Riders." 



The \\ ar with Spain 



491 



not many miles from the citv, ami the advance against the 
enemy was almost immediately begun. 

The conditions were yery nnfayorable : the tropical heat 
was terrible; the cKx^e. rank undergrowth made aelyance 
slow, and liid the enenu' from \iew ; the bad roads made 




-■'^■^.m&^>M'^^ 







San jTAN Hakhor. 

View from Casa Hianc.i, Ponce de Leon's House. 



it difficult to move the heavy guns, and prevented the 
jirompt forwarding of food supjilies. In addition to all 
this, the rainy season had begun. 

A vigorous attack. July i and 2, upon the Spanish at 
Kl Canev and San Juan resulted in victory for the 
Americans. 

460. Destruction of Cervera's i-'leet. (1898.) — The 



V.\ C'aney 
a nil San 
luan. 



49-^ History of the United StiUes. 

Spanish troops having been forced back, an assault upon 
the city was planned. 

On Sunday morning, July 3, Admiral Cervera, under 
orders from the Spanish government, made a desperate 
Destruction dash out of the harbor and put to sea. At once the 
o eneras ^,-,-,gj-j(;^,-j i\,^ct Opened fire and pursued the Spanish 
vessels, which had turned toward the west. Shot and 
shell were poured upon the flying ships. Cervera believed 
that his vessels were so much swifter than the American 
ships that there was some hope of escape. It was a 
vain hope ; in less than four hours everv Spanish ship 
was destroyed. Hundreds of the Spaniards were killed, 
and Admiral Cervera and about twelve hundred of his men 
were made prisoners. The Americans lost one killed and 
three wounded, and their vessels suffered little injury.^ 

461. Surrender of Santiago ; Porto Rico Campaign; Spain 
sues for Peace; Fall of Manila. (1898.) — The city of 
Santiago Santiago was now untenable. Cuban insurgents held the 
surremered. j-Q,^^g jjy vvhich reenforcements might come; the Ameri- 
can lines were close to the city ; Cervera's fleet was de- 
stroyed and the I'nited States fleet blockaded the har- 
bor. The Spanish general surrendered the city July 17, 
with all the eastern part of the island. 

Porto Rico was the next point of attack.- The direction 

of the campaign was given to Major-General Miles, the 

Porto Rico commander-in-chief. Landing on the southern coast, 

campaign. \vhere he was not expected, he met with little opposition. 

1 The Spanish fleet consistetl of four vessels, none of which were battle- 
ships, and two torpedo-boat destroyers. The American fleet consisted, at 
the time of the action, of eight vessels, four of them battleships. Cervera's 
only hope lay in speed, and he knew that most of his fleet would probably 
be lost, but he was compelled to obey orders. 

- Admiral Sampson had already bombarded San Juan on the northern 
coast, but the action was indecisive. 



The War with Spain, 



49, 



The Spanish forces retreated, and the people welcomed 
the United States troops. The conquest of the island was 
being pushed forward successfully and rapidly, when news 
of peace stopped all fighting. 

On July 26, the Spanish government, through the 
French ambassador at Washington, asked upon what 
terms the United States would 
make peace. It was more 
than two weeks before Spain 
would agree to the terms 
offered. Meantime Admiral 
Dewey was blockading Ma- 
nila harbor and waiting for 
reenforcements. It was no 
easy task to secure on the 
Pacific coast transports enough 
to carry the large body of 
troops needed. Though the 
first body of men had left San 
Francisco May 25, it was the 

last of July before the commanding officer, Major-General 
Wesley Merritt, and Admiral Dewey thought it safe to 
make a land attack upon the city, and it was not until 
August 13 that the city surrendered. 

462. Terms of Peace ; Treaty signed December 10, 1898. 
— On August 12, M. Cambon, the French ambassador at 
Washington, on behalf of Spain signed the protocol or 
first draft of a treaty of peace. Orders were at once given 
to cease hostilities, but before the order could reach the 
Philippines, Manila had fallen. 

The Peace Commissioners appointed by Spain and the 
United States met at Paris in October (1898) to discuss 
the terms of peace. It was not until the 10th of Decem- Peace. 




Genf;ral N. a. Miles. 



Peace 

negotiations. 



Manila, 
surrenders. 



Terms of 
peace. 



494 



History oi' the United States. 



ber that the Spaniards could agree to the terms proposed 
by the United States and sign the treaty. 

The most important provisions of the treat v were : 
(i) Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over aud 
title to Cuba. (2) Spain ceded to the United States the 
island of Porto Rico and other islands then under Spanish 




A N.vTivE Makkkt in Maml.V. 
From a vihotograph. 



sovereignty in the West Indies, and the island Guam in 
the Mariannes or Ladrones. (3) Spain ceded to the 
United States the archipelago known as the Philippine 
Islands. The United States agreed to pav to Spain the 
sum of twenty million dollars within three months after 
the exchange of the ratifications of the treatv. (4) The 
civil rights and political status oi the native inhabitants 
of the territories ceded to the United States should be 
determined by Congress. (5) The inhabitants of the 
territories over which Spain relinquished or ceded her 



Territorial Expansion. 49 <^ 

sovereignty should be secured in the full exercise ol their 
religion.^ 

463. Senate ratified the Treaty February 6, 1899 ; 
Opinions regarding the Treaty. (1899-1900.) — The Pres- 
ident sent the treaty of peace to the Senate January 4, and Treaty 
after four weeks of discussion, it was passed ( l^X'bruary 6, ratiiicd. 
1899) by an affirmative vote of fifty-seven, or one more 

I than the necessary two-thirds majority. 

The provision which caused the most discussion was 
that regariling the Philippines. Many felt that to accpiire 

, them as a possession meant to plunge the country into 

I great difficulties. Very few of the people of the islands 'riie 

were fit to become citizens ; but could they be anything '''i''MM>'"es. 
, else, if the islands became part of the United States .-^ 
The ownershi]) of the islands would be likely to involve 

I the country in trouble with Iun()})ean nations. 'Po keej) 

I them, it was further stated, would be an entire change 
of policy for the country, and was opposed to the s])irit of 

\ the Declaration of Independence and the good advice in 

! Washington's P'arewell Address. 

' I'orto l\ico, with tlic three small islands near it, — C'ulchra and Vieques 
j on the cast and Mona on the west, — contains about 3600 sc|uare miles, or 
I half as many as Nevv^Jersey. According to the census taken by the United 
I States late in 1899, the population was 958,679, about half being whites. 

IGuam is 5200 miles from San Francisco and 900 from Manila. It is about 
32 miles long, and has a population of about 9000. The inhabitants have 
; come from the I'liilijipincs. Sj^anish is the prevailing language. The island 
is thickly woodeil and well watered. It has an excellent harbor. 

The Philippines number over 1500 islands, l)ut many of tluMii are small. 
The land area is estimated at about 116,000 square miles, and the pnpulalion 
at about 8,000,000. The inhabitants are mostly Malays, but about thirty 
j races arc represented. Luzon, the largest island, has an area of about 44,000 
» sipiare miles, — about the same as Pennsylvania, — and its population is about 
5,000,000. Manila is the largest city, with a population of about 250,000; it 
has one of the finest harbors in tiu- Pacidc. 



49^ History of the United States. 

On the other hand, it was contended that as the islands 
had come to the nation through tlie war, they should be 
* retained and the United States should not shirk the diffi- 

culties and responsibilities of the situation. It was urged 
that it was far better for the Filipinos that they should 
belong to the United States than that they should be left 
to themselves or returned to Spain ; it was, moreover, by 
no means sure that the islands would have to become a 
part of the nation in the same sense as one of the terri- 
tories ; that was a matter which could be left for the future 
to decide. 

A day or two before the final vote on the treaty, a body 
of Filipinos, under Emilio Aguinaldo, a native of ability, 
attacked the American defences at Manila, and ever since 
Aguinakio. there has been resistance to the American rule. These 
tribes for the most part belong to the Tagals, a Malay race. 
They are in minority as regards the whole population, but 
are among the most able and intelligent. 

464. Cost of the War ; Losses ; Red Cross Society. — 
With the ratification of the Treaty of 
Paris, the war with Spain officially 
Cost of the /' *V-J^^ ceased. It is impossible to calculate the 

exact cost of the war to the country ; 

but the direct cost of the army and 

Red Cross Armlet navy was about ^115,000.000, while 

the increased expenditures in other 

departments of the government was very great. 

No war in the history of the country has been carried 
on with so little loss of life. No American flag or gun or 
vessel was captured, and no prisoners were taken by the 
enemy, except Ensign Hobson and his companions.^ 

1 The number of men in the army was about 275,000. The total loss of 
life in battle was under 400; that from disease about 2900. The manage- 



war, 




Territorial Expansion. 



497 



As in the Civil War the Sanitary and Christian com- 
missions added greatly to the comfort and health of the 
soldiers, so in the Spanish War did the Red Cross Society. Red Cross 
The wounded, the sick, and the suffering were carefully Society, 
and skilfully attended to and their wants supplied.^ 

465. Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands. (1898.) — 
After the failure of the plan to annex the Hawaiian Islands 



'r^'i!y-.vTTFvv 













1 rTTlT IMi TV ^IT 



i'.E= 



Senate and Legislative Buildings, Honolulu, Hawau. 

From a photograph. 

in 1893 (sect. 429), a republic was proclaimed July 4, 1894, Hawaiian 
under the presidency of Sanford B. Dole. He was a native republic, 
of the islands, but of American parentage, and had been the ^^„. 
head of the provisional government set up after the expul- 
sion of Queen Liliuokalani. When the Republicans in the 
United States again came into power, a new treaty of 

ment of the commissary department of the army was severely criticised for 
supplying food unfit for use, and the unsanitary conditions of many of the 
camps greatly increased the losses from disease. 

1 The Red Cross Society was founded in 1864 at Geneva, Switzerland, by 
delegates from the principal nations; the agreements then drawn up have 
been signed by nearly all civilized powers. The object of the society is to 
relieve suffering by war, pestilence, famine, flood, fire, or any calamity which 
is national in extent. Miss Clara Barton is president of the American society. 



498 History of the United States. 

annexation was negotiated in 1897. This was approved 
by the President, and sent to the Senate, but was not acted 
upon by that body. 

Dewey's victory at Manila showed very clearly the 
advantage to the United States of owning the Hawaiian 
Islands for naval purposes, if for nothing else. Accord- 
ingly, July 6, 1898, Congress by a joint resolution annexed 
Hawaii the islands.^ The annexation was formally proclaimed at 

annexed, Honolulu, and the United States flag raised, August 12, 

July 6, 1S98. !r> ) & ) 

1898. By direction of President McKinley the officers of 
the late republic were to fulfil the duties of their positions 
until Congress should provide a new form of government. 
These officers took the oath of allegiance to the United 
States, and were subject to removal by the President.- A 
territorial government was provided for by act of Con- 
gress, April 30, 1900, which went into effect on June 14 of 
the same year. 

466. Guam; Wake Island. (1899.) Samoan Islands. 
(1889.) Partition Treaty; United States acquire Tutuila. 
(1899.) — In accordance with the treaty of peace the 
United States took formal possession of Guam, P'ebruary 

1 The resolution set forth that, the Republic of Hawaii haxiiig already 
signified its consent to cede all rights of sovereignty over the Hawaiian 
Islands to the United States, Congress accepts, ratifies, and confirms such 
cession. 

-The Hawaiian group consists of twelve islands, most of them small. The 
total area is about 6750 square miles. Hawaii, the largest, has an area of 
4210 square miles — almost two-thirds of the whole. The population of the 
islands in 1897 was 109,020. It is mixed, hardly one-third being Hawaiians; 
Chinese and Japanese together form nearly one-half ; while the Americans 
number but 3000. The American influence, however, has long been very 
great, and the commerce of the islands is almost wholly with the United 
States. In 1897, 99.62 per cent of the exports went to the United States, while 
76.94 per cent of the imports came from the United States. The exports con- 
sist of little besides sugar. The population in 1900 was 154,001. 



Territorial Expansion. 



499 



Samoan 
Islands. 



I, 1899. On the way thither Commander Taussig, of the Guam. 
United States gunboat Beiuiiugtoii, hoisted the flag over 
Wake Island, a small island about two thousand miles 
distant from Hawaii and in the direct route from Hawaii 
to Hongkong. 

Under the administration of President Cleveland, the 
United States (1889) joined with Great Britain and Ger- 
many in guaranteeing the neutrality of the Samoan Islands 
in the South Pacific, and in forming a joint protectorate 
over them.^ There was much trouble in the islands from 
trade rivalry among the foreigners and various claims for 
kingship among the native chiefs. These troubles resulted 
(January, 1899) in a petty war, in which the British and 
Americans took the side of one of the chiefs. In June 
the three powers appointed a commission to visit Samoa 
and adjust the differences. 

The commissioners, after investigation, proposed to 
establish a government to be maintained by the three 
powers. Great Britain, Germany, and the United States. 
Before this arrangement could be ratified. Great Britain, 
in consideration of the withdrawal by Germany of certain Partition of 
claims to other islands, gave up all claim to the Samoan ^^"^ Samoan 

Islands. 

group. These two powers also agreed that the United 
States should be given Tutuila, the largest of the islands, 
and that Germany should have the others.^ This partition 

1 The Samoan group, formerly known as the Navigators' Islands, consists 
of fourteen islands lying in a line drawn from San Francisco to Auckland, New 
Zealand. They are about 4000 miles from Hawaii, 4200 miles from Manila, 
and 1900 miles from Auckland. They contain an area of about 1740 s(|uare 
miles, and have a total population of less than 35,000. Recently Samoa has 
( become well known as the residence of the late Robert Louis Stevenson, the 

(author. 
■■^ Tutuila has an area of about fifty-four square miles, and possesses the 
harbor of Pago Pago, the finest in the South Pacific. A coaling station here 



500 History of the United States, 

Tutuila. treaty was signed by the President, December 2, 1899, and 

confirmed by the Senate ; thus another island in the Pacific 
was added to the possessions of the United States. 

467. Prosperity in the United States. (1898-1899.) 
Results of Spanish War. (1900.) — Notwithstanding the 
Spanish War, and the heavy taxation which it caused, the 
year 1898 was one of the most prosperous which the coun- 
try has ever known. The exports were the largest on rec- 

Prosperity ord, and though the imports were large, they yet fell far 

in the short of the exports. Crops were abundant, the mills were 

States. busy, and almost the whole country was reaping the fruits 

of prosperity. The years 1899 and 1900 were even more 

prosperous than 1898. 

Perhaps there has been no year in the history of the 
United States more full of meaning than 1898. The inter- 
vention on behalf of Cuba brought with it results which 
few could foresee, and which many contemplated with fear 
Within one short year the United States, almost in spite 
of herself, had assumed the position of a power which 
must take part in the affairs of the whole world. Once 
confined to the North American continent, she now has 
vast dependent territory. Her flag floats over the most 
important islands in the West Indies, and she holds some 
of the fairest and richest islands in the Pacific. Millions 
of people, representing many and diverse races, have come 
under her care to be governed, to be uplifted, and to be 
treated with kindness and justice. 

468. Gold Standard Act ; Galveston Disaster. (1900.) — 
In March, 1900, the Gold Standard Act was passed by 



was granted to the United States in 1872. Since the acquisition of Tutuila, 
the Manua group of these islands, about seventy miles north of Tutuila, has 
come under the government of the United States. 



Territorial Expansion. 501 

Congress. By this act the gold dollar is made the standard 
of value. 

The city of Galveston, Texas, is situated on a low sandy Galveston 
island only a few feet above sea-level, so the city is exposed disaster, 

•^ . September 

to the open Gulf of Mexico. A tropical hurricane struck ^^ ^^ jgoo. 
the coast of Texas, September 8, 9, 1900. The effect of 
the tornado was to raise the waves many feet above the 
level of high tide, and the whole city of Galveston was 
submerged in addition to the destruction wrought by the 
tornado. It is thought that about seven thousand lives 
were lost and $ 30,000,000 of property destroyed. This 
was a disaster unparalleled in the history of the United 
States. As in the case of other disasters, abundant help 
was sent promptly to the suffering, and Red Cross Society 
agents were soon on the ground distributing relief and 
giving aid to the injured. 

469. Presidential Campaign. (1900.) — The time drew Presidential 



nomina 



near for nominating Presidential candidates. It had been 

" . tions, 1900. 

for some time certain that President McKinley would be 
renominated and there was little talk of any one else. 
Theodore Roosevelt, of New York, was the popular can- 
didate for Vice-President. Both were nominated at the Republican. 
Republican convention by acclamation. The Democratic Democratic, 
convention nominated William J. Bryan, of Nebraska, for 
President by acclamation, and Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illi- 
nois, for Vice-President by ballot (sect. 424). 

The larger wing of the People's party or Populists had "Populists." 
already nominated William J. Bryan for President and 
Charles A. Towne for Vice-President.^ 

The Prohibition party nominated John G. Wooley for Prohibi- 
President and Henry B. Metcalf for Vice-President. tiomst. 

1 Towne withdrew after the Democratic nominations. 



502 



History of the United States. 



Platforms. 



Campaign, 
1900. 



Philippine 
Commis- 
sion, 1900. 



The Republican platform indorsed all the acts of the 
administration, defended the Philippine policy, opposed 
the free coinage of silver, and upheld the gold standard. 

The Democratic platform made " imperialism " the 
"paramount issue of the campaign," declaring that "im- 
perialism abroad will lead quickly and inevitably to despot- 
ism at home." It denounced the Porto Rico legislation 
and the Philippine policv and legislation and acts of the 
Republicans generally. The Chicago platform of 1896 
regarding the free and unlimited coinage of sih'er at the 
ratio of si.xteen to one was reaffirmed. 

The platform of the People's party was in important 
points similar to that of the Democrats. 

The Prohibition platform declared that Prohibition 
was the greatest issue. It harshly denounced President 
McKinley. 

The struggle lay wholly between the Republican and 
Democratic candidates. The effort to make "imperial- 
ism" the chief issue failed. As in 1896, the real issue 
was between the gold standard and the free coinage of 
silver. At the election. President McKinley was chosen 
by a larger plurality of the popular vote than any Presi- 
dent had ever received.^ 

470. Philippine Commission; Census. (1900.) — In the 
spring of 1900, a commission was sent to the Philippines 
to investigate the condition of affairs in the islands, and to 
set up as soon as possible civil government. By the end 
of the year there were good prospects that order would 
before a long period be restored. The war had become 
restricted to maraudins: bands and sfuerillas.^ 



1 The total vote was 13,969,770 ; McKinley's plurality over Bryan was 
849,455, and his majority over all 446,718. 

- Aguinaldo was captured March 23, 1901, and after a short time took the 



Territorial Expansion. 



5^3 



The census of 1900 gave the population of the United Census, 
States as 76,304,799, an increase of about twenty-one percent '^°°- 
over that of 1890.^ The centre of population moved west- 
ward fourteen miles, and southward two and one-half miles. 

At the opening of the twentieth century, the United 
States takes her place as the richest and one of the most 




powerful nations in the world. No other nation has had such 
opportunities, and no nation in history has attained such 
greatness in so short a period. The problems before the 
country are great and difficult ; upon their right solution 
depend the successful future of the great Republic, and 
the material and moral welfare of all her millions of people. 

oath of allegiance to the United States, and issued a manifesto advising the 
FUipinos still resisting American control to lay down their arms and recognize 
the authority of the United States. 

' In accordance with the Consiitution, Congress passed an apportionment 
bill, fixing the memliership of the House of Representatives at 386, or one for 
every 193,291 persons. See Appendix VI. 



Appendix I. 
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.! 

In Congri:ss, July 4, 1776. 

THE UNANIMOUS DECLAKATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED 
STATES OF AMERICA. 

When in the Course of Iiuinan events, it becomes necessary for one people 
to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and 
to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to 
which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a. decent respect 
to the opinions of mankind retjuires that they should declare the causes which 
impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men arc created equal, 
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that 
among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure 
these rights. Governments are in.stituted among INIen, deriving their just 
powers from the consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Gov- 
ernment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to 
alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation 
on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall 
seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, 
will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for 
light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that 
mankind are more disposed to suffer, wiiile evils are sufferable, than to right 
themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when 
a long train of abuses and usuri)ations, pursuing invariably the same Object 

1 The origrinal copy of the Declaration of Independence, which was signed at Philadelphia, is 
kept at the Department of State, Washington, District of Columbia. The writing is much faded, 
and some of the signatures have nearly disappeared. 

The arrangement of paragraphs here adopted follows the copy in the Journals of Congress, 
printed by John Dunlap, which agrees with Jefferson's original draft. No names of states 
appear in the original, though the names from each state are together, excei)t that the signa- 
ture of Matthew Thornton, New Hampshire, follows that of Oliver Wolcott, Massachusetts. 



11 



History o\^ the United States. 



evinces a design to reduce theui under absolute Despotism, it is their right, 
it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards 
for their future securit}-. — Sucli has been the patient sufferance of these 
Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their 
former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great 
Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct 
object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove 
this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. 

He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for 
the public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be 
obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them. 

He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts 
of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation 
in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants 
only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose 
of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with 
manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to 
be elected ; whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have 
returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the 
mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convul- 
sions within. 

He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that 
purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to 
pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of 
new Appropriations of Lands. 

He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent 
to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. 

He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of 
Officers to harrass our People, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the 
Consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the 
Civil Power. 



The Decliinitit)!! ot Independence. iii 

He has coinbiiuHl with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
constitution, and unacknowletlged by our hiws ; giving his Assent to their 
Acts of pretended Legishition : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 

For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from runishment for any Murders 
which they should coniniit on tlic Iniiabitants of these States : 

For cutting off our Traile with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our Consent : 

For depriving us in fnany cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury : 

For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : 

For abolishing the free System of Fiiiglish Laws in a neighbouring 
Trovince, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and lit instrument for 
introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies : 

For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and 
altering fundamentally the Forms of our (Jovernments : 

For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with Power to legislate for us m all cases whatsoever. 

lie has abdicated (Jovernment here, by declaring us out of his Protection 
and waging War against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with 
circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous 
ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to 
bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends 
and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to 
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Lidian Savages, 
whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
sexes and conditions. 

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the 
most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by 
repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act 
which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free People. 

Nor have We been wanting in attention to our Brittish brethren. We have 
warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an 
unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circum- 
stances of our emigration and settlement liere. We have appeahnl to their 
native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of 



IV 



History of the United States. 



our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably 
interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to 
the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce 
in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and liold them, as we hold 
the rest of mankind. Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. 

We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in 
General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world 
for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the 
good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That these 
United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; 
that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all 
political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and 
ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States, they 
have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish 
Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States 
may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a tirm 
reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to 
each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor. 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
JOSIAU Bartlett, 
W.M. Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 
Sa.ml. Adams, 
John Apams, 
RoBT. Treat Paixe, 
Elbridge Gerrt. 

RHODE ISLAND. 
Step. Hopkins, 
William Ellert. 

COXNECTICL'T. 
Roger Sherman, 

Sam'EL HlNTlNGTON, 

\Vm. Williams, 

t)HVEE WOLCOTT. 

NEW YORK. 
W.M. Flotd, 
Phil. Livingston, 
Frans. Lewis, 

Lewis Morris. 



NEW .lERSEY. 
RicHD. Stockton, 

J NO. WlTHERSPOON, 

Eras. Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abra. Cl.\^rk. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
RoBT. Morris, 
Ben.iamix Rush, 
Ben.ia. Franklin, 
John Morton, 
Geo Cltmer, 
J.\s. Smith, 
Geo. Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
Geo. Ross. 

DELAWARE. 
Cssar Rodney, 
Geo. Read, 
Tiio. MKean. 

MARYLAND. 
Samuel Chase, 
Wm. Paca, 



Tuos. Stone, 

Charles Carroll of Carroll- 
ton. 

VIRGIXIA. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Th. Jefferson, 
BEN.IA. Harrison, 
Thos. Nelson, jr., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 
W.M. Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
JoiLN Penn. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 
Edward Rttledge, 
Thos. Heyward. Junr., 
Thomas Lynch, Junr.. 
Arthur Middleton. 

GEORGIA. 
BiTTON Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
Geo. Walton. 



Appf:ndix it. 



[THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
OF AMERICA.] ^ 

We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect 
Union, establisli Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the 
common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Bless- 
ings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity," do ordain and establish 
this Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE. I. 

Section. 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Con- 
gress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
Representatives. 

Section. 2. [1] The House of Representatives shall be composed of Mem- 
bers chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the 
Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of 
the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. 

[2] No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to 
the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in 
which he shall be chosen. 

[3] Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the 
several States which may be included within this Union, according to their 
respective Numbers,"- [which shall be determined by adding to the whole 
Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of 

i This text of the Constitution has been printed from the copy issued by the United States 
Department of State which bears the indorsement, '• Compared with the original in the Depart- 
ment of State, April 13, 1S91, and found to be correct." Those parts of the document in 
brackets [] are not in the original, or have been modified or superseded by amendments, or 
were temporary in their character. 

= The apportionment under the census of 1900 is one representative to every 193,291. 



vi History of the United States. 

Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons] .^ 
The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first 
Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within eveiy subsequent 
Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Num- 
ber of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but 
each State shall have at Least one Representative ; [and until such enumera- 
tion shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse 
three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode- Island and Providence Plantations one, 
Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Dela- 
ware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five. South Carolina 
five, and Georgia three.] 

[4] When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the 
Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Va- 
cancies. 

[5] The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker- and other 
Officers ; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. 

Sectiox. 3. [1] The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years ; 
and each Senator shall have one Vote. 

[2] Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first 
Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The 
Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of 
the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, 
and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third 
may be chosen every second Year ; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, 
or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Execu- 
tive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of 
the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies. 

[3] No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age 
of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who 
shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be 
chosen. 

[4] The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the 
Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. 

[5] The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro 
tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise 
the Office of President of the United States. 

[6] The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When 
sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the 
President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside : And 

1 The clause in brackets has been superseded by the thirteenth and fourteenth amendments. 
- The Speaker is always one of the representatives , the other officers are not. 



The Constitution of the United States. vii 

no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the 
Members present. 

[7] Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to 
removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any OiBce of 
honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted 
shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, I'rial, Judgment and 
Punishment, according to Law. 

Section. 4. [1] The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for 
Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legis- 
lature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such 
Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators. 

[2] The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such 
Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law 
appoint a different Day. 

Section. 5. [1] Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns 
and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute 
a Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to 
day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, 
in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. 

[2] Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its 
Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, 
expel a Member. 

[3] Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to 
time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require 
Secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any 
question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the 
Journal. 

[4] Neither House, during the Session of Congress, .shall, without the 
Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other 
IMace than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. 

Section. 6. [1] The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Com- 
pensation i for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the 
Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, 
Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their 
Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same ; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, 
they shall not be questioned in any other Place. 

[2] No Senator or Represenrative shall, during the Time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United 

1 At present (1893) this is " $ 5000 per annum, with $ 125 annual allowance for stationery and 
newspapers, and a mileage allowance of twenty cents per mile of travel each way from their 
homes at each annual session." 



viii History of the United States. 

States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have 
been encreased during such time ; and no Person holding any Office under 
the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance 
in Office. 

Section. 7. [1] All Bills for raising Eevenue shall originate in the House 
of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amend- 
ments as on other Bills. 

[2] Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and 
the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of 
the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return 
it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who 
shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to recon- 
sider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree 
to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other 
House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two 
thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes 
of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the 
Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of 
each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President 
within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to 
him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless 
the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it 
shall not be a Law. 

[3] Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the 
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a ques- 
tion of Adjournment) shall be pi-esented to the President of the United 
States ; and before the same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or 
being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed 
in the Case of a Bill. 

Section. 8. [1] The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, 
Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common 
Defence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties, Imposts 
and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 

[2] To borrow Money on the credit of the United States ; 

[3J To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian Tribes ; 

[4] To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on 
the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

[5] To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and 
fix the Standard of Weights and Measures ; 

[6] To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and 
current Coin of the United States ; 



The Constitution of the United States. ix 

[7] To establish Post Offices and post Roads ; 

[8] To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for 
limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respec- 
tive Writings and Discoveries ; 

[9] To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court ; 

[10] To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high 
Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations ; 

[11] To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make 
Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water ; 

[12] To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that 
Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years ; 

[13] To provide and maintain a Navy ; 

[14] To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and 
naval Forces ; 

[15] To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the 
Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; 

[16] To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and 
for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the 
United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of 
the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the disci- 
pline prescribed by Congress ; 

[17] To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such 
District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular 
States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government 
of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased 
by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, 
for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other need- 
ful Buildings ; — And 

[18] To make all Laws which shall be necessai'y and proper for carrying 
into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this 
Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department 
or Officer thereof. 

Section-. 9. [1] [The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any 
of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- 
hibited by the Congress pi-ior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and 
eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding 
ten dollars for each Person.] i 

[2] The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may 
require it. 

[3] No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. 

* A temporary clause uo louger iu force. 



X History of the United States. 

[4] No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion 
to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken. 

[5] No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. 

[6] No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or 
Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another : nor shall Vessels 
bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in 
another. 

[7] No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of 
Appropriations made by Law ; and a regular Statement and Account of the 
Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time 
to time. 

[8] No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no 
Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the 
Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, 
of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. ^ 

Section. 10. [1] No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Con- 
federation ; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal ; coin Money ; emit Bills 
of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment 
of Debts ; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing 
the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. 

[2j No State .shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts 
or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
for executing it's inspection Laws : and the net Produce of all Duties and 
Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the 
Treasury of the United States ; and all such Laws shall be subject to 
the Revision and Controul of the Congress. 

[3] No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of 
Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any 
Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or 
engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will 
not admit of delay .^ 

ARTICLE. II. 

Section. 1. [1] The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the 
United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four 
Years, and, together with the A'^ice President, chosen for the same Term, be 
elected, as follows 

[2] Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof 
may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators 

> The personal rights enumerated in Section 9, have been added to, and extended by, Amend 
raents I.-X. 

^ The provisions of Siection 10 have been ujodilied and extended by Amendments XII [.-XV. 



The Constitution of the United States. ■ xi 

and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: 
but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or 
Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. 

[3J [The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot 
for tv?o Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same 
State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted 
for, and of the Number of Votes for each ; which List they shall sign and 
certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United 
States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate 
shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open 
all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having 
the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be 
a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed ; and if there be more 
than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then 
the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them 
for President ; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest 
on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But 
in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representa- 
tion from each Stat6 having one Vote ; A quorum for this Purpose shall con- 
sist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority 
of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the 
Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of 
the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or 
more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the 
Vice President.] i 

[4] The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and 
the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same 
throughout the United States. 

[5] No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United 
States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to 
the Office of President ; neither shall any Person be eligible to that ("(ffice 
who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been four- 
teen Years a Resident within the United States. 

[6] In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, 
Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said 
Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congi-ess may 
by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, 
both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then 
act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability 
be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

* This clause has been superseded by Amendment XII. 



xii History of the United States. 

[7] The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Com- 
pensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period 
for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that 
Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

[8J Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the fol- 
lowing Oath or Affirmation : — "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will 
faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to 
the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the 
United States." 

Section. 2. [1] The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army 
and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when 
called into the actual Service of the United States ; he may require the 
Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive De- 
partments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, 
and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against 
the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. 

[2j He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the 
Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present con- 
cur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the 
Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, 
Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, 
whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall 
be established by Law : but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment 
of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the 
Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. 

[3] The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may 
happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which 
shall expire at the End of their next Session. 

Section. 3. [1] He shall from time to time give to the Congress Informa- 
tion of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such 
Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraor- 
dinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of 
Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he 
may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive 
Ambassadors and other public Ministers ; he shall take Care that the Laws 
be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United 
States. 

Section. 4. [1] The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Con- 
viction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. 



The Constitution of the United States. xiii 



ARTICLE. III. 

Section. 1. [1] The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested 
in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from 
time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and 
inferior Courts, shall hold their UfKces during good Behaviour, and shall, at 
stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be 
diminished during their continuance in Office. 

Section. 2. [1] The judicial Power shall extend to all cases, in Law and 
Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and 
Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority ; — to all Cases 
affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; — to all Cases 
of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; — to Controversies to which tlie 
United States shall be a Party; — to Controversies between two or more 
States ; — between a State and Citizens of another State ;i between Citizens 
of different States, — between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands 
under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, 
and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. 

[2] In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Con- 
suls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have 
original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme 
Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such 
Exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

[3] The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by 
Jury ; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall 
have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the Trial 
shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. 

Section. 3. [1] Treason against the United States, shall consist only in 
levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid 
and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testi- 
mony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open 
Court. 

[2] The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, 
but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture 
except during the Life of the Person attainted. 

ARTICLE. IV. 

Section. 1. [1] Full Faith and Credit .shall be given in each State to 
the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And 

1 Modilii'iJ by Auieuduient XI. 



xiv History of the United States. 

the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, 
Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. 

Section. 2. [1] The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privi- 
leges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. i 

[2] A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, 
who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand 
of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, 
to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. 

[3] [No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws 
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regula- 
tion therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered 
up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.] - 

Section. 3. [1] New States may be admitted by the Congress into this 
Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction 
of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more 
States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the 
States concerned as well as of the Congress. 

[2] The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful 
Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging 
to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed 
as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 

Section. 4. [1] The L^nited States shall guarantee to every State in this 
Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them 
against Invasion ; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive 
(when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. 

ARTICLE. V. 

[1] The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses .shall deem it 
necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Ajjpli- 
cation of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Con- 
vention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to 
all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the 
Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three 
fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed 
by the Congress ; Provided that [no Amendment which may be made prior 
to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect 
the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article ; and 
that] 3 no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of it's equal Suffrage 
in the Senate. 

1 Provisions extended by Ameudiiieut XIV. 

2 Superseded by Amendment XIII. 
^ Temporary in its nature. 



The Constitution of the United States. xv 



ARTICLE. VI. 

[1] All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adop- 
tion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under 
this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 

[2] This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be 
made in Pursuance thereof ; and all Treaties made, or which shall be 
made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of 
the Land ; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing 
in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 

[3] The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members 
of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both 
of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or 
Affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no religious Test shall ever be 
required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United 
States. 

ARTICLE. VII. 

[1] The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient 
for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the 
Same. 

The Word, "the", being in- 
terlined between the seventh 

and eighth Lines of the first DoNE in Convention by the Unanimous Consent 

Page, The Word "Thirty" ,. ,, o, , o, , ^ . 

being partly written on an ^f the States present the Seventeenth Day of 

Erazure in the tifteenth Line September in the Year of our Lord one thousand 

of the first Page, The Words 

"is tried" being interhned seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the 

between the thirty second and 

thirty third Lines of the first Independance of the United States of America 



Page and the Word "the" 
being interlined between the 



the Twelfth In Witness wh.ereof We have 



forty third and forty fourth hereunto subscribed our Names, 

Lines of the second Page. 



[Note bv Printer. — The 
interlined and rewritten 
words, mentioned in the 



GO; WASHINGTON— Presif^^. 



above explanation, are in this ayid deputy from Virginia 

edition, printed in their proper 
places in the text.] 

Attest William Jackson Secretary 



XVI 



History of the United States. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
John Langdon 
Nicholas Oilman 

MASSACHUSETTS. 
Nathaniel Gorham 
RuFUS King 

CONNECTICUT. 
Wm : Saml. Johnson 
Roger Shkrman 

NEW YORK. 
Alexander Hamilton 

NEW JERSEY. 
Wil : Livingston 
David Brearlev. 
Wm. Paterson. 
JoNA : Dayton 

PENNSYLVANIA. 
B Franklin 
Thomas Mifflin 
Robt. Morris 
Geo. Clymer 
Thos. Fitz Simons 
Jared Ingersoll 
James Wilson 
Gouv Morris 



DELAWARE. 
Geo : Read 
Gunning Bedford jun 
John Dickinson 
Richard Bassett 
Jaco: Broom 

MARYLAND. 
James McHenry 
Dan of St Thos. Jenifer 
Danl Carroll 

VIRGINIA. 
John Blair — 
James Madison Jr. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 
Wm : Blount 

KiCHD. DOBBS SpAIGHT. 

Hu Williamson 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 
J. Rutledge 

Charles Cotesvvorth Pinckney 
Charles Pinckney 
Pierce Butler. 

GEORGIA. 
William Few 
Abr Baldwin 



The Constitution of the United States, xvii 



ARTICLES 

in Addition to, and Amendment of tlie Constitution of the United States of 
America, proposed by Congress and ratified by the Legislatures of the 
Several States, pursuant to the Fifth Article of the Constitution. 

[ARTICLE L] 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or 
prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech, or 
of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition 
the Government for a redress of grievances. 

[ARTICLE IL] 

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, 
the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. 

[ARTICLE III.] 

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the 
consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed 
by law. 

[ARTICLE IV.] 

The right of the people to be .secure in their jjersons, houses, papers, and 
effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and 
no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or 
affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the 
persons or things to be seized. 

[ARTICLE v.] 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in 
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual 
service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for 
the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be 
compelled in any Criminal Case to be a witness against himself, nor be de- 
prived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall 
private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. 

[ARTICLE VI.] 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 
and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the 



xviii History of the United States. 

crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously 
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accu- 
sation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compul- 
sory process for obtaining Witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance 
of Counsel for his defence. 

[ARTICLE VII.] 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
tsventy dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact 
tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United 
States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

[ARTICLE VIII.] 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor exce.ssive tines imposed, nor cruel 
and unusual punishments inflicted. 

[ARTICLE IX.] 

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be con- 
strued to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

[ARTICLE X.]i 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor 
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to 
the people. 

[ARTICLE XL] 2 

The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend 
to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the 
United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any 
Foreign State. 

[ARTICLE XII.] 3 

The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for 
President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhab- 
itant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the 
person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as 
Vice President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as 
President, and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number 

1 Amendments I.-X. weie procl.aiiiit'd ti) be in force December 1.5, 1791. 

2 Proclaimed to be in force January S, 1798. 
'Proclaimed to be in force September 25, 1S04. 



The Constitution of the United States. xix 

of votes for eaeli, which lists tliey sliall sign and certify, and transmit sealed 
to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President 
of the Senate ; — The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate 
and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall 
then be counted ; — The person having the greatest number of votes for 
President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole 
number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then 
from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list 
of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose 
immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the 
votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one 
vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to 
a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President 
whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day 
of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as 
in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. 
The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President, shall be 
the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of 
Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two 
highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President ; 
a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of 
Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be 
eligible to that of "S^ice President of the United Stales. 

[ARTICLE XIII.] 1 

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punish- 
ment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist 
within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- 
priate legislation. 

[ARTICLE XIV.] 2 

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and sub- 
ject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the 
State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which 
shall abridge the privileges or Immunities of citizens of the United States ; 
nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without 

1 Proclaimed to be in force December IS, 1S65. 
- Proclaiuied to be in force July 28, 186S. 



XX History of the United States. 

due process of law ; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal 
protection of the laws. 

Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several Stat( s 
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons 
in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote 
at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of 
the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial 
officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to 
any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty -one years of age, 
and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for partici- 
pation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall 
be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall 
bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-oue years of age in such 
State. 

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, 
or elector of President and A^'ice President, or hold any office, civil or mili- 
tary, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously 
taken an oath, as a member oi Congress, or as an officer of the United States, 
or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer 
of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have 
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort 
to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each 
House, remove such disability. 

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, author- 
ized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties 
for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. 
But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or 
obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United 
States, or any claim for the loss of emancipation of any slave ; but all such 
debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. 

Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate 
legislation, the provisions of thi.s article. 

[ARTICLE XV.] 1 

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be 
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, 
color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by 
appropriate legislation. 

1 Proelaiined to Le in force March 30, ISTO. 



Appendix III. 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S SECOND INAUGURAL 
ADDRESS, MARCH 4, 1865. 

Fellow-Countrymkn: At this second appearing to take the oath of the 
Presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended address than there 
was at the first. Then, a statement, somewhat in detail, of a course to be 
pursued, seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the expiration of four years, 
during which public declarations have been constantly called forth on every 
point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the attention and 
engrosses the energies of the nation, little that is new could be presented. 

The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well 
known to the public as to myself ; and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory 
and encouraging to all. AVitli high hope for the future, no prediction in 
regard to it is ventured. 

On the occasion corresponding to this, four years ago, all thoughts were 
anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it — all sought to 
avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this place, 
devoted altogether to saving the Union without war, insurgent agents were 
in the city seeking to destroy it without war — seeking to dissolve the Union, 
and divide effects, by negotiation. Both parties deprecated war; but one 
of them would make war rather than let the nation survive ; and the other 
would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came. 

One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed 
generally over the Union, but localized in the Southern part of it. These 
slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this 
interest was, somehow, the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and 
extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the 
Union, even by war, while the government claimed no right to do more than 
to restrict the territorial enlargement of it. 

Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which 
it has already attained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict 
might cease with, or even before, the conflict itself should cease. Each 
looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and astounding. 



xxii History of the United States. 

Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God ; and each invokes his 
aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to 
ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other 
men's faces ; but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of 
both could not be answered — that of neither has been answered fully. The 
Almighty has his own purposes. " Woe unto the world because of offenses ! 
for it must needs be that offenses come; but woe to that man by whom the 
offense cometh." If we shall suppose that American slavery is one of these 
offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, hav- 
ing continued through his appointed time, he now wills to remove, and that 
he gives to both North and South this terrible war, as the woe due to those 
by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from 
those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to 
him ? Fondly do we hope — fervently do we pray — that this mighty scourge 
of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the 
wealth piled by the bondman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited 
toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall 
be paid with another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand 
years ago, so still it must be said, " The judgments of the Lord are true and 
righteous altogether." 

With malice toward none ; with charity for all ; with firmness in the right, 
as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in ; 
to bind up the nation's wounds ; to care for him who shall have borne the 
battle, and for his widow, and his orphan — to do all which may achieve 
and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations. 



Appendix TV. 

DATE OF THE ADMISSION OF THE STATES, SQUARE MILES 
IN EACH, AND POPULATION AT THE CENSUS OF 1900. 



!». 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 
23. 
24. 
25. 
26. 
2T. 
28. 
29. 
30. 
31. 
32. 
38. 
34. 
85. 
86. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 
41. 
42. 
43. 
44. 
45. 



Delaware 

Pennsylvania . . . . 

New Jersey 

Georgia 

Connecticut 

Massachusetts . . . 

Maryland 

South Carolina.. 
New Hampshire. 

A'irginia 

New York 

North Carolina. . 
Rhode Island . . 
Verinout admitted 
Kentucky " 
Tennessee " 
Ohio 

Louisiana " 

Indiana " 

Mississippi " 
Illinois " 

Alabama " 

Maine " 

Missouri " 

Arkansas " 

Michigan " 

Florida " 

Texas " 

Iowa " 

Wisconsin " 
California " 

Minnesota " 
Oregon " 

Kansas " 

West Virginia " 
Nevada " 

Nebraska " 

Colorado " 

North Dakota " 
South Dakota " 
Montana " 

Washington " 
Idaho " 

Wyoming " 

Utah 



Date of 


Square 


Population, 


Admission. 


Miles, 


1900. 


Dec. 


7, 1787 


2,050 


184,735 


Dec. 


12, 1787 


45,215 


0,.302.115 


Dec. 


18, 1787 


7,815 


1,S8;3,669 


Jan. 


2, 1788 


59,475 


2,216,331 


Jan. 


9, 1788 


4,990 


908,355 


Feb. 


6, 1788 


8,315 


2,805,-346 


April 


28, 1788 


12,210 


1,190,0.50 


May 


23, 1788 


30,570 


1,340,316 


June 


21, 17S8 


9,305 


411, .588 


June 


25, 1788 


42,450 


1,8.54,184 


July 


26, 1788 


49,170 


7,268,012 


Nov. 


21, 1789 


52,250 


1,89.3,810 


May 


29, 1790 


1,250 


428,556 


March 4, 1791 


9,565 


343,041 


June 


1, 1792 


40.400 


2,147,174 


June 


1, 1796 


42,050 


2,020,616 


Feb. 


19, 1803 


41,060 


4,157,545 


April 


8, 1812 


48,720 


1,381,625 


Dec. 


11, 1816 


36,350 


2.516.462 


Dec. 


10, 1817 


46,810 


1.551,270 


Dec. 


3, 181S 


56,650 


4,821,550 


Dec. 


14, 1819 


52,250 


1,828,697 


March 15, 1820 


33,040 


694,466 


Aug. 


10, 1821 


69,415 


3,106,665 


June 


15, 1836 


53,850 


1,811,564 


Jan. 


26, 1837 


58,915 


2,420,982 


Marct 


3, 1845 


58,680 


528,. 542 


Dec. 


29, 1845 


265.780 


3,048,710 


Dec. 


28, 1846 


56,025 


2,2.31,858 


May 


29, 1848 


56,040 


2,069,042 


Sept. 


9, 1850 


158,360 


1,485,058 


May 


11, 1858 


83,365 


1,751,-394 


Feb. 


14, 18.59 


96,030 


413,536 


Jan. 


29, 1861 


82,080 


1,470,495 


June 


19, 1863 


24,780 


958,8011 


Oct. 


81, 1864 


110,700 


42,385 


March 


1, 1867 


77,510 


1,068,.5:?9 


Aug. 


1, 1876 


103,925 


539,700 


Nov. 


3, 1889 


70,795 


319,146 


Nov. 


3, 1889 


77,650 


401,570 


Nov. 


8, 1889 


146,080 


243,-329 


Nov. 


11, 1889 


69,180 


518,103 


July 


3, 1890 


84,800 


161,772 


Julv 


10, 1890 


97,890 


92„531 


Jan. 


4, 1896 


84,970 


276,749 



XXIV 



History of the United States. 



TERRITORIES, Etc. 



District of Columbia 

New Mexico 

Arizona 

Oklahoma 

[ndiaii Territory (no territoiial government). 

Alaska (unorganized) 

Hawaii 

Porto Rico 

Philippines 

Guam 

Tutuila, etc 



Organized. 



Mar. 
Sept. 
Feb. 
Afay 
June 
July 
June 
Apr. 
Treaty, 
Treaty, 
Nov. 



3, 1T91 

9, 1850 
24, 1S63 

2, 1890 
30, 1884 
27, 1868 
14, 1900 
12, 1900 
Feb. 6, 1S99 
Feb. C, 1899 

8, 18993 



Square 
Miles. 



122, 
113, 
39, 
31, 
590, 
6, 



lit 
580 
020 
030 
400 
884' 
740 2 
600 2 
000 2 
150 2 
500 2 



Populatiou. 



278,718 

195,310 

122,931 

398,245 

391,960 

63,441 

154,001 

953,243 

8,000,000 2 

9,000 2 

9,000 2 



Total gross area (land and water) .3,622,928 sq. miles. 

Total water surface, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii 55,562 sq. miles. 

Total land surface, exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii 2,970,038 sq. miles. 

Total population for 45 States 74,978,011 

Total population for Territories 1,325,888 

Total population States and Territories (including Hawaii) 76,304,799 

Population Porto Rico, Census 1899 953,243 

Population Philippine Islands 8,000,000 - 

Population Guam 9,000 - 

Population Tutuila and neighboring islands 9,000 ^ 

85,276,042 2 

Note. — Works of reference differ in giving statistics of the states and 
territories. Those given ahove are, with few exceptions, on the authority 
of The Public Domain, Thomas Donaldson, Washington, 1884, and the publi- 
cations of the Twelfth Census of the United States. The areas given are those 
of the Twelfth C'ensits, and are gross (laud and water). 

1 Bought from Russia, March 30, 1807. - Estimated. 

' By agreement with Great Britain and Germany. 



Appendix V. 



GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES. — POPULATION AT EACH 
CENSUS, ALSO THE URBAN POPULATION.! 



Year. 


Population, 


Population 
living in Cities, 


Inhabitants of Cities 
in each 100 of the 
Total Population, 


1790 


3,929,214 


131,472 


3.35 


1800 


5,308,483 


210,873 


3.97 


1810 


7,239,881 


356,920 


4.93 


1820 


9,633,822 


475,135 


4.93 


1830 


12,800,020 


1,864,509 


6.72 


1840 


17,009,453 


1,453,994 


8.52 


1850 


23,191,876 


2,897,586 


12.49 


1860 


31,443,321 


5,072,256 


16.13 


1870 


38,558,371 


8,071,875 


20.93 


1880 


50,155,783 


11,318,547 


22.57 


1890 


02,622,250 


18,284,385 


29.20 


1900 


70,304,799 









ANNEXATIONS OF 


1. 


Louisiana Purchase 


. 1803 


2. 


Florida Cession . . 


. 1819 


3. 


Texas Annexation 


. 1845 


4. 


Mexican Cession . . 


. 1848 


5. 


Gadsden Purchase 


. 1853 


6. 


Alaska Purchase . . 


. 1867 



1,032,790 square miles. 
. 58,680 square miles. 
. 371,063 square miles. 
. 522,568 square miles. 
. 45,535 square miles. 
. 577,390 square miles. 



* Fruai Cumpeiidiuui of the Eleventh Census, Part 1., p. Ixxi. 
XXV 



Appendix YI. 

KEPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS FROM 1790 TO 1003. 





Senate. 


House of Representatives. 




Year. 






Eatio of 










Representation.' 




Free States, 


Slave States. 


Free States. 


Slave States. 




ITiH) 


14 


12 


35 


30 


30,000 


179a 


It! 


14 


57 


48 


38,000 


179C 


10 


10 


57 


49 


33.000 


1S0:{ 


18 


10 


70 


05 


33,000 


1S13 


IS 


18 


103 


7s 


35,000 


ISIG 


20 


18 


103 


7s 


35,000 


1821 


24 


24 


1(15 


81 


35,000 


1828 


24 


24 


123 


90 


40,000 


1S38 


24 


24 


141 


99 


47,700 


1SJ37 


2r. 


20 


142 


100 


47,700 


1848 


20 


20 


135 


88 


70,080 


1S4S 


80 


80 


140 


91 


70,080 


1853 


32 


:iO 


144 


90 


93,423 


1860 


80 


,'!0 


147 


90 


93.423 


1863 


72 


243 


127,881 


1873 


70 


293 


131,425 


1888 


70 


325 


151,911 


1893 


88 


356 


173,901 


1908 


90 


386 


198.291 



Appp:ndix VII. 

rOFULATION OF THE FREE AND SLAVE STATES, 1790-1860.'^ 



Year. 


Free States. 


Slave States. 


1790 


1,968,455 


1,961,372 


1800 


2,684,616 


2,621,816 


ISIO 


8,758,910 


8,480,902 


1820 


5.152,372 


4,48.\819 


1880 


7,000,399 


5,848,312 


1840 


9,733.922 


7,334,433 


1850 


13,.599,48S 


9,668,997 


1860 


19,128,418 


12,815.372 



' The iiutuber of reiireseiifatives is lixed by Congress every ten years (Constitution, Art. I., 
sei't. 2 [3J). By the last not. .lanuary 11, 1901, it was provided thatlhere should be one repre- 
sentative I'lir every 193,291 persons. 

- Fniiu 'I'rUniiu- Alnianae, 1862. 



XXVI 



Presidents and V^ice-Presidents. 



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Appendix IX. 



CHIEF DATES IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 



Discovery and Attempts at Col- 
onization, 1000-1605. 

The Northmen, lOOOl?). 

Columbus discovers San Salvador, October 12, 
1492. 

The Cabots discover the continent of North 
America, 1497. 

Amerigo Vespucci makes four voyages, 1499- 
1503. 

Waldseemiiller suggests the name America, 
1507. 

Ponce de Leon discovers Florida, 1513. 

Balboa discovers the Pacilic, 1513. 

One ship of Magellan's fleet sails round the 
world, 1519-1522. 

Cortez conquers Mexico for Spain, 1519-1521. 

De Soto discovers the Mississippi, 1541 ; dies, 
1542. 

Menendez, the Spaniard, settles St. Augustine, 
Florida, the oldest town in the United States, 
1565. 

Martin Frobisher attempts to make a settle- 
ment in Labrador, 1576. 

Santa F4, New Me.\ico, founded by the Span- 
iards, 1582(?). 

Sir Humphrey Gilbert's voyages, 1578-15S3. 

Sir Walter Ralegh's attempts at colonization, 
15S4-15S7. 

Gosnold's colony at Cuttyhunk, Buzzards 
Bay (a failure), 1602. 

Colonization and Inter-Colonial 
Wars, 1605-1763. 

French settle Port Royal (Annapolis) in Aca- 

die, 1605. 
Charters granted to the London and Plymouth 

Companies, 1606. 



Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent 
English settlement in America, founded, 
1607. 

Champlain founds Quebec, 160S. 

Henry Hudson discovers the Hudson Kiver, 
1609. 

Trading post established by the Dutch on 
Manhattan Island, 1613. 

Virginia House of Burgesses, the first repre- 
sentative body in America, meets, 1619. 

A Dutch shij) brings to Virginia the first cargo 
of negro slaves, 1619. 

Pilgrims land at Plymouth, December 21, 1620. 

Fort Amsterdam, afterwards New York, 
founded by the Dutch, 1626. 

John Eudicott comes to Naumkeag (Salem), 
162S. 

Patroons in New York, 1629. 

Boston founded, 1680. 

Charter granted to Lord Baltimore, 1632. 

Collegiate School of the Dutch Church found- 
ed, 1633.1 

Leonard Calvert founds St. Mary's, Marj-land, 
1634. 

Religious toleration granted in Maryland to all 
who beheve in Jesus Christ, 1634. 

Wethersfleld, Hartford, and Windsor, Con- 
necticut, founded, 1635. 

Boston Latin School founded, 16.35.* 

Harvard College founded, 1636. 

Roger WilHams founds Providence, Rhode 
Island, 1(')36. 

Pequot War, 1636, 1687. 

New Haven founded, 1638. 

Swedes settle on the Delaware River, 1638. 

"Fundamental Orders of Connecticut," first 
written constitution in America, January 
14, 163S(9). 

" United Colonies of New England," 1643. 

Toleration Act in Maryland, 1649. 



1 Still flourishing in 1901. 

xxviii 



Chief Dates in American History. xxix 



The Quakers in Massachusetts and Plymouth, 
1656. 

William Robinson and Marmaduke Stevenson, 
two Quakers, hung on Boston Common, 
1059. 

Mary Dyer, a Quaker, hung on Boston Com- 
mon, 1660. 

William Leddra, a Quaker, hung on Boston 
Common, 1661. 

Eliot's Indian New Testament printed, 1661. 

Khode Island Charter (in force till 1843), 1663. 

Eliot's Indian Bible printed, 1663. 

English capture New Amsterdam, which be- 
comes New York, 1664. 

Elizabeth, New Jersey, settled by the English, 
1665. 

The "Model" government for Carolina, 1669. 

Settlement on the Ashley Itiver, South t'aro- 
lina, 1670. 

George Fo.v visits America, 1672. 

A Dutch fleet captures New York, 1673. 

New Jersey divided into East and West Jer- 
sey, 1674. 

New York restored to the English by treaty, 
1674. 

King Philip's War, 1675. 

Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia, 1676. 

Massachusetts buys Gorges's rights in Maine, 
1677. 

William Penn and others buy West Jersey, 
1677. 

Philadelphia founded, 1682. 

William Penn lands at Chester, 1682. 

Massachusetts charter annulled, 1684. 

Rule of Sir Edmund Audros, 1686-1688. 

William Penn Charter School founded in Phila- 
delphia, 1689.1 

King William's War, 1689-1697. 

Jacob Leisler, lieutenant-governor of New 
York, 1689. 

First Congress of Colonies at New York, 1690. 

Massachusetts given a new charter, 1691. 

Leisler executed, 1691. 

William and Mary College, Virginia, founded, 
1692. 

Witchcraft delusion, 1692, 1693. [1695. 

John Archdale, governor of North Carolina, 

Peace of Ryswick iu Europe, end of King 
William's War, 1697. 

Yale College founded, 1701. 

Queen Anne's War begins, 1702. 

Boston News Letter, first American news- 
paper, 1704. 

Queen Anne's Wars ended by Treaty of 
Utrecht, 1713. 



England secures the right to supply America 
with slaves (the Assiento), 1713. 

Tuscaroras join the Five Nations, which be- 
come the " Six Nations," 1713. 

Rhode Island disfranchises Roman Catholics, 
1715. 

New Orleans founded by the French, 1718. 

Bering sails through Bering's Straits, 1728. 

George Berkeley (Bishop Berkeley) comes to 
Rhode Island, 1729. 

Proprietors of Carohna surrender their patent, 
1729. 

Baltimore, Marylaiul, founded, 1730. 

Oglethorjie founds Savannah, Georgia, 1733. 

Richmond, Virginia, laid out, 1733. 

.John and Charles Wesley go to Georgia, 1736. 

George Whitefield visits Georgia, 1738. 

King George's War begins, 1744. 

Capture of Louisburg, 1745. 

College of New Jersey, Piinceton, founded, 
1746. 

King George's War ends by treaty of Aix-la 
Chapelle, 1748. 

Ohio Company organized, 1748. 

University of Pennsylvania founded, 1749. 

Georgia becomes a royal colony, 1752. 

George Washington sent to the French, 1753. 

King's, afterwards Columbia, College, char- 
tered, 1754. 

Washington surrenders, 1754. 

Albany Convention, 1754. 

P'rench and Indian War, 1754-1763. 

Braddock's defeat, 1755. 

Wolfe takes Quebec, 1759. [1760. 

Montreal taken, and England gains all Canada, 

Peace of Paris, 1763. 

Mason and Dixon's Line, 1763. 

The Revolution and Confedera- 
tion, 1765-1789. 

The Stamp Act, 1765. 

Stamp Act Congress in New York, 1765. 

Declaratory Act, March 7, 1766. 

Repeal of the Stamp Act, March 18, 1766, 

Townshend Acts, 1767. 

John Dickinson's Farmer's Letters, 1767. 

John Hancock's sloop seized, 1768. 

British troops reach Boston, 1768. 

" Boston Massacre," March 5, 1770. 

Removal of taxes except upon Tea, April, 1770, 

"Boston Tea Party," December 16, 1773. 

Boston Port Bill, 1774. 

Massachusetts Bill, 1774. 

Transportation Bill, 1774. 



» StiU flourishing in 1901. 



XXX 



History of the United States. 



Quartering of Troops Bill, 1774. 

Quebec Bill, 1774. 

First Continental Congress (proposed b.v Vir- 
ginia), meets in Philadelphia, Septenaber 5, 
1774. 

Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775. 

Second Continental Congress meets, May 10, 
1775. 

Ticonderoga captured. May 10, 1775. 

Mecklenburg (North Carolina) resolutions 
passed, May 31, 1775. 

Washington elected commander-in-chief, June 
15, 1775; commissioned, June 19, 1775. 

Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1776. 

Washington takes command at Cambridge, 
Massachusetts, July 3, 1775. 

Union flag first displayed at Cambridge, Jan- 
uary 1, 1776. 

British evacuate Boston, March 17, 1776. 

Congress calls upon the states to provide inde- 
pendent governments. May 15, 1776. 

Resolutions of independence introduced into 
Congress, June 7, 1776. 

Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. 

Declaration of Independence signed by the 
members of Congress, August 2, 1776. 

American defeat on Long Island, August 27, 
1776. 

Washington evacuates New York City, Sep- 
tember 14, 1776. 

Washington retreats across New Jersey and 
crosses Delaware River, December, 1776. 

Trenton surprised by Washington, December 
26, 1776. 

Washington successful at Princeton, January 
2, 3, 1777. 

Lafayette joins American army, July, 1777. 

British defeat Americans at Chad's Ford, 
Brandywine Creek, September 11, 1777. 

Howe takes possession of Philadelphia, Sep- 
tember 26, 1777. 

Battle of Germantown, October 4, 1777. 

Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga, October 17, 
1777. 

Articles of Confederation adopted by Congress, 

' November 15, 1777. 

Washington goes into winter quarters at Val- 
ley Forge, December 19, 1777. 

France acknowledges the independence of the 
United States, and makes treaties with her, 
February 6, 1778. 

British evacuate Philadelphia, June 18, 1778. 

Battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778. 

Massacre at Wyoming, Pennsylvania, July 3, 
1778. 

Massacre at Cherry Valley, New York, Novem- 
ber 11, 1773, 



British take Savannah, December 29, 1778. 

George Rogers Clark takes Vincennes, 1779. 

British rout Americans at Camden, South Caro- 
lina, August 16, 17S0. 

Arnold's treason, September, 1780. 

Andr6 executed, October 2, 1780. 

General Nathanael Greene takes command of 
southern army, December 2, 1780. 

Robert Morris, Superintendent of Finance 
February 20, 17S1. 

Maryland joins the Confederation, March 1 
17S1. 

Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown, Virginia 
October 19, 1781. 

Bank of North America, Philadelphia, char 
tered by Congress, December 31, 1781. 

Provisional treaty of peace with Great Britain 
November 30, 17S2. 

Washington proclaims cessation of hostilities 
April 19, 1783. 

Definitive treaty of peace with Great Britain 
September 3, 1783. 

New York evacuated by the British, Novem 
ber 25, 1783. 

Washington resigns his commission as com 
mander-in-chief, December 23, 17S3. 

Maryland and Virginia commissioners meet at 
Alexandria, Virginia, March, 1785. 

Annapolis Convention, September, 1786. 

Shays's Rebellion in Massachusetts, December, 
1786. 

Constitutional Convention meets at Philadel- 
phia, May 14, 1787. 

Ordinance for Northwest Territory adopted by 
Congress, July 13, 1787. 

Constitution signed in the Convention, Septem- 
ber 17, 1787. 

Constitution jjublished, September 19, 1787. 

Delaware the first state to ratify the Constitu- 
tion, December 7, 17s7. 

New Hampshire the ninth state to ratify the 
Constitution, June 21, 1788. 

Last records of the Continental Congress, No- 
vember 1, 1788. 

The Federalist papers collected and published, 
1788. 

Washington and Adams declared President and 
Vice-President, April 6, 1789. 

The United States under the 
Constitution, 1789-1861. 



Washington inaugurated at New York, April — — 

30, 17S9. 
Organization of the new government, 1789. 
Tariff for revenue and protection, 1791. 



Chief Dates in American History. xxxi 



First United States Bank established, 1791. 

Captain Robert Gray explores and names the 
Columbia River, 1792. 

Eh Whitney invents the Cotton-Gin, 1793. 

Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania, 1794. 

Jay's Treaty with Great Britain, November 
19, 1794. 

Washington's Farewell Address, 1796. 
-=^ John Adams, President, March 4, 1797. 

X. Y. Z. Correspondence, 1798. 

French War with United States, 1798. 

Alien and Sedition Laws, 1798. 

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798, 1799. 

Peace with France, 1799. 

Death of Washington, December 14, 1799. 

Washington city becomes the national capi- 
tal, 1800. 
Tf^^Thomas Jefferson chosen President by the 
House of Representatives, February 17, 
1801. 
' ——Thomas Jefferson, President, March 4, 1801. 

Tripolitan War, 1801. 

Louisiana bought from France, April 30, 1803. 
I Lewis and Clark e.xpedition, 1804-1806. 

I The Leopard and the Chesapeake, 1807. 
' Fulton's Steamboat, 1807. 

I The Embargo Act, December 22, 1807. 
j The Foreign Slave Trade made illegal, 1808. 
' Non-Intercourse Act passed, March 1, 1809. 

James Madison, President, March 4, 1809. 

I Battle of Tippecanoe, November 7, 1811. 

( United States declares war against Great Brit- 

j ain, June 18, 1812. 

Great Britain revokes her " Orders in Coun- 
' oil," June 23, 1812. 

I Hull surrenders Detroit, August 10, 1812. 

Perry's victory on Lake Erie, September 10, 
I 1813. ' 

British capture and burn Washington, August 
I 24, 25; 1814. 

I British repulsed at Baltimore, September 13, 
J 1814. 

I Hartford Convention meets December 15, 1814. 
I Treaty of peace signed at Ghent, December 
I 24, 1814. 

j Battle of New Orleans, January 8, 1815. 
J Second Bank of United States,'April, 1816. 
y Protective duties imposed on iron, etc., 1816. 
""^ James Monroe, President, March 4, 1817. 

Erie Canal begun, July 4, 1817. 

The Savannah, the first steamship to cross the 
ocean, 1819. 

Florida bought from Spain, 1819. 

Missouri Compromise, 1820. 

Monroe Doctrine stated, December 2, 1823. 

Lafayette visits the United States, 1824, 1825. 

Protective tariff passed, 1824. 



John Quincy Adams chosen President by the , 
House of Representatives, February 9, 1825. 

John Quincy Adams, President, March 4, 1825. 

University of Virginia opened, March 25, 1825. 

Erie Canal opened, October 26, 1825. 

American Temperance Society organized at 
Boston, 1826. 

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (the first passen- 
ger road in America) begun at Baltimore, 
1828. 

The "Tariff of Abominations," 1828. 

Andrew Jackson, President, March 4, 1829. ~ 

"Spoils System" in American politics begins, 
1829. 

Rise of the Mormons, 1880. 

Hayne and Webster debate in United States 
Senate, January, 1830. 

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad opened, 1830. 

Nat Turner Insurrection, 1831. 

John C. Calhoun proposes "Nullification," 
1831. 

William Lloyd Garrison begins to publish The 
Liberator, January 1, 1831. 

Jackson vetoes the bill for the renewal of the 
charter of the United States Bank, July 10, 
1832. 

South Carolina passes Nullification ordinance, 
November 19, 1832. 

Jackson issues his Nullification Proclamation, 
December 11, 1832. 

New England Antislavery Society formed, 1832. 

The Compromise tariff, March 2, 1833. 

Jackson's order for cessation of deposits, Sep- 
tember, 18;B3. 

New York Sun founded, ia33. 

Obed Hussey patents a reaper, 1883. 

Cyrus McCormick patents his reaping machin- 
ery, 1834. 

Antielavery riots, 1834-1838. 

Great fire in New York, 1835. 

John Ericsson introduces screw propeller, 1836. 

Texas declares herself independent, March 2, 
1836. 

The Specie Cii'cular issued, July 11, 1886. 

United States government free of debt, 1836. 

Martin Van Buren, President, March 4, 1837.— 

Financial panic of 1837. 

United States Sub-Treasury System estab- 
Hshed, 1840. 

Liberty party formed, 1840. 

William Henry Harrison, President, March 4, ' 
1841. 

President Harrison dies, April 4, 1841. 

John Tyler, the Vice-President, becomes Presi- ■ 
dent, April 4, 1841. 

Ashburton treaty with Great Britain, August 
7, 1842. 



XXXll 



History of the United States. 



Protective tariff of 1842. 

Dr. Whitman's ride, Oregon to St. Louis, 1842. 

Dorr War in Rhode Island, 1842. 

Anti-rent agitation in New York, 1842. 

Morse's telegraph set up between Baltimore 

and Washington ; firstmessage, May 24, 1S44. 
Congress passes joint i-esolution tor annexation 

ofTe.\as, March 3, 1845. 
James K. Polk, President, March 4, 1845. 
Te.\as annexed, July 4; admitted as a state, 

December 29, 1845. 
Naval Academy at Annapolis founded, 1845. 
Congress declares that war exists by the act of 

Mexico, May 13, 1846. 
Wilmot Proviso, August, 1846. 
Kevenuo tariff of 1846. 
Treaty with Great Britain relative to Oregon 

boundary, June 15, 1846. 
Elias Howe invents his sewing-machine, 1846. 
Sub-Treasury Act re-enacted, 1846. 
Smithsonian In.stitution founded, 1846. 
California and New Mexico seized, 1846. 
City of Mexico taken, 1847. 
Gold discovered in CaUfornia, January, 1848. 
Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo, February 2, 

1848. 
John Quincy Adams dies, February 23, 1848. 
Mormons emigrate to Utah, 1848. 
President Taylor dies, and Millard Fillmore 

succeeds, July 9, 1850. 
"Compromise of 1850." 
Fugitive Slave Liiw passed, 1850. 
Postage on letters reduced to three cents, 1851. 
Franklin Pierce President, Marcli 4, 1853. 
World's Fair in New York, 1853. 
" Uncle Tom's Cabin " pubhshed in book 

form, 1852. 
Gadsden purchase, 1853. 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed, May 30, 1S54. 
Perry's treaty with Japan, 1854. 
Ostend Manifesto, 1854. 
^The Republican party formed, 1854. 
James Buchanan, President, March 4, 1857. 
Dred Scott decision published, March 6, 1857. 
Business panic, 1857. 
First Atlantic cable, August, 1858. 
John Brown seizes Harper's Ferry, October 

16, 1859. 
South Carolina passes secession ordinance, 

December 20, 1860. 
Confederate Congress meets at Montgomery, 

Alabama, February 4, 1861. 
Confederate Constitution adopted, February 

8, 1861. 
Jefferson Davis and Alexander H. Stephens 

elected President and Vice-President of Con- 
federate states, February 9, 1861. 



Abraham Lincoln, President, March 4, 1861. 
Fort Sumter fired upon, April 12, 1861. 
Fort Sumter surrendered, April 13, 1861. 
President Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers, 
April 15, 1861. 

Civil War and Reconstrdction, 

1861-1867. 

Massachusetts troojis attacked in Baltimore, 

April 19, 1861. 
Eleven states passed ordinances of secession 

by June, 1861. , 
First battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. 
Mason and Slidell taken from the Trent, 

November 8, 1861. 
Monitor and Merrimac, March 9, 1862. 
Farragut takes New Orleans, April 25, 1862. 
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, Sep- 
tember 22, 1862. 
Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863. 
National Bank Act, March 25, 1863. 
Battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, 3, 1863. 
Surrender of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863. 
Draft riots in New York City, July 13-16, 

186:3. 
Kearsarge sinks the Alabama off Cherbourg, 

France, June 19, 1864. 
Postal money order system adopted, 1864. 
Early's raid on Washington, July, 1864. 
Maryland aboHshes slavery, October 10, 1864. 
Sherman takes Savannah, December 21, 1864. 
Richmond evacuated by Confederates, April 2, 

1865. 
Lee surrenders at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. 
President Lincoln assassinated, April 14, 1865. 
Andrew Johnson, President, April 15, 1865. 
Joseph E. Johnston surrenders to Sherman, 

April 26, 1865. 
Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, 

aboUshing slavery, adopted, December 18, 

1865. 
Atlantic telegraph laid, July 28, 1866. 
.Vlaska bought, March 30, 1867. 
President Johnson impeached, 1868. 
Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution 

adopted, July 28, 1868. 
Ulysses 8. Grant, President, March 4, 1869. 
Pacific Railroad completed, May 10, 1869. 
Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution 

adopted, March 30, 1870. 
All states represented in Congress, 1871. 

The New Nation, 1867-1901. 

Treaty of Washington, May 8. 1871. 
Chicago fire, October 8, 1871. 



Chief Dates in American History. xxxiii 



Forest flres in Michigan and Wisconsin, Octo- 
ber. 1871. 

Geneva Arbitration results proclaimed, Sep- 
tember 14, 1ST2. 

Boston fire, November 0, 1S72. 

Financial panic, 1873. 

Franking privilege abolished, July 1, 1873. 

Congress provides, January 14, 1875, for re- 
sumption of specie payment to begin Janu- 
ary 1, 1S79. 

Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, May to 
November, 1876. 

Electoral Commission, 1877. 

Kutherford B. Hayes, President, March 4, 
1877. 

Great railroad strikes, 1877. 

Bland Silver Bill passed, February, 1878. 

Fishery dispute settled with Great Britain, 
1878^ 

Resumption of .specie payment, January 1, 
1879. 

Mississippi jetties, 1879. 

James A. Garfield, President, March 4, 1881. 

Pre,sident Garfield assassinated, July 2, 1881. 

President Garfield dies, September 19, 1881. 

Chester A. Arthur, President, September 19, 
1881. 

Yorktown celebration, October 19, 1881. 

Civil Service Act, 1883. 

Brooklyn Bridge finished. May 24, 1883, 

Letter postage reduced to two cents, 1883. 

Cotton exhibition at New Orleans, 1884. 

Washington Monument dedicated, February 21, 
1885. 

Grover Cleveland, President, March 4, 1SS5. 

Presidential Succession and Electoral Count 
Bills passed, 1886. 

Anarchist riot in Chicago, May, 1886. 

Charleston earthquake, 1886. 

Interstate Commerce Act, 1887. 

Centennial Celebration of adoption of Consti- 
tution, September 15-17, 1887. 

Chinese Immigration Act, 1888. 

Benjamin Harrison, President, March 4, 1880. 

Centennial Celebration of Washington's inaugu- 
ration, April 29 to May 1, 1889. 

Johnstown flood, May 31, 1889. 

Pan-American Congress, 1889, 1890. 

International Copyright Act, 1891. 

Homestead labor troubles, 1892. 



Grover Cleveland, President for the second 
time, March 4, 1893. 

Columbian Fair at Chicago, May 1 to October 
31, 1893. 

Bering Sea arbitrators publish their decision, 
August, 1893. 

Pullman strike, 1894. 

Coal miners' strike, 1894. 

William McKinley elected President, 1896. 

Venezuela Agreement, 1896. 

Dingley Tariflf Bill, 1897. 

Charter of Greater New York goes into effect 
January 1, 1898. 

Maine destroyed in harbor of Havana, Febru- 
ary 15, 1898. 

President McKinley's message on Cuban af- 
fairs, April 11, 1898. 

Declaration of war with Spain, April 25, 1898. 

Destruction of Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor, 
May 1, 1898. 

War Revenue Act, June 18, 1898. 

Battles of El Caney and San Juan, July 1, 2, 
1898. 

Destruction of Cervera's fleet, July 3, 1898. 

Annexation of Hawaii, July 7, 1898. 

Surrender of Santiago de Cuba, July 17, 1898. 

General Miles lands in Porto Rico, July 25, 
1898. 

Protocol of Pe.ace signed August 12, 1898. 

Manila taken, August 13, 1898. 

Spaniards begin to evacuate Porto Rico, Sep- 
tember 20, 1898. 

Treaty of Peace with Spain signed December 
10, 1898. 

Spaniards evacuate Cuba, January 1, 1899. 

Treaty of Peace ratified by Senate, February 
6, 1899. 

Tutuila and .adjacent islands ([lart of the 
Samoan group) annexed, December 2, 1R09. 

Samoan Treaty ratified by Senate, January 16, 
1900. 

Gold Standard Bill signed, March 14, 19(i0. 

McKinley and Roo.sevelt nominated, June 21, 
1900. 

Bryan and Stevenson nominated, July 5, 1900. 

Tornado at Galveston, September 8, 9, 1900. 

William McKinley inaugurated for second 
term, March 4, 1901. 

Ex-President Harrison dies, March 13, 19(11. 

Aguinaldo captured, March 23, 1901. 



Appendix X. 



TOPICAL ANALYSIS. 



Physical Features of 
North America, 
pages xiv-xvi. 



North America, 
1000-1492. 

Columbus, 1492. 



Other Discoverers, 
1493-1542. 



English Attempts at 

Colonization, 

1576-1605. 

French Attempts at 

Colonization, 

1540-1564. 

Spanish Attempts at 

Colonization, 

1565-1582. 



Effects of Climate. 

The Tropics. The Polar Regions. 

The Temperate Zone. 

Fertility and Rainfall. 

Atlantic Slope. 

Rasin of the Mississippi. 

Metals and Minerals. 

Fertile Soil and Raised Crops. 

Pacific Slope. 

Prehistoric Settlement. 

Anglo-Saxon race. 

r Habits. 
1,2. Early Inhabitants. -| Dwellings. 
8. Northmen. I Races, Territory covered. 

4. Early Discoveries. 
4. Education. Aid received. 

4. San Salvador'. 

5. The Cabots ; the Continent of North America. 
5. Tiie Spaniards. 

5. Amerigo Vespucci ; Sontli America. 

6. Ponce de Leon ; Florida. 
6. Balboa ; the Pacific. 

0. Magellan ; Circumnavigation of the World. 
6. Cortez ; Mexico. 

6. De Soto ; Mississippi River. 

7. Frobisher. Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 
7. Sir Walter Raleigh, and his Colonies. 

7. Gosnold. 

8. Quebec. 

8. Port Royal (South Carolina). 
8. St. Augustine (Fort Caroline). 
8. St. Augustine. 
8. Santa F^. 
8. Mexico. 



Topical Analysis. 



XXXV 



Virginia, 
1606-1619. 



Dutch, 1609-1626. 

Swedes, 
1638-1655. 



Massachusetts, 
1607-1635. 



Rhode Island, 
1636-1663. 



Massachusetts. 

Connecticut, 
1635-1664. 

Maine (New Hamp- 
shire), 1627-1677. 

Vermont. 

< Maryland, 
1632-1716. 



Ply- 
mouth. 



Massa- 
chusetts 
Bay. 



COLONIZATION. 

9. The London Company. 

9. The Plymouth Company. 

9. Jamestown. 

9. Captain John Smith. 

10. Slaves. 

^ 10. First Representative Body. 

r 11. Henry Hudson, 1607. 

I 11. Fort Amsterdam, IH-JO. 

( 11. On the Delaware. 

\ 11. Conquered by the Dutch, 16y-5. 

12. Plymouth Company. 

12. Religious Persecution in Europe. 

1;;. „,, ^., . f Hardships. 

, , Ihe Pua;rnns. ,, , ,,^ ,. , 

14. ° I JMyles Standish. 

1"). Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

15. The Puritans. 
15. John Endicott. 

10. Special Characteristics of the Colony. 
17. Growth of Political Freedom. 
17. Religious Intolerance. 

18. Roger Williams. 

19. Providence founded. 
19. Portsmouth founded. 
19. Newport founded. 
19. Charters granted. 

19. Religious liberty. 

20. Boston settled, 1630. 
20. Settlement. 

20. " Fundamental Orders of Connecticut." 
20. Charter. 

20. New Haven. 

21. Settlement. 

21. Division into Maine and New Hampshire. 
21. Massachusetts acquires Maine. 

21. Claimed by New York and New Hampshire. 

22. Lord Baltimore. 
22. Charter. 

22. Religious Toleration. 

23. Settlement. 

23. The " Toleration Act." Religious Troubles. 



xxxvi History of the United States. 



Virginia, 
1624-1716. 



The Carolinas, 
1663-1729. 



New Jersey, 
1664-1738. 



Pennsylvania, 
1681-1718. 



Delaware, 1682. 
Georgia, 1732. 



New York. 1626-1691. < 



[ 



24. 


Becomes a Royal Colony. 


25. 


Bacon's Rebellion. 


26. 


Growth and Prosperity. 


26. 


Indentured Servants. 


27. 


Charter. 


28. 


John Locke. 


28. 


John Archdale. 


29. 


North Carolina. 


29. 


Character of Settlers. 


30. 


South Carolina. 


31. 


Settlement. 


31. 


Grant to the Duke of York. 


32. 


Conrtict with the Indians. 


33. 


Restored to the Dutch. 


33. 


Restored to the English. 


33. 


Jacob Leisler. 


34. 


The Patroons. 


34. 


Education. 


35. 


Settlement. 


35. 


Government. 


36. 


East and West Jersey. 


37. 


William Penn. 


38. 


Presbyterian Influence. 


38. 


Royal Colony. 


39. 


William Penn. 


39. 


Charter. 


39. 


Boundaries. 


40. 


The " Holy Experiment." 


41. 


Frame of Government. 


42. 


Settlement. 


42. 


Penn's Treaty with Indians. 


43. 


Philadelphia founded. 


43. 


Prosperity of the Colony. 


43. 


Bought by Penn. 


44. 


James Oglethorpe. 


44. 


The Charter. The Settlement 


44. 


The Wesleys. 


44. 


A Royal Colony. 



ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND INDIANS. (1036-1763.) 



English Colonists, 
I 636- I 700. 



f 45. Political Condition of the Colonies. 
I 45. Common Interests. 



Topical Analysis. 



xxxvii 



{Eng/iah Oolnniats 
continued.) 



First, Second, and 
Third Inter- 
colonial Wars, 
1689-1753. 



46. Colonists and Indians. 

47. John Eliot. 

48. Situation and Growth of the Colonies. 

49. Pequot War. 

50. United Colonies of New England, 1643-1684. 

51. King Philip's War. 

52. Relations with the Dutch. 
52. Relations with the French. 

52. Chaniplain, Marquette, La Salle. 

53. French and Indians. 

53. Strength and Weakness of the French. 
64. Civil War in England. 
55. The Restoration. 
55. The Navigation Acts. 

55. Charters revoked. 

56. Rule of Andros. 

57. Charters restored. 

58. Religious Intolerance. 

59. The Quakers. 

60. Witchcraft Delusion. 

61. Beliefs and Customs. 

62. Money, Commerce, Piracy. 

63. Social Life. 

63. Restrictions on Trade. 

63. Slavery. 

64. Education. 

65. Means of Communicaticm. 
65. The Mail. 



King William's War, 
1689-1697. 



Queen Anne's War, 
1702-1713. 

King George's War, 
1744-1748. 



(>Q. Causes. 

i)Q). Incidents. 

■{ 66. Congress of English 
Colonies. 

GQ. Results. 

r 67. Causes. 

■{ 67. Incidents. 

I 67. Results. 

68. Causes. 

68. Incidents. 

68. Results. 

69. Lessons of the Intercolonial Wars. 

70. The Slave Trade. 



xxxviii History of the United States. 





' 71 


French and English Colonies. 




72 


Ohio Company. 




73. 


Washington'.s Expedition. 




74. 


The Albany Convention. 




74. 


Franklin's Plan of Union. 




75. 


Lines of Attack. 


Fourth Inter- 
Colonial, or French 
and Indian War, 
1754-1763. 


76. 
77. 

78. 
78. 
78. 


Braddock's Defeat. 
Acadie. 

French Success. 
Marquis of Montcalm. 
William Pitt. 




79. 


English Plans. 




79. 


Wolfe. 




80. 


Quebec. 




81. 


Conditions of Peace. 




81. 


Results. {Map.) 




_ 82. 


Conspiracy of Pontiac. 


THE ENGLISH COLO 


NIE& 


AND THE REVOLUTION. 




r 83. 


Political Condition. 




83. 


Forms of Colonial Government. 




84. 


Domestic Life and Manners. 




85. 


Engli-sh Policy. 




80. 


Eighteenth Century Views 01 
Questions. 




86. 


Navigation Laws. - 




87. 


Restrictions upon Trade. — 




87. 


" Writs of A.ssi.stance. " 


Causes, etc., of the 


87. 


Representation and Taxation. 


Revolution, 


88. 


Representation in England. 


1763-1775- 


89. 


Stamp Act. 




90. 


" Sons of Liberty." 




90. 


Patrick Henry. 




91. 


Stamp Act Congress. 




92. 


Repeal of Stamp Act. 




93. 


Real Purpose of Taxation. 




94. 


Objections of the Colonists. 




95. 


Townshend Acts. 




96. 


The " Farmer's Letters." 




97. 


Resistance in the Colonies. 




98. 


Removal of Taxes except on Tea. 



(1763-1782.) 



Economic 



Topical Analysis. 



xxxix 



(Causes, etc., of the Rerolu- 
tion — continued.) 



The Revolution, 

1775-1782. 



100. 
101. 
102. 
102. 
103. 
104. 
104. 
105. 
106. 
106. 
107. 
108. 
108. 
109. 
110. 
111. 
112. 
113. 
114. 
115. 
116. 
117. 
118. 
119. 
120. 
121. 
122. 
122. 
123. 
124. 
125. 
125. 
126. 
127. 
128. 
128. 
128. 
129. 
130. 
131. 



Committees of Correspondence. 

Attempts to Foi'ce Tea upon Colonists. 

The Five " Intolerable Acts." 

General Congress proposed. 

Boston Port Bill. 

The First Continental Congress. 

Whigs and Tories. 

Preparations for Conflict. 

Lexington and Concord. 

Second Continental Congress. 

Washington Commander-in-Chief. 

Bunker Hill. 

Boston Evacuated. 

Canada. 

King and Colonists. 

Origin of the States. 

Mecklenburg Resolutions. 

Declaration of Independence. 

British Plans of Attack. 

I 

INew York Campaign. 

Trenton, Newport, Lafayette, Steuben. 

Burgoyne's Surrender. 

Howe's Philadelphia Campaign. 

Brandywine. 

Valley Forge. Germantowu. 

Conway Cabal. 

French Alliance. 

Benjamin Franklin. 

Effect of the French Alliance. 

British Failure in Middle Colonies. 

French Aid. 

The Indians. 

American Retaliation. 

John Paul Jones ; the American Navy. 

Western Settlements. 

Daniel Boone. 

George Rogers Clark. 

Continental Money. 

Foreign Loans." 

Robert Morris. 



xl 



History of the United States, 



( The, Revolution ■ 
tintied.) 



132. Benedict Arnold. 

13.3. Arnold's Treason. 

134. Southern Campaign. {Map.) 

135. General Nathanael Gi'eene. 
130. Cornwallis goes to Virginia. 

137. Yorktown. 

138. Surrender of Cornwallis. 
, 139. Peace. 



THE CONFEDERATION AND THE CONSTITUTION. (1782-1812.) 



The Confederation, 
1782-1787. 



The Constitution, 
1787-1789. 



140. Land Claims. {Map.) 

140. Western Reserve. 

141. Weakness of the Confederation. 

141. Shays's Rebellion. 

142. Interstate Jealousies. 

142. Convention proposed. 

143. Constitutional Convention. 

144. Its Compromises. 

145. The Constitution a National Question. 

146. The Constitution discussed. 

147. The Constitution adopted. 

148. General Character of the Constitution. 

149. Legislative Provisions. 

150. Executive Provisions, 

151. Judicial Provisions. 

152. Provision for Amendment. 
152. Checks and Balances. 



Washington's 
Administration , 
1789-1797. 



PERIOD OF ORGANIZATION. 

153. Washington, President. 

153. His Inauguration. 

154. Ordinance of 1787. 

155. Organization. 

156. Revenue. 

157. National Debt. 

157. Capital. 

158. First Census. 
158. First Bank of the United 

States. 
158. Decimal Coinage. 



Government < 



Topical Analysis. 



xli 



{Washingicni^s Adminis- 
iraiion — continued.) 



Period of Experiments 
in Foreign and Domes- 
tic Policy, 1797-1812. 



159. New States. 

159. Indian Wars. 

160. Whiskey Insurrection. 

161. Eli Wliitney ; Cotton-gin. 

162. Party Feeling. 

163. Relations with Europe. 

164. Jay's Treaty ; Other Treaties. 

165. Washington's Farewell Address. 

166. Election of John Adams. 

166. John Adams, President. 

167. Difficulties with France. 

167. X. Y. Z. Correspondence. 

168. Alien and Sedition Laws. 

168. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. 

169. Death of Washington. 

169. Treaty with France. 

170. Permanent Capital. 

170. John Marshall, Chief Justice. 

171. Election of Thomas Jefferson. 

172. Federalist Influence. 

173. Thomas Jefferson, President. 

174. The Louisiana Question. 

175. Louisiana Purchase. 

176. Lewis and Clark Expedition. 

176. Pike's Expedition. 

177. AVar with Barbary States. 

178. IJotation in Office. 

178. Ohio admitted. 

179. Hamilton and Burr. (Map.) 

180. Reelection of Jefferson. 

180. Public Improvements. 

181. European Affairs. 
181. Orders in Council. 

181. Berlin and Milan Decrees. 

182. Injuries to American Commerce. 

182. Impressment of Sailors. 

183. The Embargo. 

184. Robert Fulton, and the Steamboat. 
184. James Madison, President. 

184. Tippecanoe. 

184. Louisiana admitted. 



xlii 



History of the United States. 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. (1812-1815.) 

185. Grievances of the United States. 

185. War declared. 

186. Condition of tlie United States. 

187. American Failures. 

187. Naval Success. Perry. 

188. Creek War ; Andrew Jackson. 

189. American Successes. 

189. Britisli Plans and Successes. 

190. British capture Washington. (Map.) 
,War of i8i2, J 191. Britisli repulsed at Baltimore. 

1812-1815. I 191. "Star-Spangled Banner." Note. 

192. Southern Campaign. 

192. New Orleans. 

193. Peace of Ghent. 

193. Results of War. 

194. Hartford Convention. 

195. Algerine War. Decatur. 

196. New Bank of the United States. 

197. Monroe elected. 
I 197. End of the Federalists. 



Era of Good Feeling, 
1815 1825. 



THE THIRTY YEARS' PEACE. (1815-1845.) 

r 198. Increase of National Feeling. 

198. James Monroe, President. 

198. " Era of Good Feeling." 

199. Jackson in Florida. 

199. Cession of Florida. 

200. Protection to Home Industries. 

201. Agreement relative to Great Lakes. 

202. Internal Improvements. 

203. Erie Canal. (Map.) 

204. Missouri Slave or Free. 

205. Missouri Compronuse. (Map.) 

206. Monroe reelected. 

207. Spanish-American Republics. 

208. The Monroe Doctrine. 

209. New National Issues. 
209. Tariff of 1824. 



Topical Analysis. 



Xllll 



{Era of Good Feeling — 
continued.) 



Era of 111 Feeling, 
1825-1845. 



•Jin. John Quincy Adams elected by House of 
Representatives. 

211. Adams's Character. 

212. Visit of Lafayette. 

213. Changes in the United States. (J/rt^i.) 

214. Adams Unpopular. 

214. Internal Improvements. 

215. Pan-American Congress. 

216. The Creek Indians. 

217. Anti-Masonic Party. 

218. •• Era of 111 Feeling." 

218. "Tariff of 1828." 

219. Andrew Jackson, President. 

220. Character of Jackson. 

221. Removals from Office. 

222. "Spoils System." 
22.S. "Kitchen Cabinet." 

224. United States Bank. 

225. Jackson reelected. 

225. " Removal of Deposits." 
22(5. Nullitication. 
220. John C. Calhoun. 

227. Compromise Tariff. 

228. Cherokees in Georgia. 

228. Indians removed to Indian Territory. 

229. " Black Hawk War." 
229. Seminole War ; Osceola. 

280. Material Development and Transportation. 
231. Effects of Steam. 

f 232. Railroads. 
Development of ^ Inventions. 

Country as < ^33. Coal and Iron Mines. 

ai^fectcd by y 234. Household Appliances. 

235. I'hilanthropic Efforts. 

236. Education ; Newspapers. 

237. Literature ; Oratory. 

238. Temperance Reforms. 

239. Abolitionists. 

240. " Nat Turner Insurrection " ; Abolitionists. 

241. Death of Chief Justice Marshall. 
241. Surplus Revenue. 



xYv 



History of the United States. 



(Era 0/ III Feeling- 242. Martin Van Buren, President. 

continued.) 243. "Pet Banks " ; Panic of 1837. 

244. State Repudiation of Debts. 

245. Sub-Treasury System. 

246. Canadian Uprising. 

247. Abolition Riots. 

248. Whig Presidential Campaign. 

248. William Henry Harrison, President. 

249. President Harrison dies. 
249. John Tyler becomes President. 

249. Tyler di.sajjpoints the Whigs. 

250. Ashburlon Treaty witli Great Britain. 

251. Dorr "War"; "Anti-Renters." 

252. Telegraph ; Antesthetics. 

253. The Mormons. 

254. Mormons in Utah. 

255. The South and Texas. 

256. Texas Annexation. 

257. James K. Polk, President. 

257. Texas admitted. 

258. Polk's Measures. 

MEXICAN WAR AND SLAVERY AGITATION. (1845-1861.) 

259. War with Mexico. -^ 

260. Mexican Campaign. > {Map.) 

260. New Mexico. J 

261. California captured. 

262. Scott's Campaign. 

263. Terms of Peace. 

263. Results of the War. (Map.) 

264. Oregon Question, 1842-1846. 

265. Sub-Treasury System. 

265. Tariff. 

266. Discovery of Gold in California. 

267. Wilmot Proviso. 

268. Zachary Taylor, President. 

269. California sets up a Government. 
269. Death of Taylor. 

269. Fillmore succeeds. 

270. Difficult Questions before Congress. 

271. Compromise of 1850. 



Mexican War, 
1846-1848. 



Slavery Agitation, 
1845-1861. 





1 opical Analysis. 


(Slavery AgUation — 


271. Henry Clay. 


continued.) 


272. Daniel Webster. 




273. California admitted. 




273. The Fugitive Slave Law. 




274. Census of 1850. 




274. Innnigratiou. 




275. Inventions. 




276. Postage. 




277. Nevsr Party Leaders. 




277. Pierce elected. 




278. New York World's Fair. 




278. Japanese Ports opened. 




279. Pacific Railroad. 




279. " Uncle Tom's Cabin." 




280. Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 




281. American Party, 




282. The South. 


< 


283. Representation in Congress. 




284. Ostend Manifesto. 




285. Troubles in Kansas. 




286. Anti-Nebraska Men. 




286. Republicans. 




286. Charles Sumner. 




287. James Buchanan, President. 




288. " Dred Scott Case." 




289. The Mormons. 




290. Panic of 1857. 




290. Ocean Cable. 




291. Gold, Silver, Oil Fields. 




292. John Brown. 




293. Election of 1860. 




294. Secession. 




295. Confederate States of America 




296. Confederate Government. 




29(). State Sovereignty. 




297. Buchanan's Views. 




297. Peace Conference. 




298. Inaction at the North. 




298. Fort Sumter. 




299. Inauguration of Lincoln. 




. 300. Fall of Fort Sumter. 



dv 



xlvi History of the United States. 



Civil War, 1861. 



1862. 



1863. 



CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION. (1861-1 877.) 

301. Effect of the Fall of Sumter. 
301. Call for Volunteer.s. 
301. Attack in Baltimore. 

.302. Effect of the Fall of Sumter in the South and 
on the Border States. 

303. The Blockade. 

304. North and South compared. (3Iap.) 

305. North and South compared (cout.). 

306. Territory and Advantages of the South. 

307. Battle of Bull Run. 

308. Importance of Bull Run. 

309. General McClellan; the We.st. 

310. Northern Plans. 

311. Election of Davis and Stephens. 
L 311. Mason and Slidell. 
r 312. Condition of Affairs, January, 1862. (Map.) 

313. Confederate Government. 

313. Western Campaigns ; General Grant. 

314. Monitor and MtTrimar. 

314. New Orleans taken. 

315. Peninsula Campaign. {Map.) 

315. General Robert E. Lee. 

316. " Stonewall " Jackson. 
310. Antietam. 

317. Fredericksburg ; Murfreesboro. 

318. Slavery ; " Contrabands." 
310. Emancipation Proclamation announced. 

r 320. Emancipation Proclamation issued. 

321. Prisoners of \Yar. 

322. Sioux War. 

323. Campaign in the West. 

324. Campaign in the East. {Map.) 

325. Gettysburg. 

326. Vicksburg ; Chattanooga. 

327. Morgan's Raid. 

328. The Blockade, Naval Operations. 

329. Privateers ; the Alabama. 

330. Conscription, North and South. 

331. Finances, North and South. 



< 



Topical Analysis. 



XlVll 



{Ch'il War — conti nued .) 



1864. 



1865. 



Reconstruction 
Period, 1865- 1877. 



332. Greenbacks and Small Notes. 

333. Premium on Gold. 

334. Finances in the South. {Map.) 

335. National Bank Act. 

336. Union Armies, East and West. 

337. General Grant placed at Head of Union Army. 

338. Grant's and Sherman's Plans. 

339. "On to Richmond" ; Early's Raid. 

340. Sheridan in Shenandoah Valley. 

341. Sherman takes Atlanta. 

341. Thomas at Nashville. 

342. Sherman begins his March. 

343. March through Georgia. 

344. Savannah abandoned. 

345. Naval Operations. 
345. Farragut at Mobile. 

345. Confederate Cruisers. 

346. Peace Party in the North. 

346. Lincoln renominated. 

347. Nominating Conventions. 

348. Political State of the North. 
•348. Lincoln reelected. 

349. Admission of West Virginia and Nevada. 

350. Charleston taken. 

350. Sherman's March Northward. 

351. Chase appointed Chief Justice. 

351. Peace Negotiations. 

352. Richmond evacuated. 

352. Lee's Surrender. 

353. President Lincoln assassinated. 

354. Andrew Jackson, President. 

„jv. , ( Moral. 

or I rr.1 ^-.r f EffeCtS. J. 

354. The AVar. | ^^^^ \ Political. 

355. Losses of the War. 

356. Sanitary and Christian Commissions. 

356. Results of the War. 

357. Andrew Johnson. 

358. Provisional Governors in the South. 

359. Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. 

359. Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. 

360. Reconstruction Acts. 



xlviii 



History of the United States. 



{Reconstfuction Period - 
continued.) 



3(31. Six States admitted ; " Carpet-baggers." 
362. Tenure of OtKce Act. 

362. luipeaclmieiit of the President. 

363. Grant and Colfax elected. 

363. Amnesty Proclamation. 

364. Atlantic Telegraph Cable. 

.364. Alaska bought. {Map. Territorial Growth.) 

365. French in Mexico. 

366. Ulysses S. Grant, President. 
366. Expatriation. 

366. Chinese Treaty. 

366. Pacific Railroad finishetl. 

366. San Domingo. 

367. "Ku Klux Klan." 

367. All States represented in Congress. 

368. Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. 

368. Civil Rights, and Election Acts. 

369. Indian Peace Policy. 

370. Alabama Claims ; Geneva Arbitration. 

371. Geneva Award. 
371. Fisheries Award. 

371. Northwest Boundary Decision. 

f Chicago. 

372. Fires I Forest. 

[ Boston. 

373. Amnesty Bill. 

373. Liberal Republicans. 

373. Horace Greeley. 

374. The "Modoc War." 

375. Commercial Crisis, 1873. 

376. Temperance Crusade. 

377. Weather Bureau. 

378. Credit Mobilier. 

378. "Franking" abolished. 

378. " Back Salary grab." 

379. Republican Political Reverses. 

380. Whiskey Frauds. 

380. Resumption Act. 

381. Centennial Exhibition. 

381. Telephone and Electricity. 

382. Sioux War. 



Topical Analysis. 

382. Colorado Admitted. 

383. Impeachment of Belknap. 

384. Returning Boards. 

385. Electoral Commission. 

386. Hayes elected. 



xlix 



Growth and 

Development, 

1877-1893. 



GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT. (1877-1893.) 



r 387. Rutherford B. Hayes, President. 

387. Withdrawal of Troops from the South. 

388. Silver Bill. 

389. Railroad Strikes. 

390. Yellow Fever in the South. 

391. Mississippi Jetties. 

392. Resumption of Specie Payments. 

393. James A. Garfield, President. 

393. Assassination of the I'resident. 

394. Chester A. Arthur becomes Pre.sident. 

395. Anti-Polygamy Bill. 
.395. Civil Service Act. 

396. Mississippi P'loods. 

396. Tariff Revision. 

397. Brooklyn Bridge. 

397. " Standard Time." {Mup.) 

398. Washington Monument completed. 

398. Yorktown Centennial. 

399. New Orleans Cotton P^xhibition, and the South. 

400. The South in 1884. 

400. George Peabody. 

401. Election of 1884. 

402. Grover Cleveland, President. 

r 403. Presidential Succession. 
Important Acts of J 403. Electoral Count. 

404. Interstate Commerce. 

404. Chinese Exclusion. 
405. Labor Troubles. 

405. Knights of Labor. 

406. Strikes ; Chicago Riots. 

407. Charleston Earthquake. 

407. Statue of Liberty. 

408. Surplus Revenue. 



Congress. 



< 



History of the United States. 



(Groioth and Develop- 
meni — continued.) 



Economic, Social, and 
Literary Conditions. 



409. Mills Bill. 

410. Benjamin Harrison, President. 

411. Oklahoma. 

411. Washington Centennial. 

412. Johnstown Disaster. 

412. Forty-five States. 

413. Pan-American Congress. 

414. Filibustering in Congress. 

415. "McKinley Bill." 

415. Pension Bill. 

416. Democratic Success. 

417. Anti-Lottery Bill. 
417. Inspection of Food. 
417. Increase of the Navy. 
417. Interstate Commerce Act. 
417. " Sherman Act." 

417. Columbian Exposition Act. 

417. International Coi:)y right Act. 

418. Census of 1890. 

419. New Orleans Kiot, and Trouble with Italy. 

420. Chile Troubles. 

420. Bering Sea Arbitration. 

421. Ballot Reform. 

422. Homestead Labor Troubles. 

423. Columbian Celebi'ation. 

424. Party Platforms of 1892. 

425. Party Platforms of 1892 {continupd). 

426. Grover Cleveland again President. 

427. Second Inauguration of Cleveland. 

427. Bering Sea Arbitration. 

428. Repeal of Sherman Act. 

428. Financial Crisis of 1893. 

429. Hawaiian Difficulties. 

r 430. Close of Columbian Exposition. 
431. United States in 1893. 
431. Interstate Emigration. 

431. Foreign Immigration. 

432. Urban Population. 

433. Irrigation. 

433. Forest Reservations. 

434. Natural Gas. 



Topical Analysis. 



{Economic, Social, and 
Literary Conditions — 
continued .) 



Social Affairs ; 
Politics ; Diplomacy. 



The War with Spain; 
Territorial Expansion. 



435. Invention. 

435. Transportation ; Inland Commerce. 

436. The New South. 

436. Pacific Coast. 

437. Education. 

438. Libraries and Associations. 

439. Literature. Newspapers. 

440. " Wilson Bill ; " Senate Bill. 

441. Pullman and Railroad Strikes. 

441. Coal Miners' Strikes. 

442. New York City Reforms. 

442. " Comnionwealers." 

443. Anti-Lottery Bill. 

443. National Military Park. 

443. Atlanta Exposition. 

444. Republican Nominations, 1896. 

445. Democratic Nominations, 189(5. 

446. "Populist" and Other Nominations, 1896. 

447. The Presidential Campaign. 1890. 

448. Venezuelan Difficulty. 

449. Spain ; The Cuban Question. 

450. The United States and Cuba. 
4.50. The Virginms (1873). 

451. Cuban Rebellion. 

451. American Interests. 

452. Destruction of the Maine. 
4.52. Board of Inquiry. 

453. President McKiidey's Cuban Message. 
4-54. Cuban Resolutions. 

454. Declaration of War with Spain. 

455. Public Opinion in United States. 
455. War Revenue Act. 

4.56. Blockade of Cuba. 

457. Dewey's Victory at Manila. 

458. Cervera's Fleet. 

458. Hobson's Feat. 

459. Santiago Campaign. 

460. Destruction of Cervera's Fleet. 

461. Surrender of Santiago. 
461. Porto Rico Campaign. 



Hi 



History of the United States. 



(The War wilft Spain; 
Territorial £xpaniiioii — 
ccmtiiuietl.) 



461. Spain sues for Peace. 

461. Fall of Manila. 

462. Treaty of Peace. Terms. 

463. Opinions in United States regarding the Treaty. 

464. Cost of the War. 

464. Red Cross Society. 

465. Annexation of Hawaii. 
4(»6. Guam. Tutuila 

466. Samoau Islands. 

467. Prosperity. 

467. Results of the War with Spain. 

468. Gold Standard Act. 

468. Galveston Di.'^aster. 

469. Presidential Campaign of lUOO. 

470. Philippine Commission. 
470. Census of 1900. 



Appendix XL 



A SHORT LIST OF WORKS FOR TEACHERS AND READERS. 

Note. — A vast amount of useful and important information is contained in the Periodical 
Literature of the past few years; most libraries possess Poole's Index to Periodical Litera- 
ture, with its supplements, or The Cumulative Index to Periodicals, by means of which 
consultation of periodicals is made easy. 

L Books, etc., toxTAiNixc. Original Documents, and Sdurc es of Ameri- 
can History. 

H. W. Preston, Documents illustrative of Ainericitn Histonj, l(jO(i-18(3;i. New 
edition. -Si-oO. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 

Old South Leaflets, edited by Edwin D. Mead. Five cents a number, or tbe 
one hundred numbers bound in 4 vols., ^LoO per volume. Sold separately. 
Directors of the Old South Work, Boston. One hundred numbers already 
issued; others to follow. An excellent collection of original documents illus- 
trative of American History. List furnished on application to tbe publishers. 

American Histonj Leaflets, edited by A. B. Hart and E. Channiiig. Ten cents 
per number. A. Lovell & Co., New York. A series similar to the Old South 
Leaflets. Thirty numbers issued. Another excellent series. List furnished on 
application to publishers. 

American History Studies, edited by H. W. Caldwell Five cents a number. 
Ainsworth & Co., Chicago. Tliirty numbers published. Somewhat similar to 
Old South Leaflets, but consisting chiefly of extracts from sources. List fur- 
nished on application to publishers. 

American Colonial Tracts. "A monthly series of reprints of some of the 
more valuable pamphlets relating to the early history of America." Single num- 
bers at 25 cents each, or S;:>.00 by the year. George P. Humphrey, Rochester, 
N.Y. List furnished on application to the publisher. 

Albert Bushnell Hart, American Histonj told by Contemporaries. 4 vols. 
$2.00 per vol. L Era of Colonization, 1493-10«t; IL Building of the Republic, 
168i)-17S3; IH. National Expansion, 17813-1844 ; IV. Welding of the Nation, 1845- 
1897. The Macmillan Co., New York. (Vol. IV. in preparation.) 

Note. — The rc^'ular retail prices are given ; from these there is generally a discount. 

liii 



liv History of the United States, 

Albert Bushnell Hart, Source-Book of American History, edited for Schools 
and Readers. The Macmillan Co. With " Practical Introductions," how to use 
" Sources," etc. This and the preceding collection are judiciously chosen, but 
the selections are often very brief. 

Lihrurij of American Literature from the Earliest Settlement to the Present 
Time, edited by E. C. Stednian and E. M. Hutchinson. 11 vols. 8vo. .IliS.OO per 
volume. W. E. Benjamin, New York, 1891. 

Representative American Orations to illustrate American Political History, 
edited by A. Johnston. 4 vols. New edition. .fiiS.OO. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New 
York. Cover the period 1775-1881. Valuable introductions. 

M. S. Barnes and E. Barnes, Studies in American History. |il.'25. D. C. Heath 
& Co., Boston, 1892. Has many extracts from original sources, and can be used 
to great profit with a narrative History. 

American Almanac, 1830-1861; SpoflorcVs American Almanac, 1878-1S89; 
Tribune Almanac (begun as the Wlii;/ Almanac), New York, 1838-1!K)0; the 
World Almanac, New York, 1887-1900. For general statistics, etc., of the world, 
The Statesman's Year Book. $3.00 per volume. 18G3-1900. The Macmillan Co., 
London and New York. IVhitaker's Almanack. 18()9-1900. .fiil.OO per volume. 
Hazell's A>inual, 1886-1900, London. .•?;1.50 per volume. 



II. BiKLIOGRAPIlIKS AND AlDS. 

C. K. Adams, Manual of Historical Literature. New editidii. Harper's, 
New York, 1889. .$2.50. 

W. F. Allen, History Topics for the Use of High Schools and Colleges. 
Paper, thirty cents. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston, 1890. 

W. E. Foster, References to History of Presidential Adntinistrations, 
1789-1885. Paper, twenty-five cents. G. P Putnam's Sons, New York. 

E. E. Sparks, Topical Reference Lists in American History. A. H. Smythe, 
Columbus, O., 1893. 

Epochs of American History. Valuable bibliographies prefixed to each 
volume, and also to each chapter. See page Iv. 

J. Winsor, The Reader's Handbook of the American Revolution. 1761- 
1783. Sl.(». Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, 1880. 

Narrative and Critical History <f America. 8 vols. Royal 8vo. ,$40.00. 
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, 1S,S5-1889. Valuable bibliographies, illus- 
trations, facsimiles, etc. A great storehouse of facts. 

B. A. Hinsdale, Hoiu to teach and study History, vrith particular reference 
to the History of the United Slates. $1.50. D. Appleton & Co., New York, 
1894. An excellent work. 

M. S. Barnes, Studies in Historical Method. Ninety cents. D. C. Heath & Co., 
Boston, 1896. A valuable and very suggestive little work. 

The Study of History in Schools. Report of the Committee of Seven 
to American Historical Association. 1899. Fifty cents. The Macmillan Co., 
New York City, 



Works for Teachers and Readers. Iv 

W. H. Mace, Method in Hiatonj. .Sl.OO. Giuu & Co., Boston. 

Methods of Teachi)i;/ and Studying History, edited by G. Stanley Hall. 
Second edition. iSl.SO. D. C Heath & Co., Boston. 

W. F. Gordy and \V. I. Twitchell, A Pathfinder in American History, 
Parts I. and H. $1.20. Boston, 189:5. Lee and Shephard. Containing 
special reference lists for various grades, outline courses, topics, bibliog- 
raphies, suggestions. A valuable help to the teacher. 

H. A. Davidson, Reference History of the United States for High Schools 
and Academies. Ninety cents. Ginn & Co., Boston, 1.S92. A topical analy- 
sis, with exact references to various works. 

J. F. Sargent, Reading for the Young. .Sl.OO. Boston, Library Bureau. 
18i)0. Contains bibliography of American History for youth of all ages. 

E. Channing and A. B. Hart, Guide to the Study of American History. 
$2.00. Boston, Ginn & Co., 18iKj. By far the most complete work on the 
subject. Chiefly for advanced classes. 

C. Ploetz, Epitome of Ancient, Mediseval, and Moilern History. Trans- 
lated, v-ith extensive additions, by W. H. Tillinghast. Second edition. $3.00. 
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, 1884. Tlie best book of its class, and 
invaluable for reference. 

A. E. Wilson, Compendium of United States History and Literature. Forty 
cents. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston, 18tM3. 

IIL Maps. {Reference; and Outline for Pupil's Use.) 

A. B. Hart, Epoch Maps illustrating American History. Fifty cents. Long- 
mans & Co., New York, 1891. Illustrates "The Historical Geography of the 
United States and of the Previous Colonies." 

T. MacCoun, An Historical Geography of the United States. 'New edition. 
$1.00. Silver, Burdett & Co., Boston, IStX). A .series of forty-five maps, illus- 
trating American History from the earliest times to 1890. Accompanied by an 
explanatory text; a useful book. 

A. B. Hart and E. Channing, Outline Maps of the United States. The large 
map is in four sections, each 26x42 inches. Price, fifteen cents one section; 
fifty cents, complete. The small map is IIV2 X 18 inches. Price, two cents; 
.■SL.jO per hundred. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston. Messrs. Heath & Co. also pub- 
lish a series of Progressive Outline Maps, United Spates, New England, Middle 
Atlantic States, Southern States, Eastern Division; Southern States, Western 
Division; Central States, Eastern Division; Central States, Western Division; 
Pacific States; the Great Lakes. Two cents each; ,'tiil.50 per hundred; also an 
Intermediate Outline Map of the United States for Historical and Geograpiiical 
.study, 28 X 40 inches. Thirty cents. 

IV. Gener.\l HisToniKs, ktc. 

G. Bancroft, A History of the United States from the discovery of America. 
Author's last revision. D. Appleton & Co., New York, 188()-1888. 6 vols. $15.00. 
Very full. Ends with 17.S9. 



Ivi History of the United States. 

R. Hildreth, A History of (he United States (to 1821). (i vols. $18.00. Harper's, 
New York. Oue of the best accoiiuts of the period. 

J. Schouler (Skool'er), Ilistori/ of tlie United States vnder the Constitution, 
178!t-186"). vols. .1?1.3.50. Dodd, Mead & Co., New York, 1880-1891. The best 
account of the period. Forms, with either Bancroft or Hildreth, a continuous 
history from the earliest period. 

W. C. Bryant andS. H. Gay, Popidar History of the United States. 5 vols. 
Charles Scribner's Sons, New Y'ork. Sold by subscription. Profusely illustrated. 
Particularly strong on colonial histoi'y. 

H. Adums,- Hislonj vf the United States, 1801-1817. 9 vols. SlS.tX). Charles 
Scribner's Sons, New Y''ork. Very full. The best history of the period. 

E. Channing. Slinlent's History of the United Slates. .*1.40. The Macmillan 
Co., New, York, 1S!I8. (Revised ed., ISKKt.) 

J. B. McMaster, History of the People of the United States from the Revolution 
to the Civil War. (i vols. (5 vols, published). .'}?2.50 per volume. D. Appleton & 
Co., New York, 188.i-lS!)"2. Dwells largely on social history. 

A. B. Hart, eilitor, Kjiochs of American History. 3 vols. $1.25 per volume. 
1. R. G. Thwaites, The Colonies, 14}t2-lTr)0; 2. A. B. Hart, Formation of (he 
t^«/o», 17")0-182;); ^^. W.WUfion, Division and Reunion, 182;»-188'.). (Revised ed., 
1898.) " \Vith full marginal aiuilyses, working bibliographies, maps, and indices." 
lAingmans & Co., New Y'ork, 1891-189;?. The third volume is wrhten from a point 
of view which differs much from that of the tirst two volumes. 

The Ameriean History Series. 5 vols. 1. G. P. Fisher, The Colonial Era. 
1492-17r)(i; 2. AV. M. Sloane, The French War and the Revolution, 175(3-1787; 
.5. F. A. Walker, The Makiny of the Nadon, 1787-1815. $1.25 each. 4. J. W. 
Burgess, The Middle Period (1815-1858). $1.75. 5. J. W. Burgess, Civil Wara»d 
Reconstruction, in preparation. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1892-1897. 
A series somewhat similar to the " Epoch Series" just named, but more popular 
in treatnu'iit, and without the full bibliographies. 

R. Frothingham, The Rise of (he Republic of the United States. New edition. 
$3.50. Little, Brown & Co., Boston. Excellent. 

H. C. Lodge, .4 Short History of the Enc/lish Colonies in America. $3.00. 
Harper's, New York. Despite some faults, probably the best single volume on 
the subject. 

S A. Drake, The Making of New Enylaud; The Making of Virginia and the 
Middle Colonies; The Making of the Ohio Valley States; The Making of the 
Great West; Border Wars of Xew Eitgland. $1.50 each. Charles Scribner's 
Sons, New Y'ork, 1880-1894. An excellent series of handbooks. 

J. F. Rhodes, Hi.itory of the United States from the Compromise of iSoO (4 vols, 
published). .$2. .50 per volume. Harper's, New Y'ork, 1893. Specially strong on 
the history of Slavery. Best history- of the period. 

F. Parkman, France and England in Xorth America. 12 vols. $18.00. 
Little, Brown & Co., Boston. Invaluable for the history of the French in 
America. 

J. Fiske, The Discovery of America, 2 vols. ; Old Virginia and her Xeighbors, 
2 vols. ; Beginnings of New England ; The Du(ch and Quaker Colonies, 2 vols. ; 



Works for Teachers and Readers. Ivii 

The American Revolution, 2 vols.; The Critical Period of Americcm History, 
1783-1789. $2.00 per volume. Houghtou, Mifflin & Co., Boston. 

E. B. Andrews, The Last Quarter-Century in the United States, 1870-1895. 
2 vols. SO. 00. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1896. Richly illustrated. 
A panorama of events rather than a history. 

J.'N.La.vned, History for Ready lie/eroice, etc. 5 vols. $25.00. C.A.Nichols 
Co., Springtield, Mass., 1894-1895. The fifth volume is almost wholly given np to 
the United States. The work consists of extracts from the principal historians, 
and is furnished with valuable maps, original documents, etc. 

E. E. Sparks, Expansion of the American People. $2.00. Scott, Foresman & 
Co., Chicago, 1900. 

CD. Wright, The Industrial Evolution of the United States. .$1.00. Chau- 
tauqua Press, New York, 1895. 

B. J. Lossiug, Harper's Popular Cyclopsedia of United States History. 2 vols. 
New York, 1881. 

N. S. Shaler, editor. The United States of America: A Study of the American 
Commomvealth, Its Natural Resources, People, etc. 2 vols. $10.00. D.Apple- 
ton & Co., New York, 1894. 

Edward Eggleston, A History of Life in the United States (two volumes pub- 
lished). The Beginners of a Nation. $1.50. D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1896. 

R. H. Titherington, History of the Spanish-American War. $1.50. Appleton, 
New York. 

V. Constitutional and Political Works. 

J. J. Lalor, editor. Cyclopsedia. of Political Science, Political Economy, and of 
the Political History of the United States. 3 vols. $18.00. D D. Merrill Co., 
New York. The articles on United States history and politics are by Alexander 
Johnston, and are of high value. 

A. Johnston, History of American Politics, 178.3-1881. $1.00. H. Holt & Co , 
New York. Impartial ; the only brief work of the kind. 

E. Stanwood, History of the Presidency, 1789-1892. New edition. $2.50. 
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, 1898. A non-partisan account of all presidential 
elections, with statistics, 1788-1896. 

I. W. Andrews, Manual of the Constitution. ,$1.00. American Book Co , 
New York. 

C. F. Dole, The American Citizen. $1.00. D. C. Heath & Co., Bo.ston. 

C. T. Hopkins, Manual of American Ideas. $1.50. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston. 

Both the works just named are valuable for inculcating right views oi 
citizenship. 

J. Fiske, Civil Government in the United States. .$1.00. Houghton, Mifflin & 
Co., Boston, 1890. Written in the author's entertaining style. One of the best 
books on the subject. 

F. N. Thorpe, The Government of the People of the United States. $1.00 
New edition. Eldredge & Bro., Philadelphia. 

J. Macy, Our GorerHmenf. Eighty-five cents. New edition. Ginn & Co., Boston. 



Iviii History of the Unit d Str es. 

W. Wilsou, The State and Federal Governments of the United States. 
Fifty-five cents. D. C. Heath & Co., Boston. The part relating to the 
United States in Professor Wilson's larger work, The State. 

J. Bryce, The American Commomvealth. Revised edition. 2 vols. f4.00. 
The Macmillan Co., New York, 1895. The ablest study of American Insti- 
tutions. 

VI. Biographies. 

Appleton's Cyclopxdia of American Biography, edited by John Fiske and 
Jas. Grant Wilson. 6 vols, and Supplement. $34.00 D. Appleton & Co., 
New York, 1889. The most complete work of the kind. 

American Statesmen Series, edited by John T. Morse, Jr. SI. 25 per 
volume. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. An admirable series of Ameri- 
can political biographies. List furnished on applicatiou to publishers. 

Beacon Biographies, edited by M. A. DeWolfe Howe. Seventy-five cents 
each. Small, Maynard & Co., Boston. A well-edited series of brief biogra- 
phies of " eminent Americans " List furnished on application to publishers. 

River.$ide Biographies Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. Seventy-five 
cents each. A good series of brief biographies, somewhat similar to the Beacon 
Biographies, but especially intended for young people. List forwarded on appli- 
cation to the publishers. 

Makers of America Series. $1.00 per volume. Dodd, Mead & Co., New 
York, 1890-1893. A very unequal collection. 

E. E. Sparks, The Men ivho made the Nation. $2.00. The Macmillan 
Co., New York, 1901. 

J. Sparks, editor. Library of American Biography. 10 vols. 16mo. Har- 
per's, New York. $12.50. Volumes sold separately. This series contains 
biographies not easily accessible elsewhere, and though an old work, is still 
worthy of consultation Note: This is the second series; the first series 
has long been out of print. 



INDEX. 



Abolitionists, 207-270, 817. 

riots, 274. 

rise of, 267. 
Acadie, Enpli.sh treatment of, 95. 
Adams, John, Vice-President, 181. 

elected President, 193. 

life of, 193. 

dies, 247. 
Adams, John Quincy, chosen President, 241. 

appoints Clay Secretar}' of State, 242. 

his life and character, 242. 

unpopular, 245. 

"gag' resolutions," 269. 
Adams, Samuel, 122. 

proposes committees of correspondence, 
121. 

attempt to arrest. 129. 

life, 122. 

opposes Constitution, 174. 
Agricultural implements, 263. 
Aguinaldo, 496, 503. 
Alabama, the, 358-359, 376. 
Alabama claims, 405. 
Alaska, bought, 397. 
Albany Convention, 93. 

Alexandria, constitutional convention pro- 
posed, 171. 
Algiers, war with, 225. 
Algonkin Indians, 4. 
Alien and Sedition Laws, 195. 
Allen, Ethan, 130. 
Amendments to the Constitution, 179, 184. 

Thirteenth, 392. 

Fourteenth, 393. 

Fifteenth, 402. 
America, discovered by Columbus, 10. 

discovered by Northmen, 6. 

continent of, discovered by Cabots, 11, 

early inhabitants, 1-6. 

name given, 12. 
American Association for Advancement of 

Science, 469. 
American Part\% 309. 
American Philosophical Society, 469. 
" .\merican System, The," 248. 
Amerigo Vespucci (Ahmer-ee'-go Ves-poot'- 

chee), 12. 
Anaesthetics, 282. 



Anarchists in Chicago, 439. 
Anderson, Major Robert. 326. 
Andre, Major, 161. 
Audros, Sir Edmund, 52, 72. 
Annapolis Conference, 171. 
Antietam, 348. 
Anti-Federalists, 174. 
Anti-Lottery legislation, 448, 474. 
Anti-Masonic party, 246. 
"Anti-Nebraska men," 315. 
"Anti-Renters," 280. 
Antislavery. See Abohtionists. 
Antislavery Society, 268. 
Appomattox, surrender at, .382. 
Arbitration, Geneva, 405, 407. 

Bering Sea, 450, 455. 
Archdale, John, governor of the Carolinas, 

43. 
Armour Institute, 467. 
Arnold, Benedict, 161-162. 
Arthur, Chester A., Vice President, 426. 

becomes President, 427. 

life, 427. 
Articles of Confederation, 168-171. 
Ashburton Treaty, 277. 
Associations for research, 469. 
Asylums, blind, deaf-mutes, insane, 265. 
Atlanta Exposition, 475. 
Atlantic telegraph, 319, 396. 
Australian ballot, 451. 
Authors, American, 266. 469. 

Bacon, Nath., rebellion in Virginia, 40. 

Bahamas discovered by Columbus, 10. 

Balboa (Balbo'a) discovers the Pacific, 13. 

Ballot reform, 451. 

Baltimore, the Lords, 36-39. 

Baltimore, attack on Massachusetts troops, 

.330. 
Baltimore and Ohio railroad, 262. 
Banks, Bank of North America, 159. 

First Bank of United States, 186. 

Second Bank of United States, 226, 25:5, 
254. 

"Pet Banks," 27'i. 

" Wild Cat Banks," 272. 

National Banks, 1863, .364. 
Barbary States, war with, 207. 



lix 



IXll 



History of the United States. 



Continental Congress, the first, 126, 127. 

the second, 131. 

issues paper money, 132. 

hampers Washington, 146. 

comes to an end, 183. 
Continental money, depreciation of, 155. 
"Conway Cabal," 146. 
Cornwallis, Lord, in the South, 101-105. 

surrenders at Yorktown, 105. 
Cortez conquers Me.vico, 14. 
Cotton-gin, Whitney invents, 187. 

eft'ect upon South, '268. 
Cotton E.vhibition, 399. 
Credit Mobiher, 412 and note. 
Creeks, War, 218. 

difficulties with, 246. 
Crisp, Chas. F., Speaker, 449, 456. 
Cromwell, O., his policy towards EngHsh 

colonies, 70. 
Cuba, anne.xation project, 312. 

Ostend Manifesto, 312. 

treatment of, by Spain, 479-182. 

American interests in, 481, 482. 

in Spanish-American War, 485-493. 

Spain relinquishes sovereignty, 494. 

under temporary control of United States, 
50U. 
Cuban Resolutions, 484. 

Dakota Indians, 5. 

Dare, Virginia, 15, 17. 

Davis, Jetferson, becomes a leader, 306. 

President of Confederacy, 325, 339. 

captured, 385. 
Dearborn, Gen. H., burns York (Toronto), 

216. 
Declaration of Independence, a logical result, 
130. 

proposed by Richard Henry Lee, 136. 

drafted by Jetferson, 137. 

adopted, 137. 

signed, 138. 

how received, 138. 

the document. Appendix I. 
Declaratory Act, 114. 
Delaware, 54, 56. 
Democratic party named, 248. 
Democratic-Republicans, 189. 
De Soto, his expedition, 14. 
Dewey, Admiral, at Manila, 486. 

made admiral, 487 (note). 
Dickinson, John, 116. 
Discoveries, eai-ly, English, 11. 

French, 11. 

Spanish, 12. 

Portuguese. 11. 
" Dorr War," 279. 



Douglas, Stephen A., becomes a leader, 306. 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 309. 

"Squatter Sovereignty," 309. 

debate with Lincoln, 327. 
Drafts. See Conscription. 
Dred Scott Case, 317. 
Dutch, the, in America, 22. 

disputes with English, 45-49. 

recapture New York, 47. 

E.\DS, James B., 424. 

Early's Raid, 369. 

Economic views of eighteenth century, 108. 

Edison, Thomas A., 464. 

Education, 81, 265, 466. 

in colonies, 81. 

in New Netherlands, 48. 

normal schools, 265. 

review of progress, 466. 
ElCaney, 491. 
Elections, of 1856, 316. 

of 1860, 322. 

of 1874, 379. 

of 1884, 435. 

of 1888, 442. ■ 

of 1892, 454. 

of 1893, 456. 

of 1894, 475. 

of 1890, 476. 

of 1900, 502. 
Electoral Commission, 418. 
Electoral Count Act, 430. 
Eliot, .John, the "Apostle to the Indians," 
62. 

translation of the Bible, 03. 
Emancipation Proclamation, 349-351. 
Embargo Act, 211. 
Emigration. See Immigration. 
Emigration, interstate, 460. 
Endicott, John, a typical Puritan, 30. 
England, struggle for colonial empire, 89. 

her policy towards the colonists, 107. 

" Orders in Council," 210. 
" Era of Good Feeling," 229. 
"Era of 111 Feeling," 247. 
Ericsson, John, introduces the proiieller, 204. 

invents the Monitor, 344. 
Erie Canal, 233. 
" Evangeline," 95 (note). 
Expatriation, 399. 

Expositions, 307, 414, 448, 452, 458, 475. 
Extradition of criminals, 277. 

Farmers' Alliance, 447. 
" Farmer's Letters," 116. 
Farragut, D. G., at New Orleans, 345. 
at Mobile, 375. 



Index. 



1X111 



" Federalist, The," 175 (note). 
Federalists, the, 1"4, 189, 195. 

their influence, 19S. 
Fenwick, John, 50. 

Field, Cyrus W., the first Atlantic telegraph, 
319. 
second Atlantic telegraph, 396. 
Filibustering in Congress, 446. 
Filibusters, 312. 
Filhnore, Millard, Vice-President, '299. 

President, 300. 
Financial crisis, of 1837, 272. 
of 1878, 410. 
of 1898, 428. 
Fires, Chicago, forest, Boston, 407. 
Fishery Claims, 406. 
Fitch, John, 218. 
Flag, of the colonies, 135. 
of United States, 1776, 135. 
of Confederate States, 333. 
Florida discovered and named, 13. 

cession of, 231. 
Florida, the, 359, 876. 

Foote, Commodore A. H., at Fort Henry, 
343. 
Island No. 10, 343. 
"Force Bill," 402. 
Foreign loans, 157. 
Forest reservations, 462. 
Fort Donelson, 342. 
Fort I)u Quesne, 98, 95. 
Fourth of March, " Inauguration Day," 

177. 
Fo.\, Charles James, 162. 
France, struggle for colonial empire, 89-100. 
supports America, 148. 
relations with United States, 1793, 189. 
difticulties with, 1797, 194. 
"X. Y. Z. correspondence," 194. 
treaty with. 196. 
" Franking" abolished, 412. 
Franklin, Benjamin, plan of union, 97. 
on American submission, 113. 
on French and Indian War, 95. 
anecdotes of, 139, 173. 
on capture of Philadelphia, 145. 
envoy to France, 149. 
life, i50. 

in Constitutional Convention, 173. 
founds American Philosophical Society, 
469. 
Fredericksburg, 348. 
Freedmen's Bureau Bill, 393. 
Free-soil Party, 299. 
Fremont, John C , in California, 292. 
candidate for President, 816. 
on slavery, 349. 



Fremont, John C, nomination in 1864, 377. 
French, the, part of America held by them, 
64. 

as colonists in America, CG-70. 

activity in 1753-1754, 91. 

at Yorktown, 163-165. 
French and Indian War, 92-100. 

conditions of peace, 100. 
"French SpoHation Claims," origin of, 197. 
Friends or Quakers, in Maryland, 39. 

in New Jersey, 50. 

in Pennsylvania, 54. 

in Massachusetts, 79. 
Frobisher, Martin, 14. 
Fugitive Slave Law, 1860, 302, 808. 
Fulton. Robert, 212. 
" Fundamental Orders of Connecticut," 35. 

Gadsden Purchase, 293 (note). 
"Gag Resolutions," the, 269. 
Galveston disaster, 501. 
Garfield, James A., life, 426. 

President, 426. 

assassinated, 426. 
Garrison, William Lloyd, 268. 
Gas, 264. 

Gas, natural, 463. 
Gaspee, burnt, 120. 
Gates, General, 146, 161. 
Genet, 190. 
Geneva, Arbitration, 405. 

Award, 406. 
George III. and the colonists, 134. 
Georgia, charter, 57. 

settlement of, 58. 

not in First Continental Congress, 125. 
Georgia, the, 358, 876. 
Germantown, battle of, 145. 
Gettysburg, 355. 
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 15. 
Gold, discovered in California, '297. 

in Colorado, 320. 

premium on, 362. 
Gold Standard Act, 1900, 500. 
Goodyear, Charles, 304. 
Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 36. 
Gosnold, Bartholomew, 16. 
Grant, Ulysses S., life, 868. 

at Fort Donelson, 342. 

at Pittsburg Landing, 343. 

Vicksburg, 858, 356. 

in command of all armies, 367. 

plans for attacking Confederacy, 368. 

terms at Appomatto.v, 382. 

elected President, 396. 

Indian pohey, 4(>4. 

renominated and elected, 408, 409. 



Ixiv 



History of the United States. 



Great Lakes, afrreemeut concerning, 23'2. 

traffic on, 404. 
Great Salt Lake City, 2S4. 
Greeley, Horace, 409 (life). 
Greenback party, 416. 
" Greenbacks," 361. 
Greene, General Nathanael. 161. 
"Green Mountain Boys," 129. 
Guam, ceded to United States, 494. 

taken possession of, 499. 

area and population, 495 (note). 
Guilford Court House, battle of, 162. 

Ha.vulton, Alexander, in Constitutional Con- 
vention, 172. 

life, 172. 

"The Federalist," 175 (note). 

Secretary of the Treasury, 183. 

plan for paying- debt of United States, 
1S5. 

relations with Jetferson, 189. 

duel with Burr, 208. 

Bank of the United States, 186. 
Hancock, John, 118, 128, 138, 139. 
Harrison, Benjamin, President, 442. 

life, 443. 

civil service under, 443. 
Harrison, William Henry, at Tii)i)ecanoe, 
214. 

in War (>riS12, 217. 

elected President, 275. 

life, death, 270. 
Hartford, 35. 

Hartford Convention, 224. 
Harvard College founded, 81. 
Hawaii anne.ved, 497. 

difficulties, 457. 
Hayes, Paitherford H,, life, 421. 

nomination, 417. 

election, 417. 

declared elected, 419. 

a<liiiinistratic>M, 421. 

inauguration, 42L 
Henry, Patrick, speech against Stamp Act, 
112. 

o[)poses Constitution, 174. 
Ileritld, the New York, 265. 
" Holy Alliance," 239. 
Homestead labor troubles, 451. 
Hood, GeneralJ. B., 371. 
Hooker, General Jos., 349, 354. 
Houston, General Samuel, 285. 

life, 284. 
Howe, Ellas, Jr., 304. 
Hudson, Henry, and Hudson River, 22. 
Hull, General Win., surrenders Detroit, 216. 
Hutchinson, Anne, 34. 



I.M.MKiUATiuN, in 1850, 303. 

foreign, 460. 
Immigration Bill, 454. 
Impressment of sailors by Great Britain, 211. 

215, 224, 278. 
Indentured servants, 42. 
Inilependence Hall, 137, 138. 
Iiulepeudence of colonies. See Declaration 

of Independence, 
liulians, why so called, 11. 

mode of fife, 1-4. 

groups and tribes of, 4-6. 

" Six Nations," 4. 

number in North America, 6 (note). 

treatment by the Dutch, 23. 

relations with English colonists, 61, 62. 

relations with the French, 08. 

Pecjuot War, 64. 

King Philip's War, 65. 

employment by British and by colonies, 
150, 154. 

retaliation upon, 1.50. 

wars, after Revolution, 187. 

Sioux wars, 853, 415. 

Grant's Peace Policy, 404. 

" Modoc War," 409. 
India-rubber, 304. 
Indigo in the Carolinas, 44. 
Inland commerce, 464. 
Intercolonial wars, 8^-87. 
Interior Department, established, 806. 
Internal improvements, 209, 233, 240, 245. 
International copyright, 448. 
Interstate Commerce Act, 4.37. 
" Intolerable Acts of Parliament," the live, 

123. 
Intolerance in the colonies, 75. 
Invention, 464. 
Iron in Pennsylvania, 264. 
Iroquois Indians, 4. 
Irrigation, 462. 
Isabella, Queen of Spain, encourages Colum 

bus, 10. 
Italy, difficulty with, 449. 

J.ACKSON, Andrew, in Creek War, 219. 
New Orleans, 222. 
course in Florida, 230. 
elected President, 248. 
life, 250. 

character, 250, 252. 
removals from office, 251. 
reelected, 2.54. 
"removal of deposits," 254. 
Nullification Proclamation, 256. 
Foreign affairs, 270. 
" pet banks," 272. 



Index, 



Ixv 



Jackson, Andrew, "Specie Circular," 2"'2. 

retires, 27 1. 
Jackson, C. T., 282. 

Jackson, General Thos. J. (" Stonewall'"), 
34". 

life, 347. 

in Shenandoah Valley, 346. 

killed, 354. 
Jamestown, Virginia, settlement, 20. 
Japan, Perry's treaty with, 308. 
Jay, John, Chief Justice, 183. 

"life, 190. 
Jay's Treaty, 191. 

Jefferson, Thomas, drafts Declaration of In- 
dependence, 139. 

relations with Hamilton, 189. 

Kentucky Resolutions, 195. 

life, 200. 

election as President, 198. 

inaugural address, 200. 

policy, 201. 

reelected President, 209. 

removals from office, 207. 

dies, 247. 
Jetties, Mississippi, 424. 
Johns Hopkins University, 4t>6. 
Johnson, Andrew, nominated for Vice-Presi- 
dent, 377. 

becomes President, 385. 

life, 390. 

views of reconstruction, 391. 

relations with Congress, 392, 394. 

removes Stanton, 395. 

impeached, 395. 
Johnston, General Jos. E., commands Con- 
federate army, 347. 

wounded, and retired, 347. 

supersedes Bragg, 357. 

removed, 371. 

replaced in command, 380. 

surrenders, 3S5. 
Johnstown flood, 444. 
Joliet, 68. 
Jones, John Paul, 151. 

Kansas, troubles in, 313. 
Kansas-Xehraska Bill, 309. 
Kaskaskia, 154, 156. 
Keamarye and A/tilximd, .319. 
Kentucky, 155, 186. 
Kentucky Resolutions, 195. 
Kidd. Captain, 79. 
Kin;r 0,-orf,'e's War, 87. 
King Phillip's War, 65. 
King William's War, 85. 
"Kitchen Cabinet," 253. 
Knights of Labor, 438. 



Know-Nothing party, 309. 
" Ku Klu.x Klan," 401. 

Labor troubles, 438. 

Lafayette, comes to America, 142. 

battle of Brandywine, 145. 

visit to America, 243. 
Land claims, 168. 
La Salle, 68, life, 69. 
Lee, General Charles, 143, 144, 149. 
Lee, General Robert E., life, 346. 

commands Confederate army, 348. 

invades Maryland, 348. 

invades Maryland and Pennsylvania. 
1863, 354. 

surrenders, 382. 
Legal tender, definition, 362 (note). 
Leisler, Jacob, 48. 

Leland Stanford, Jr., University, 466. 
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 204. 
Le.xington and Concord, 128. 
Liberal Rei)ublicans, 408. 
Liberty Bell, in 1776, 137. 

broken, 270 (note). 
Liberty parly, 275. 
Liberty, statue of, 440. 
Libraries, 468. 
Lincoln, Abraham, biography, 327. 

Black Hawk War, 258. 

on Me.xican War, 290. 

nomination, 1860, 322. 

inauguration, 327. 

calls for volunteers, 331. 

emancipation, 350. 

renomination, .376. 

reelection, 379. 

second inaugural, Appendi.x VIIL 

assassinated, 384. 

his greatness, 385. 
Literature, review of, 265, 469. 
Locke, John, model government lor Caro- 

linas, 43. 
London Company, 19. 
Lotter)- legislation, 448, 474. 
Louisiana, origin of the name, 68. 

Lottery, 448 (note). 

Purchase, 201-204, 231 (note). 
Lovejoy, Elijah P., killed, 275. 

Madison, James, advocates Annapolis Con- 
ference, 171. 

Virginia Resolutions, 195 (note). 

President, 213. 

life, 213. 
Magazines, 471. 

Magellan's (MajeH'an) voyage, 13. 
Maine, 36. 



Ixvi 



History of the United States. 



Maine, acquired by Massacliusetts, 36. 
Maine, destruction of, 4S3. 
Manhattan, 22, 23. 
Manila, Dewey before, 4S6. 

blockaded, 488. 

surrendered, 493. 
Manufactures, restrictions upon, 108. 
Marquette, 68. 

Marshall, John, Chief Justice, 197, 270. 
Maryland, charter, 36, 37 (note). 

boundaries, 37 (note). 

origin of name, 37. 

first settlement, 38. 

religious toleration, 38. 

Roman Catholics in, 38, 39. 

Toleration Act, 38. 

land claims, 168. 

attitude toward secession, 831. 
Mason, Captain John, 36. 
Mason and Di.von's Line, 53. 
Mason and Slidell, 339. 
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 28-33. 

peculiarities of, 30. 

charter brought to America, 30. 

acquires Maine, 36. 

forfeiture of charter, 72. 
Massachusetts Bill, 123. 
Matches, friction, introduction, 264. 
Maximilian, 398. 
Mayfloxcer, the. 26. 
"Mayflower Compact," 27. 
McClellan, Geo. B., commands Army of the 
Potomac, 337. 

Peninsular Campaign, 346. 

removed from command, 348. 

nominated for President, 377. 
McKinley, William, 416. 

nominated for President, 475. 

election of, 477. 

life, 477. 

Cuban message, 484. 

renominated, 501. 

reelected, 5(»2. 
"McKinley Bill," 446. 
Meade, General Geo. G., commands Army of 

Potomac, 355. 
"Mecklenburg Declaration of Indepen 

dence," 136. 
Mervimac and Monitor, 343. 
Me.xican Cession, 298. 
Mexican War, 289-294. 

declaration of, 289. 

Taylor's eamjiaign, 290. 

Scott's campaign. 292. 

terms of peace, 293. 

cost of, 293. 
Mexico, French in, 398. 



Mexico, Maximilian in, 398. 

Miles, General, in Spanish-American War, 

492, 493. 
"Mills Bill," 441. 
" Minute Men," 127. 
Mississippi, jetties, 424. 

Hoods, 1882, 429. 
Missouri (Compromise, 236. 
"Modoc War," 409. 
Monitor and Merrimiic, 343-345. 
Monmouth, battle of, 149. 
Monroe Doctrine, the, 239. 
Monroe, James, elected President, 227. 

hfe, 227. 

tour as President, 229. 

reelected President, 238. 
Montcalm, the Marquis of, 96. 
Morgan's Raid, 357. 
Mormons, early history, 282-284. 

Nauvoo, 28;?. 

in Utah, 2S;3. 

Buchanan's action, 819. 

Anti-Polygamy Bill, 427. 
Morris, Robert, 157. 

life, 157. 
Morse, S. F. B., 281. 

life, 281. 
Morton, W. T. G., 282. 
Mound Builders, Indians, 4. 
" Mugwumps," 484. 
Murfreesboro, battle at, 349. 
Muskogee Indians, 5. 

Nai'olkon, Berlin Decree, 210. 

Milan Decree, 210. 

sells Louisiana, 202. 
National Bank, first, 186. 

second, 220, 253, 254. 
National Bank Act, 364. 
National Democrats, 476. 
Natiiinal feeling, increase of, 229. 
National liepulilicans, 248. 
"National Koad," 209,-269 (map). 
" Nat Turner" Insurrection, 269. 
Naturalization Act, 1870 (English), 399. 
Naturalization Law, 207. 
Naval Victories in War of 1812, 217. 
Navigation Acts, 70, 108-110. 
Navy, American, in Revolution, 151. 

in War of 1812, 21C-218. 
Negro troops, in Confederate arm\ 352.\ 

in United States army, 352. 
Nevada admitted, 379 (note). 
New (or Fort) Amsterdam, founded, 23. 

seized by English, 46. 
New England named by Captain John 
Smith, 24. 



Index. 



ixvu 



New England, ITnited Colonies of, 64. 
New Hampshire, 36. 
New Jersey, 49-52. 

origin of name, 49. 

division of colony, 50. 

West Jersey sold to Quakers, 50, 51. 
New Me.xico taken, 291. 
New Netherland, 23. 

seized by English, 46. 
New Orleans, battle of, 223. 

Cotton Exhibition, 432. 

Italian riot, 1891, 449. ' 
Newport, Rhode Island, founded, 34. 
" New South." 434, 465. 
Newspaper, the American, 265, 471. 

first in America, 83. 
New York (New Amsterdam), founded, 
23. 

seized by English, 46. 

seized by Dutch, 4T. 

restored to English, 47. 

Campaign (Revolution), 140-144. 

land claims, 169. 
New York City, reforms, 442. 
NicoU's, Richard, rule in New York, 46. 
Non-intercourse Act, 212. 
Norembega (New England), 24. 
North, the, how prepared for war in 1861, 

333-386. 
North, Lord, Prime Minister, 120, 165. 
North Carolina, 42-45. 

feeling in, regarding independence. 
136. 

See Carolinas. 
Northmen, 6. 
Northwest Territory, 182. 
Nullification, 255. 

Oglethorpe, General James, 57 (life). 

Ohio admitted, 208. 

Ohio Company, 90. 

Oklahoma, 443. 

Old Ironaideii, 218. 

" Omnibus Bill," 802. 

Oratory, 266. 

"Orders in Council," Great Britain, 210, 215, 

224. 
Ordinance of 1787, 182. 
Oregon, Gray's visit, 206. 

dispute with Great Britain, 294. 

claims of United States, 204, 294, 296 

(note). 
Organization of United States government, 

1789, ls3. 
Osceola, 258. 

" Ostend Manifesto," 312, 481. 
Otis, James, on taxation, 109. 



Pacific Ocean, discovered, 18. 

named, 13. 
Pacific Railroad, exploration for, 308. 

completed, 399. 
Pacific states, 465. 
Pan-American Congress, first, 245. 

of 1890, 445. 
Panic, of 1837, 272. 

of 1857, 319. 

of 1873, 410. 

of 1893, 42S. 
Parks, National, 462, 475. 
Parties : 

Federalist, 174, 187, 195. 

Anti-Federalist, 174, ls7. 

Democratic-Republican, 171, 248. 

Anti-Masonic, 247. 

Democratic, 248. 

National Republican, 248. 

Whig, 271. 

Liberty, 275. 

Free-soil, 299. 

American (Know-Nothing), 309 

Reiiublican, 2S6. 

Liberal-Republican, 408. 

Greenb.ick, 416. 

Prohibition, 417. 

People's (Populist), 453. 

National Democratic, 476. 
Patroons, 48, 280. 
Peabody, George, education fund, 433. 

life, 4.33. 
Peace Conference, 1861, 325. 
Peace party in North, 376. 
Pendleton, George IL, Civil Service Act, 428. 
Penn, William, 51-57. 

life, 51. 

relations to the Jerseys, 51. 

acquires Pennsylvania, 52. 

disputes with Lord Baltimore, 53. 

frame of government, 54. 

treaty with the Indians, 55. 
Pennsylvania, 52-57. 

origin of name, 53. 

charter, 54. 

Penn's frame of government, 54. 
Pennsylvania Ilall, 275. 
Pensions, in North and South, 446, 447 

(note). 
Pension Bill, 446. 
People's party, 453. 
Perry's victory, 217. 
" Personal Liberty Laws," 803. 
"Pet banks," 272. 
Petersburg, siege of 370. 
Petroleum (oil fields). 320. 
Philadelphia, founded, 56. 



Ixviii History of the United States. 



Philadelphia, in 1703, 105. 

captui-ed by Howe, 145. 

national capital, 1790-1800, 1S5. 
Philippines, ceded by Spain, 494. 

feeling in United States regarding, 495. 

area and inhabitants, 495 (note). 

commission, 502. 
Phillips, Wendell, 377. 
Physical training, 400. 
Pierce, Franklin, President, 264. 
Pike's expedition, 200. 
Pilgrims, the, 24-28. 
Pirates, 79. 

Pitt, William (Earl of Chatham), Prime Min- 
ister, his character, 97. 

life, 90. 

member of Parliament, 110 (note). 

on Stamp Act, 114. 
Pittsburg (Fort Du Quesne), 97. 
Pittsburg Landing (Shiloh), 34.S. 
Plymouth Company, 19, 23. 
Plymouth Rock, 27. 
Pocahontas, 21 (note). 
Polk, James K., life, 286. 

President, 280. 

his measures, 287. 

accomplishes ends, 296. 
Ponce de Leon (Ponthfi da Laon [Spanish] ; 

Ponssde Lee'on [English]), 12. 
Pontiac, conspiracy of, 101. 
"Populists," 453. 

Porto Rico, ceded to ITnited States by Spain, 
494. 

area and population, 495 (note). 
Porto Rico campaign, 1898, 492. 
Postage, rates of, 305. 
Postage stamps used for change, 801. 
President, as executive officer, 178. 

salary raised, 413. 
Presidential Succession Act, 436. 
Presidents, list of, Appendi.v VIIL 
Prisoners of war, 352. 
Privateers, Confederate, 358. 
Prohibition party, 417. 
Propeller, the screw, 204. 
Protection to home industries, 231, 232 

(note). 
Providence, Rhode Island, founded, 33. 
Pullman strike, 473. 
Puritans, 28-38. 

Quakers. See Friends. 
Quartering Act, 124. 
Quebec Act, 124. 
Quebec taken by Wolfe, 99. 
Queen Anne's War, 80. 
Quorum, what is a, 445. 



Railroads, the first in America, 261. 
Railroad strikes, 389, 473. 
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 10. 

life, 16. 
Reapers, 203. 
Reciprocity measure, 446. 
Reconcentration in Cuba, 480. 
Reconstruction, measures, 391-395. 

acts, 893. 

all states represented in Congress, 401. 
Red Cross Society, 497. 
Reed, Thomas B., Speaker, 440, 475. 
Religious intolerance, 75. 
Religious liberty in Rhode Island, 34. 
Religious toleration in Maryland, 38. 

in Pennsylvania, 55. 
" Removal of deposits," 254. 
Representation, popular, first representative 
body in America, 22. 

established in Massachusetts, 32. 

in England in eighteenth century, 110. 

in Congress, 311. Appendi.\ VII. 
Republican party formed, 280. 
Repudiation, state, 278. 
Restoration of Charles II., 70. 
Resumption Act, 414. 
Uesumption of Specie Payments, 425. 
Returning boards, 417, 419. 
Revenue, in 1789, 1*4. 

during Civil War, 360-363. 
Revere, Paul, 128. 
Revolution, the, 181-100. 

causes of the, 123. 

a war for independence, 136. 

England offers terms of peace, 140. 

results, 160. 
Rhode Island and Providence plantations, 33, 

charters, .34. 

religious liberty in, 34. 

" Dorr War," 279. 
Rice in the Carolinas, 44. 
Richmond evacuated, 382. 
Roanoke Island, 15. 
Rosecrans, General W. S., Chattanooga, 357 

St. Clair's defeat, 187. 

" Salary Grab," 413. 

Salem, Massachusetts (JTaumkeag), 30. 

Samoan Islands, 499. 

Tutuila annexed, 500. 
San Domingo, proposed annexation, 400. 
Sanitary Commission, 387. 
San Juan, 1898, 491. 

San Salvador discovered by Columbus, 10. 
Santiago campaign, 1898, 489-492. 
Santiiigo surrendered, 492. 
Saratoga, battle of, 142. 



Index. 



Ixix 



Savannah, founded, 5S. 

taken by British, 160. 

taken by Sherman, 374. 
S(iv(i!i>ia/i, the, 25i). 
Schuyler, General Philip, 142. 
Scott, General Winfield, in War of 1812, 219. 

Me.xican Campaign, 290, 292. 

candidate for President, 307. 

in Civil War, 32s, y3G. 

" Scrub race for the Presidency," 241. 
Secession, in 18G0, 323. 

South Carolina, 323. 

other states, 823, 332. 
Sedition and Alien Laws, 195. 
Seminole War, 251. 
" Senate Bill," 472. 
Seven Years" War, 93. 
Seward, William H., in Congress, 306. 

Secretary of State, 328. 

life, 328. 

peace negotiations, 381. 

buys Alaska, 397. 
Sewing machine invented, 304. 
Shenandaah, the, 358. 

Sheridan, General Philip H., in Shenandoah 
Valley, 370. 

raids, 382. 
Sherman, General Wm. T., 368. 

life, 371. 

march, 371-374, 880. 

his orders, 373. 
"Sherman Act," 448. 
Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing), 343. 
Silver legislation. Bland Bill, 422. 

" Sherman Act," 448. 

repealed, 456. 
Sioux Indians, 5. 
Sioux wars, 853, 415. 
" Sixteen to One," 476 (note). 
Slater, John F., 434. 
Slavery, introduced into America, 22. 

slave trade in colonial times, 87. 

in Northwest Territory, 183. 

foreign slave trade aboHshed, 209. 

J. fj. Adams' oi)inion of, 270. 

in politics, .301. 

Emancipation Proclamation, 349. 

" Contrabands," 349. 

McClellan on, 349. 

Lincoln on, 349. See Abolitionists. 
Smith, Captain John, 19, 20, 24. 
Smith, Joseph (the Mormon), 282. 
Smith College, 467. 
Smithsonian Institution, 469. 
" Sons of Liberty," 112. 
South, the, education in, 265. 

In 1852 310. 



South, how prepared for war in 1861, 333-33C. 

revenue during Civil War, 363. 

prices of goods during Civil War, 363. 

in 1884, 433. 

the "New South," 482-434. 
South Carolina, 44. 

nullification, 255. 

secedes, 323. 

Spain, cedes Florida (1819), 231. 

and Cuba, 479-482. 

war with United States, 485-493. 

Treaty of Paris, 1898, 493. 
Spanish-American republics, 238. 
Spanish-American War, 485-493, 496. 
"Spoils System," rotation in oftice under 
Confederation, 207. 

under Jetferson, 207. 

under Jackson, 251. 
"Squatter Sovereignty," 309. 
Stamp Act, 110-114. 

Congress, 113. 

repealed, 113. 
Standard time, 430. 
Standish, Myles, 28. 
Star-Spangled Banner, 222 (note). 
State rights. See State sovereignty, 255, 

325. 
States, the, origin of, 135. 

statistics of, Appendices IV., VII. 
Steamboat, Fulton's, 212. 
Stephens, Ale.x. H., becomes a leader, 306. 

Vice-President of Confederacy, 324, 839. 
Steuben, Baron, 142. 
Strikes. 423, 439, 478. 
Stuyvesant, Peter, 46, 48. 
Sub-Treasury, estabUshed, 273. 

abolished by Whigs, 296. 

reestablished, 296. 
Sumner, Charles, enters Senate, 806. 

attacked, 315. 
Sumter, Fort, .326, 328, 830. 
Sun, the New York, 265. 
Surplus of 1886, 441. 
Swedes in America, 23. 

Taney, Roger B., Secretary of the Treasury, 
225. 

Chief Justice, 270. 

Dred Scott decision, 317. 

dies, 351. 
Tariff in first Congress, 184. 

of 1824, 240. 

of 1828, 248. 

of 18.32, 255. 

of 1833, " Compromise," 256. 

of 1846, Revenue, 296. 

of 1861 (Morrill), 361. 



Ixx 



History of the United States. 



Tariff, of 1883, 429. 

of 1891 (McKinley), 446. 
of 1894, " Wilson Bill," "Senate Bill," 
472. 
Taylor, General Zachary Me.\ican Campaign, 
290. 
elected President, 299. 
life and character, 299. 
dies, 300. 
Ta.xation without consent, 32 
real object of English, 114. 
objections of colonists, 115. 
removal of taxes e.vcept upon tea, 120. 
without representation, 109. 
Tea ta.x, how received, 121. 
Tecumseh, 214, 217. 
Telegraph, invention of, 281. 
Telephone, 415. 

Temperance, reform movement, 267. 
crusade in Ohio, 410. 

Woman's Christian Temperance l^nion, 
411. 
Tenure of Office Act, 395. 
Te.xas, 2S4-2S7. 

annexed, 287. 
Thomas, General George H., at Chicka- 
mauga, 357. 
at Nashville, 372. 
Thomson, Charles, 138, 182. 
Ticonderoga captured, 129. 
Tippecanoe, battle of, 214. 
"Tippecanoe and Tyler too," 275. 
Topical analysis (of this book), Appendix X. 
Tories and Whigs, 127. 
Town meeting, 31. 
Townshend Acts, 115. 
Transportation, 4(')4. 
Transportation Bill, 123. 
Treaties, with Great Britain, 166, 277. 
France, 147, 196. 
Jay's (Great Britain), 190. 
Spain, 191. 
Algiers, 191. 
Tripoli, 191. 

Ghent (Great Britain), 224. 
Guadaloupe Hidalgo (Gwa-da-loop'a 

Hedal'go), 293. 
Germany, 399. 
China, 399. 

of Washington (1871), 405. 
of Paris (1898), (Spain), 494. 
Trent, the, 339. 
Tribune, the New York, 265. 
Tripoli, war with, 207. 
Tulane University, 466. 
Tutuila, annexed, 500. 
Tyler, John, Vice-President, 276. 



Tyler, John, becomes President, 276. 
life, 277. 
his course, 277. 

" Uncle Tom's Cabin," 308. 

" Underground Railroad," 318. 

" United Colonies of New England," 64. 

United States, independence declared, 137. 

organization of government, 183-186. 

commerce injured by Great Britain and 
France, 210. 

in 1825, 244. 

material develoj)ment, 258. 

out of debt, 270. 

surplus revenue, 1836, 270. 

forty-live states, 444. 

statistics of. Appendices V.-VII. 
United States Bank, first, 186. 

second, 226, 253, 251. 
University extension, 467. 
University of Virginia, 265. 
Urban population, 461, Apiiendix V. 
Utah, 284. 

admitted as a state, 444. 

Vallky Forge, 146. 

Van Buren, Martin, Secretary of State, 253. 

elected President, 27). 

life, 271. 

proposes Sub-Treasury, 273. 

nominated by " Free-Soilers," 299. 
Vassar College, 467. 
Venezuela boundary dispute, 477. 
Vermont, 186. 
Vicksburg. 353, 356. 
Virginia, 19-22, 39-42. 

so called by Ealeigh, 15. 

charter of 1609, 22. 

House of Burgesses, 22. 

a royal colony, 40. 

Bacon's Rebellion, 40. 

House of Burgesses, protests against 
Boston Port Bill, 125. 

proposes General Congress, 125. 

proposes independence. 111. 
Virginia Resolutions, 195. 
Virginiuii, 481. 

Wagon trade, 2.59. 

Wake Island, 499. 

Wallace, General Lew, delays Early, 369. 

Wars, King Philip's, 65. 

Intercolonial, 85-87. 

"King William's," 85. 

"Queen Anne's," 86. 

" King George's," 87. 

" French and Indian," 90-100. 



Index. 



Ixxi 



Wars, of Independence, 131-lfi6. 

of 1812, 215-224. 

Mexican, 2s',)-2U4. 

Civil, 330-:3sS. 

Spanish-Anienean, 1*98, 4S5-493. 
Washing-ton, George, sent to the French, 01. 

life, ISI. 

surrenders to the French, 92. 

Bradduck's expedition, 95. 

couiuiander-in-chief, 131. 

refuses pay ; his accounts, 132. 

assumes command, 133. 

New York campaign, 140-144. 

crosses the Delaware, 141. 

Trenton, 141. 

Valley Forge, 146. 

hampered by Congress, 146. 

presides at Constitutional Convention, 
1T2. 

President, 181-193. 

inauguration, 182. 

farewell address, 192. 

dies, 196. 
Washington Centennial, 444. 
Washington City, the capital, 170. 
Washingtonian movement, 26T. 
Washington Monument finished, 431. 
Waterworks, 264. 

Wayne, General Anthony, 158, 187.' 
Weather Bureau, 411. 

Webster, Daniel, on Adams and Jefferson, 
247. 

on "Spoils System," 252. 

as an orator, 266. 

life, 266. 

Ashburton Treaty, 277. 

on Fugitive Slave Law, 302. 

Seventh of March Speech, 302. 

dies, 302. 
Wellesley College, 467. 



Wesley, John and Charles, in Georgia, 58. 
West, the, settlement of, 152. 

settlement as affected by railroads, 260- 
262. 
Western reserve, 169. 
West Point, Arnold's treason, 159. 
West Virginia, admitted, 379. 
Whigs (1836), 271. 
Whigs and Tories, 127. 
Whiskey Frauds, 414. 
Whiskey Insurrection, 187. 
Whitefield, George, in Georgia, 58. 
Whitman, Marcus, 295. 
Whitney, Eli, 188. 
Whittie'r, John G., 266, 470. 

office burnt, 295. 
"Wilderness," battle of the, .369. 
Wilkes, Captain Charles, 389, 840 (note). 
Willard, Francis E., life, 411. 
William and Mary College founded, 82. 
William Penn Charter School, 466. 
Williams, Roger, 32-35,64. 
Wilmot Proviso, 298. 
" Wilson Bill," 472. 
Winthrop, John, 31. 
Witchcraft delusion, 77. 
Wolfe, General James, at Quebec, 97. 
Woman's Christian Temperance I'nion, 411. 
Women, higher education of, 467. 
World's Fair in New York, 1853, 307. 
Wyoming, Massacre of. 149. 

" X. Y. Z. correspondence," 194. 

Yale College founded, 82. 
Yellow fever, 423. 
York, Duke of, grant to, 46, 49. 
Yorktown, campaign and surrender, 162- 
165. 
centennial celebration, 431. 



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